20-534: Bubalus bubalis arnee The wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ), also called Asian buffalo , Asiatic buffalo and wild buffalo , is a large bovine native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List since 1986, as the remaining population totals less than 4,000. A population decline of at least 50% over the last three generations (24–30 years)
40-904: A clan who subsequently drive them off. Their gestation period is 10 to 11 months, with an inter-birth interval of one year. They typically give birth to a single offspring, although twins are possible. Age at sexual maturity is 18 months for males, and three years for females. The maximum known lifespan is 25 years in the wild. In Assam, herd sizes vary from three to 30 individuals. They are probably grazers by preference, feeding mainly on graminoids when available, such as Bermuda grass , and Cyperus sedges, but they also eat other herbs , fruits, and bark, as well as browsing on trees and shrubs. They also feed on crops, including rice, sugarcane , and jute , sometimes causing considerable damage. Tigers and mugger crocodiles prey on adult wild water buffaloes, and Asian black bears have also been known to kill them. A population reduction by at least 50% over
60-515: A second viable sub-population in the country. In 2023, 4 wild buffalos were translocated to Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve to reverse its declining population in the state. Bovinae Bovines ( subfamily Bovinae ) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates , including cattle , bison , African buffalo , water buffalos , and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes . The members of this group are classified into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups, as
80-734: A small number of wild water buffaloes occur. This is part of the sub-population that occurs in India's Manas National Park. In Myanmar, a few animals live in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary . In Thailand, wild water buffaloes have been reported to occur in small herds of less than 40 individuals. A population of 25–60 individuals inhabited lowland areas of the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary between December 1999 and April 2001. This population has not grown significantly in 15 years, and
100-659: Is a protected area located in the state of Assam in India . This wildlife sanctuary covers 44.06 km , on the south bank of the Brahmaputra River in Sonitpur district . The area was declared a Reserved forest in 1974, it became a sanctuary in 1995. It is located 40 km from Tezpur town and 181 km away from Guwahati .It forms an integral part of the Laokhowa-Burachapori eco-system and
120-621: Is a notified buffer of the Kaziranga Tiger reserve. It is considered to be an ideal habitat for the Bengal florican . It is a paradise for many migratory birds. Reptiles and fish are also found here. Other attractions are: Indian rhinoceros , tiger, leopard, wild buffalo, hog deer, wild pigs and occasionally a herd of elephants. Bengal florican, black-necked stork , mallard , openbill stork , teal , whistling duck and many others. This article about protected areas of India
140-444: Is derived from Hindi arnī , which referred to a female wild water buffalo; the term is related to Sanskrit áraṇya ("forest") and áraṇa ("strange, foreign.") Bubalus arnee was proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827 who introduced the generic name Bubalus for bovids with large heads, convex-shaped narrow foreheads, laterally bent flat horns, funnel-shaped ears, small dewlaps and slender tails. Later authors subordinated
160-435: Is directed forward from the haunches to the long and narrow head. There is a tuft on the forehead, and the ears are comparatively small. Its head-to-body-length is 240 to 300 cm (94 to 118 in) with a 60 to 100 cm (24 to 39 in) long tail and a shoulder height of 150 to 190 cm (59 to 75 in). Both sexes carry horns that are heavy at the base and widely spreading up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) along
180-933: Is largely restricted to in and around Kaziranga , Manas and Dibru-Saikhowa National Parks , Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary and Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary and in a few scattered pockets in Assam, and in and around D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh. A small population survives in Balphakram National Park in Meghalaya, and in Chhattisgarh in Indravati National Park and Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary . This population might extend into adjacent parts of Odisha and Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra . In
200-1008: Is maybe interbreeding with domestic water buffaloes. The population in Cambodia is confined to a small area of easternmost Mondulkiri and possibly Ratanakiri Provinces . Only a few dozen individuals remain. The wild water buffaloes in Sri Lanka are thought to be descendants of the introduced domestic water buffalo . It is unlikely that any true wild water buffaloes remain there today. Wild-living populations found elsewhere in Asia, Australia, Argentina and Bolivia are feral domestic water buffaloes. Wild water buffaloes are both diurnal and nocturnal . Adult females and their young form stable clans of as many as 30 individuals which have home ranges of 170 to 1,000 ha (420 to 2,470 acres), including areas for resting, grazing, wallowing, and drinking. Clans are led by old cows, even when bulls accompany
220-470: Is projected to continue. The global population has been estimated at 3,400 individuals, of which 95% live in India, mostly in Assam . The wild water buffalo is the most likely ancestor of the domestic water buffalo . Bos arnee was the scientific name proposed by Robert Kerr in 1792 who described a skull with horns of a buffalo zoological specimen from Bengal in northern India. The specific name arnee
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#1732782841044240-566: Is slightly smaller than gaur . The wild water buffalo occurs in India, Nepal , Bhutan , Thailand , and Cambodia , with an unconfirmed population in Myanmar . It has been extirpated in Bangladesh, Laos , Vietnam , and Sri Lanka . It is associated with wet grasslands, swamps, flood plains and densely vegetated river valleys. India hosts 95% of the total global wild buffalo population, with over 2,600 wild water buffaloes in Assam . It
260-476: Is the most likely ancestor of the domestic water buffalo . Only a few DNA sequences are available from wild water buffalo populations. Wild populations are considered to be the progenitor of the modern domestic water buffalo, but the genetic variation within the species is unclear, and also how it is related to the domesticated river and Carabao swamp buffaloes. The wild water buffalo has an ash-gray to black skin. The moderately long, coarse and sparse hair
280-543: The Miniature Zebu , are kept as pets. Bovid leather is durable and flexible and is used to produce a wide range of goods including clothing and bags . Bovine is derived from Latin bos , "ox", through Late Latin bovinus . Bos comes from the Indo-European root *g ous , meaning ox. Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary ( Assamese : বুঢ়া চাপৰি অভয়াৰণ্য )
300-896: The early 1990s, there may still have been about 3,300–3,500 wild water buffaloes in Assam and the adjacent states of northeast India. In 1997, the number was assessed at less than 1,500 mature individuals. Many surviving populations are thought to have interbred with feral or domestic water buffaloes. In the late 1980s, fewer than 100 wild water buffaloes were left in Madhya Pradesh . By 1992, only 50 animals were estimated to have survived there. Nepal's only population lives in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and has grown from 63 individuals in 1976 to 219 individuals in 2009. In 2016, 18 individuals were translocated from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve to Chitwan National Park . In and around Bhutan's Royal Manas National Park ,
320-546: The evolutionary relationships within the groups are still uncertain. General characteristics include cloven hooves and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns . The largest extant bovine is the gaur . In many countries, bovid milk and meat is used as food by humans. Cattle are kept as livestock almost everywhere except in parts of India and Nepal , where they are considered sacred by most Hindus . Bovids are used as draft animals and as riding animals . Small breeds of domestic bovid, such as
340-463: The group. Several clans form a herd of 30 to 500 animals that gather at resting areas. Adult males form bachelor groups of up to 10 individuals, with older males often being solitary, and spend the dry season apart from the female clans. They are seasonal breeders in most of their range, typically in October and November. However, some populations breed year round. Dominant males mate with the females of
360-596: The last three generations seems likely given the severity of the threats, especially hybridization ; this population trend is projected to continue into the future. The most important threats are: Bubalus arnee is included in CITES Appendix III , and is legally protected in Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Thailand. In 2017, 15 wild water buffaloes were reintroduced into Chitwan National Park in Nepal to establish
380-404: The outer edges, exceeding in size the horns of any other living bovid . The tip of the tail is bushy; the hooves are large and splayed. It is larger and heavier than the domestic water buffalo, and weighs from 600 to 1,200 kg (1,300 to 2,600 lb). The average weight of three captive wild water buffaloes was 900 kg (2,000 lb). It is among the heaviest living wild bovid species, and
400-601: The wild water buffalo under either Bos , Bubalus or Buffelus . In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature placed Bubalus arnee on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology , recognizing the validity of this name for a wild species. Most authors have adopted the binomen Bubalus arnee for the wild water buffalo as valid for the taxon . The wild water buffalo
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