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72-430: A WinHelp file has a ".hlp" suffix. It can be accompanied by an optional table of contents (.cnt) file if the help developer created one. When Windows opens a WinHelp file, it creates a .gid file in the same directory or in " %LOCALAPPDATA%\Help ", containing information about the .hlp file such as the window size and location. If the user clicks the "Find" tab and enables keyword indexing, Windows creates an index file with

144-522: A Find tab, which lets the user search for any word used in the text of the file, not just for keywords. WinHelp also supports a feature known as context-sensitive help . Context-sensitive help is assistance that is appropriate to where the user is in the software application, and what they are trying to do. A rather security critical feature is that one can also include a DLL file containing custom code and associating it with WinHelp topics. Effectively this makes .HLP files equivalent to executables. At

216-496: A .fts (full text search) extension. Annotations and bookmarks for each Windows help file have the extension ".ann" and ".bmk". A number of software tools can decompile a WinHelp file into its source documents: HPJ, CNT, RTF , BMP , and SHG . An HPJ file is the project file that is created and edited in the Help Workshop (or a third party help authoring tool). The HPJ contains information about what RTF files to compile into

288-558: A .hlp file consist of one or more documents in Rich Text Format and a help project file with the extension .hpj, along with any image files (. bmp , . wmf , or .shg) that are used within the Help file. An optional table of contents file with the extension .cnt can also be created for use with the .hlp file. Within the .rtf files, topics are separated by page breaks. Each topic has a series of footnotes that contain information for

360-499: A RTF document is opened in software that does not support the picture type of an inserted picture, the picture is not displayed. RTF writers usually either convert an inserted picture in an unsupported picture type to one in a supported picture type, or do not include picture at all. For better compatibility with Microsoft products, some RTF writers include the same picture in two different picture types in one RTF file: one supported picture type to display, and one uncompressed WMF copy of

432-805: A Unicode character is outside BMP , it is encoded with a surrogate pair. Support for Unicode was made due to text handling changes in Microsoft Word – Microsoft Word 97 is a partially Unicode-enabled application and it handles text using the 16-bit Unicode character encoding scheme . Microsoft Word 2000 and later versions are Unicode-enabled applications that handle text using the 16-bit Unicode character encoding scheme. Because RTF files are usually 7-bit ASCII plain text , they can be easily transmitted between PC-based operating systems. Converters that communicate with Microsoft Word for MS Windows or Macintosh generally expect data transfer as 8-bit characters and binary data which can contain any 8-bit values. RTF

504-400: A WinHelp file opens in a separate window, in a size and initial position that the Help author may choose. Users can resize or reposition the window. The Help author can control whether the Help file stores the user's settings between sessions, or always opens in the default size and position. When a topic is open, a title bar at the top of the Help window displays the topic title. Below that is

576-433: A blank space in text that is later to be filled in by hand, such as on a paper form. It is also sometimes used to create a horizontal line; other symbols with similar glyphs , such as hyphens and dashes, are also used for this purpose. In German , Slovene and some other Slavic languages , the underscore has recently gained prominence as the punctuation to form gender-neutral suffixes in gendered nouns and other parts of

648-509: A code page escape, two hexadecimal digits following a backslash and typewriter apostrophe denote a character taken from a Windows code page. For example, if the code page is set to Windows-1256 , the sequence \'c8 will encode the Arabic letter bāʼ ب. It is also possible to specify a "Character Set" in the preamble of the RTF document and associate it to a header. For example, the preamble has

720-553: A control word, which is a specifically programmed command for RTF. Control words can have certain states in which they are active. These states are represented by numbers. For example, A delimiter is one of three things: As an example, the following RTF code would be rendered as follows: This is some bold text. A standard RTF file can only consist of 7-bit ASCII characters, but can use escape sequences to encode other characters. The two character escapes are code page escapes and, starting with RTF 1.5, Unicode escapes. In

792-476: A document being opened is in a format that does not match the format implied by the file's extension, and giving the option to abort opening that file. One exploit attacking a vulnerability was patched in Microsoft Word in April 2015. Since 2014 there have been malware RTF files embedding OpenXML exploits. Each RTF implementation usually implements only some versions or subsets of the RTF specification. Many of

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864-456: A free-standing underscore _ at U+005F, inherited from ASCII, which is a legacy of the typewriter practice of underlining using backspace and overtype. Modern practice uses the combining diacritic U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE that results in an underline when run together: u̲n̲d̲e̲r̲l̲i̲n̲e̲. Unicode also has U+0333 ◌̳ COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE . In addition, there are single line and double line versions of

936-449: A manner which prevents them from colliding with members of derived classes unless the classes have the same name ( __bar in class Foo will be mangled to _Foo__bar ). By convention, members starting with a single underscore are considered private or protected, although this behavior only has inherent effect for modules, where import * statements by default import all names that do not start with an underscore, unless an export list

1008-403: A non-scrolling region. Help authors can also control the background color of the main text area, where the actual text of the topic appears. This text can be formatted and arranged in many ways. Within the text, jumps appear as green text with a single underline . Single-clicking on a jump opens a different topic. Some jumps may open secondary Help windows to display information. Popups appear in

1080-471: A particular OLE object is not available, the object is displayed using a picture of the object which is embedded along with it. RTF supports inclusion of JPEG, PNG, Enhanced Metafile (EMF), Windows Metafile (WMF), Apple PICT, Windows device-dependent bitmap, Windows device-independent bitmap and OS/2 Metafile picture types in hexadecimal (the default) or binary format in a RTF file. Not all of these picture types are supported in all RTF readers, however. When

1152-464: A row of menus ( File , Edit , Bookmark , Options , and Help ), which control various aspects of the file. A row of buttons usually appears below the menus. The Help author controls which buttons, if any, appear. Typical buttons include Contents , Index , Back , and Print , along with << and >> buttons to browse through the file. Help authors can also create custom buttons to jump to specific topics or perform other actions. Below

1224-424: A safe file, since Microsoft Word will open standard DOC files renamed with an RTF extension and run any contained macros as usual. Manual examination of a file in a plain text editor such as Notepad , or use of the file command in a UNIX -like systems, is required to determine whether or not a suspect file is really RTF. Enabling Word's "Confirm file format conversion on open" option can also assist by warning

1296-510: A separate, tabbed window. Clicking on the Contents tab opens the table of contents, in which users can click on headings to see the topics. Often, headings are marked with icons that look like small books and the topics have icons that look like pages. Double-clicking on a topic (or clicking on a topic then clicking Display ) opens that topic. Clicking on the Index tab opens the index, which has

1368-427: A typing field and an alphabetical keyword list. Typing in the typing field automatically scrolls the list of keywords to the closest match. Double-clicking on a keyword (or clicking on a keyword then clicking Display ) displays the topic associated with that keyword (if only one) or brings up a list of all topics associated with it. The index is important in helping users locate information. Sometimes Help files also have

1440-719: A useful format for basic formatted text documents such as instruction manuals, résumés, letters, and modest information documents. These documents, at minimum, support bold, italic and underline text formatting. Also typically supported are left-, center- and right-aligned text, font specification and document margins. Font and margin defaults, style presets and other functions vary according to program defaults. There may also be incompatibilities between different RTF versions, e.g. between RTF 1.0 1987 and later specifications, or between RTF 1.0–1.4 and RTF 1.5+ in use of Unicode characters. And though RTF supports metadata like title and author, not all implementations support this. Nevertheless,

1512-915: A variation on footnotes, so applications that support footnotes but not endnotes will render an endnote as a footnote. Microsoft products do not support comments within footers, footnotes or headers. Similarly, Microsoft products do not support footnotes in headers, footers, or comments. Inserting a comment or a footnote in one of these disallowed contexts may result in a corrupted document. The RTF 1.2 specification defined use of drawing objects, known as shapes, such as rectangles, ellipses, lines, arrows and polygons. The RTF 1.5 specification introduced many new control words for drawing objects. However, many RTF implementations, such as Apache OpenOffice , do not support drawing objects (though they are supported in LibreOffice 4.0 on ) or Abiword. Applications which do not support RTF drawing objects do not display or save

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1584-421: Is a convention that says "set this text in italic type ", traditionally used on manuscript or typescript as an instruction to the printer . Its use to add emphasis in modern finished documents is generally avoided. The (freestanding) underscore character , _ , also called a low line , or low dash , originally appeared on the typewriter so that underscores could be typed. To produce an underscored word,

1656-420: Is a data format for saving and sharing documents, not a markup language ; it is not intended for intuitive and easy typing. Nonetheless, unlike many word processing formats, RTF code can be human-readable . When an RTF file containing mostly Latin characters without diacritics is viewed as a plain text file, the underlying ASCII text is readable, provided that the author has kept formatting concise. When RTF

1728-436: Is also common in other languages such as C++ even though those provide keywords to indicate that members are private. It is extensively used to hide variables and functions used for implementations in header files . In fact, the use of a single underscore for this became so common that C compilers had to standardize on a double leading underscore (for instance __DATE__ ) for actual built-in variables to avoid conflicts with

1800-600: Is also the data format for "rich text controls" in MS Windows APIs. The default text editor for macOS , TextEdit , can also view, edit and save RTF files as well as RTFD files, and uses the format as its default. As of July 2009, TextEdit has limited ability to edit RTF document margins. Much older Mac word processing application programs such as MacWrite and WriteNow had the same RTF abilities as TextEdit has. The following free and open-source word processors attempt to work with Microsoft's RTF file format, see

1872-444: Is also used as a proofreader's mark , to indicate that text should be underscored or italicised when typeset , for instance _thus_ is to be rendered as thus or thus . The combining diacritic, ◌̱ ( macron below ), is similar to the combining low line but is shorter. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: compare a̱ḇc̱ and a̲b̲c̲ (only

1944-562: Is an API enabling developers to create RTF documents with PHP . Pandoc is an open source document converter with multiple output formats, including RTF. RTFGen is a project to create RTF documents via pure PHP . rtf.js is a JavaScript based library to render RTF documents in HTML. The macOS command line tool textutil can convert files between rtf, rtfd, text, doc, docx, wordml, odt and webarchive formats. The editor Ted can also convert RTF files to HTML and PS format. The Rich Text Format

2016-441: Is an open-source program to convert RTF into HTML, LaTeX, troff macros and other formats. pyth is a Python library to create and convert documents in RTF, XHTML and PDF format. Ruby RTF is a project to create Rich Text content via Ruby . RaTFink is a library of Tcl routines, free software, to generate RTF output, and a Cost script to convert SGML to RTF. RTF::Writer is a Perl module for generating RTF documents. PHPRtfLite

2088-558: Is being used. RTF should not be confused with enriched text or its predecessor Rich Text, or with IBM's RFT-DCA (Revisable Format Text-Document Content Architecture), as these are different specifications. Richard Brodie , Charles Simonyi , and David Luebbert, members of the Microsoft Word development team, developed the original RTF in the middle to late 1980s. The first RTF reader and writer shipped in 1987 as part of Microsoft Word 3.0 for Macintosh , which implemented

2160-515: Is explicitly defined by the module. A variable named with just an underscore often has special meaning. $ _ or _ is the previous command or result in many interactive shells , such as those of Python , Ruby , and Perl . In Perl , @_ is a special array variable that holds the arguments to a function . In Clojure , it indicates an argument whose value will be ignored. In some languages with pattern matching , such as Prolog , Standard ML , Scala , OCaml , Haskell , Erlang , and

2232-866: Is included as part of WineVDM . Also on Windows 10 WinHelp works with winhlp32.exe from older version of Windows. Although documentation can be maintained entirely in a vendor-specific presentation format such as WinHelp, it is more often the case that documentation must be published in multiple presentation formats at once: Microsoft Compiled HTML Help (CHM), WinHelp, HTML pages, Java Help , PDF , etc. It would be very expensive and error-prone to maintain each format separately. For this reason, authors often maintain documentation in an industry-standard, vendor-neutral authoring format—such as DocBook or FrameMaker —that can be used to generate several different presentation formats (including WinHelp). Various presentation files thus produced (with WinHelp or other tools) contain consistent content because they were generated from

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2304-479: Is known as " snake case " (the other popular method is called camelCase , where capital letters are used to show where the words start). An underscore as the first character in an ID is often used to indicate an internal implementation that is not considered part of the API and should not be called by code outside that implementation. In Dart , all private properties of classes must start with an underscore; this usage

2376-518: Is often used by spell checkers (and grammar checkers ) to denote misspelled or otherwise incorrect text. Depending on local conventions, the following kinds of underlines may be used inline on manuscripts to indicate the special typefaces to be used: In Chinese , the underline is a little-used punctuation mark for proper names ( simplified Chinese : 专名号 ; traditional Chinese : 專名號 ; pinyin : zhuānmínghào; literally " proper name mark ", used for personal and geographic names). Its meaning

2448-519: Is somewhat akin to capitalization in English and should never be used for emphasis even if the influence of English computing makes the latter sometimes occur. A wavy underline ( simplified Chinese : 书名号 ; traditional Chinese : 書名號 ; pinyin : shūmínghào; literally, "book title mark") serves a similar function, but marks names of literary works instead of proper names. In the case of two or more adjacent proper names, each individual proper name

2520-470: Is still dependent on the specific RTF version in use. There are several consciously designed or accidentally born RTF dialects. RTF is the internal markup language used by Microsoft Word. Since 1987, RTF files have been able to be transferred back and forth between many old and new computer systems (and now over the Internet), despite differences between operating systems and their versions. This makes it

2592-556: Is used for 吻 . From the beginning, RTF has also supported Microsoft OLE embedded objects and Macintosh Edition Manager subscriber objects, which are not human-readable. Most word processing software support either RTF format importing and exporting for some RTF specification or direct editing, which makes it a "common" format between otherwise incompatible word processing software and operating systems. Most applications that read RTF files silently ignore unknown RTF control words. These factors contribute to its interoperability , though it

2664-611: The Wolfram Language , the pattern _ matches any value, but does not perform binding . The ASCII underscore character can be inserted with the entities &lowbar; or &UnderBar; (or &#95; or &#x5F; ). HTML has a presentational element <u> that was originally used to underline text; this usage was deprecated in HTML4 in favor of the CSS style {text-decoration: underline} . In HTML5,

2736-578: The combining macron below , a diacritic that applies to single letters only. In plain-text applications, including plain-text e-mails where emphasis markup is not possible, the desired emphasis is often indicated by surrounding words with underscore characters. For example, "You must use _emulsion_ paint on the ceiling". Some applications will automatically add emphasis to text manually bracketed by underscores, either by underlining or by italicizing it (e.g. _string_ may render as either string or string ). Underline (typically red or wavy or both)

2808-402: The 2006 WritersUA conference, Microsoft announced its intentions to phase out WinHelp as a supported platform. Ted Dworkin (Partner Director of WinHelp Experience) stated, "WinHelp does not meet the code standards established for Vista. These standards include security, reliability, and performance." He went on to say that WinHelp is designed in such a way that, "...we would have to rewrite it from

2880-502: The RTF Specification during an associated ISO/IEC 29500 balloting period. RTF files were used to produce Windows Help files, though these have since been superseded by Microsoft Compiled HTML Help files. It is programmed using groups, a backslash, a control word and a delimiter. Groups are contained within curly braces ({}) and indicate which attributes should be applied to certain text. The backslash (\) introduces

2952-489: The RTF format is consistent enough to be considered highly portable and acceptable for cross-platform use. Microsoft Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) objects and Macintosh Edition Manager subscriber objects allow embedding of other files inside the RTF, such as tables or charts from spreadsheet application. However, since these objects are not widely supported in programs for viewing or editing RTF files, they also limit RTF's interoperability. If software that understands

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3024-430: The RTF specification, Microsoft's own applications had a lead in time-to-market, because competitors had to redevelop their applications after studying the newer version of the format. Novell alleged that Microsoft's practices were anticompetitive in its 2004 antitrust complaint against Microsoft. Underline An underscore or underline is a line drawn under a segment of text. In proofreading , underscoring

3096-554: The RTF version 1.0 specification. All subsequent releases of Microsoft Word for Macintosh, as well as all Windows versions, can read and write in RTF format. Microsoft maintains RTF. The final version was 1.9.1 in 2008, which implemented features of Office 2007 . Microsoft has discontinued enhancements to the RTF specification, so features new to Word 2010 or a later version will not save properly to RTF. Microsoft anticipates no further updates to RTF, but has stated willingness to consider editorial and other non-substantive modifications of

3168-587: The WMF copy. RTF supports embedding of fonts used in the document, but this feature is not widely supported in software implementations. RTF also supports generic font family names used for font substitution : roman ( serif ), Swiss ( sans-serif ), modern ( monospace ), script , decorative and technical . This feature is not widely supported either. Since RTF 1.0, the RTF specification has supported document annotations/comments. The RTF 1.7 specification defined some new features for annotations, including

3240-820: The available RTF converters cannot understand all new features in the latest RTF specifications. The WordPad editor in Microsoft Windows creates RTF files by default. It once defaulted to the Microsoft Word 6.0 file format, but write support for Word documents (.doc) was dropped in a security update. Read support was also dropped in Windows 7. WordPad does not support some RTF features, such as headers and footers. However, WordPad can read and save many RTF features that it cannot create, including tables, strikeout, superscript, subscript, "extra" colors, text background colors, numbered lists, right or left indent, quasi-hypertext and URL linking, and various line spacings. RTF

3312-427: The buttons is the main text area of the window. Typically, the text begins with a heading, often bold or in a larger font than the rest of the text. This heading may sometimes be in a non-scrolling region—an area of the window that does not move up or down via the scrollbar at the side of the window. Non-scrolling regions can only be used at the beginning of a topic. The Help author can control size and background color of

3384-418: The corresponding plain text. To be standard-compliant RTF, non-ASCII characters must be escaped. Thus, even with concise formatting, text that uses certain dashes and quotation marks is less legible. Latin languages with many diacritics are particularly difficult to read in RTF, as they result in substitutions like \'f1 for ñ and \'e9 for é . Non-Latin scripts are illegible in RTF — \u21563, for example,

3456-693: The criticism paragraph below. AbiWord , Apache OpenOffice , Bean , Calligra , Collabora Online and LibreOffice . Scrivener uses individual RTF files for all the text files that make up a given "project". SIL International 's freeware application for developing and publishing dictionaries uses RTF as its most common form of document output. RTF files produced by Toolbox are designed to be used in Microsoft Word , but can also be used by other RTF-aware word processors. RTF can be used on some ebook readers because of its interoperability, simplicity and low CPU processing requirements. The open-source script rtf2xml can partially convert RTF to XML. GNU UnRTF

3528-871: The date stamp (there was previously only "time stamp") and parents of annotations. When a RTF document with annotations is opened in an application that does not support RTF annotations, the annotations are not shown. Similarly, when a document with annotations is saved as RTF in an application that does not support RTF annotations, the annotations are not preserved in the RTF file. Some implementations, like Abiword (since version 2.8) and IBM Lotus Symphony (up to version 1.3), may hide annotations by default or require some user action to display them. The RTF specification also supports footnotes, which are widely supported in RTF implementations (e.g. in OpenOffice.org, Abiword, KWord, Ted, but not in Wordpad). Endnotes are implemented as

3600-401: The early 1970s, allowed the underscore in identifiers. Underscore predates the existence of lower-case letters in many systems, so often it had to be used to make multi-word identifiers, since camelCase (see below) was not available. Underscores inserted between letters are very common to make a "multi-word" identifier in languages that cannot handle spaces in identifiers. This convention

3672-452: The end of the text. Depending on the Help author's preference, this feature may be a simple list of jumps under the heading See Also, or it may be a small button that, when clicked, brings up a dialog box displaying all the relevant topics. Clicking on the name of a topic in that dialog box then clicking Display opens that topic. Most Help files also contain a table of contents and an index to help users locate information. These appear in

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3744-432: The end-user must obtain the 32-bit WinHelp viewer from Microsoft's website and manually install it. In Windows 10 and later, Microsoft does not offer a WinHelp viewer for the operating system. The last version of Windows on which it was possible to open and read WinHelp files, using an official downloadable component by Microsoft, is Windows 8.1 . The open-source version of winhlp32 from Wine also works on Windows 10. It

3816-515: The ground up to meet the Vista code standards. And that approach doesn't make sense given that we have two other Help systems in Vista." The updated licensing agreement prohibits application developers from packaging the WinHelp libraries with their installers. This means that WinHelp manuals for legacy applications are not readable on a new Windows Vista (or higher version) installation. To read them,

3888-438: The help compiler: Only the # footnote is required. All others are optional. Text in each topic can contain limited formatting, including bold text, italics , and colors. Superscript and subscript are not allowed. Jumps between topics in the same Help file usually appear in the source document as double-underlined text (green by default, though this can be overridden) followed by a topic ID in hidden text. Popup links appear in

3960-558: The help, the MAP IDs and Aliases that provide links from a calling application to the help file, and help file appearance (window size, default buttons, color schemes, etc.). The CNT file provides the table of contents for the help file. An SHG file is a "SHED" graphics file that essentially creates an image map of help calls for a graphic file (e.g., a BMP). A number of tools can read and explore these files. (See, for example, Help to RTF and winhelpcgi .) Source files required to compile

4032-468: The image). After the source files have been created, the help file can be compiled using a WinHelp compiler such as HCW.exe or by using a commercial software program such as RoboHelp or HelpBreeze , most of which (included the two cited here) also use hcw.exe as the backend compiler. Depending on how it has launched and what settings the Help author chose, a WinHelp file opens either to its default topic, its table of contents, or its index. A topic in

4104-608: The latter should look like abc ). In a manuscript (or typescript) to be typeset , various forms of underlining (see below ) were therefore conventionally used to indicate that text should be set in special type such as italics , part of a procedure known as markup . In printed documents underlining is generally avoided, with italics or small caps often used instead, or (especially in headings) using capitalization , bold type or greater body height (font size). Underlining may still be seen in display work. A series of underscores (like __________ ) may be used to reserve

4176-736: The nearest representation of this character in the specified code page. For example, \u1576? would give the Arabic letter bāʼ ب, but indicates that older programs which do not support Unicode should render it as a question mark instead. The control word \uc0 can be used to indicate that subsequent Unicode escape sequences within the current group do not specify the substitution character. Until RTF specification version 1.5 release in 1997, RTF only handled 7-bit characters directly and 8-bit characters encoded as hexadecimal (using \'xx ). Since RTF 1.5, however, RTF control words generally accept signed 16-bit numbers as arguments. Unicode values greater than 32767 must be expressed as negative numbers. If

4248-436: The ones in header files. PHP "reserves all function names starting with __ as magical." Python uses names that both start and end with double underscores (so called "dunder methods", as in d ouble under score) for magic members used for purposes such as operator overloading and reflection, and names starting but not ending with a double underscore to denote private member variables of classes which should be mangled in

4320-415: The original picture to improve compatibility with some Microsoft applications like Wordpad. This method increases the RTF file size dramatically. The RTF specification does not require this method, and several implementations do not include the WMF copy (e.g. Abiword or Ted). For Microsoft Word, it is also possible to set a specific registry value ("ExportPictureWithMetafile=0") to prevent Word from saving

4392-614: The same source. Rich Text Format The Rich Text Format (often abbreviated RTF ) is a proprietary document file format with published specification developed by Microsoft Corporation from 1987 until 2008 for cross-platform document interchange with Microsoft products. Prior to 2008, Microsoft published updated specifications for RTF with major revisions of Microsoft Word and Office versions. Most word processors are able to read and write some versions of RTF. There are several different revisions of RTF specification; portability of files will depend on what version of RTF

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4464-432: The settings to make some or all hyperlinks appear differently (or even without distinction from normal text). As early output devices ( Teleprinters , CRTs and line printers ) could not produce more than one character at a location, it was not possible to underscore text, so early encodings such as ITA2 and the first versions of ASCII had no underscore. IBM's EBCDIC character-coding system, introduced in 1964, added

4536-407: The shapes. Some implementations will also not display any text inside drawing objects. Unlike Microsoft Word's DOC format, as well as the newer Office Open XML and OpenDocument formats, RTF does not support macros . For this reason, RTF was often recommended over those formats when the spread of computer viruses through macros was a concern. However, having the .RTF extension does not guarantee

4608-473: The source document as text with a single underline (also green by default) followed by a topic ID in hidden text. (In the .hlp file, the jumps show up as green text with a single underline, and popups show up as green text with a dotted underline.) Images can be added using codes such as {bmc image.bmp}. Supported image formats include .bmp , .wmf , and .shg (used for image maps, which can contain jumps or popups that are triggered by clicking on specific parts of

4680-504: The speech. The underscore is also used in modern editions of Spanish vocal sheet music to indicate elision , instead of the breve below ( U+032E ◌̮ COMBINING BREVE BELOW ), which is less convenient to input on a computer. In mathematical notations, underscores are sometimes used in the following contexts: In web browsers , default settings typically distinguish hyperlinks by underlining them (and usually changing their color), but both users and websites can change

4752-746: The tag reappeared but its meaning was changed significantly: it now "represents a span of inline text which should be rendered in a way that indicates that it has a non-textual annotation". This facility is intended for example to provide a red wavy line (or wiggly line) underline to flag spelling errors at input time but which are not to be embedded in any stored file (unlike an emphasis mark, which would be). Other styles are also available: doubled, dotted, and dashed. The elements may also exist in other markup languages , such as MediaWiki . The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) provides an extensive selection of related elements for marking editorial activity (insertion, deletion, correction, addition, etc.). Unicode has

4824-647: The text \f3\fnil\fcharset128 , then, in the body of the document, the text \f3\'bd\'f0 will represent the code point 0xbd 0xf0 from the Character Set 128 (which corresponds to the Shift-JIS code page), which encodes "金". For a Unicode escape, the control word \u is used, followed by a 16-bit signed integer which corresponds to the Unicode UTF-16 code unit number. For the benefit of programs without Unicode support, this must be followed by

4896-408: The text as green text with a dotted underline. Single-clicking on a popup opens a small window with no menus, buttons, or scrollbars, sized to fit the text. Often, popups provide short definitions of key terms or other supplemental information about the main text. The popup automatically disappears the next time the user clicks or presses a key. Many, though not all Help topics have See Also jumps at

4968-419: The underscore, which IBM referred to as the "break character". IBM's report on NPL (the early name of what is now called PL/I ) leaves the character set undefined, but specifically mentions the break character, and gives RATE_OF_PAY as an example identifier. By 1967 the underscore had spread to ASCII , replacing the similarly shaped left-arrow character, ← (see also: PIP ). C , developed at Bell Labs in

5040-662: The word was typed, the typewriter carriage was moved back to the beginning of the word, and the word was overtyped with the underscore character. In modern usage, underscoring is achieved with a markup language , with the Unicode combining low line or as a standard facility of word processing software. The free-standing underscore character is used to indicate word boundaries in situations where spaces are not allowed, such as in computer filenames , email addresses , and in Internet URLs , for example Mr_John_Smith . It

5112-486: Was released, most word processors used binary file formats; Microsoft Word, for example, used the .DOC file format. RTF was unique in its simple formatting control which allowed non-RTF aware programs like Microsoft Notepad to open and provide readable files. Today, most word processors have moved to XML-based file formats (Word has switched to the .docx file format). Regardless, these files contain large amounts of formatting code, so are often ten or more times larger than

5184-441: Was the standard file format for text-based documents in applications developed for Microsoft Windows. Microsoft did not initially make the RTF specification publicly available, making it difficult for competitors to develop document conversion features in their applications. Because Microsoft's developers had access to the specification, Microsoft's applications had better compatibility with the format. Also, each time Microsoft changed

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