Misplaced Pages

#826173

37-588: Wind Cave is one of the best known examples of a breathing cave . The cave is recognized as the densest cave system in the world, with the greatest passage volume per cubic mile. Wind Cave is the seventh longest cave in the world with 154.2 miles (248.16 km) of explored cave passageways (as of 2021) and the third longest cave in the United States , though it is only the second longest cave in Custer County, South Dakota behind Jewel Cave . Despite

74-620: A Kaskaskia paleo karst terrain, complete with solution fissures , sinkholes , and caves. Thus, an unconformity exists between this limestone and the overlying Pennsylvanian Minnelusa Formation. These red sands and clays filled in cavities. Those cavities not filled in were coated in dogtooth spar . Subsequent deposition of the Permian Opeche Shale, Permian Minnekahta Limestone , Triassic Spearfish Formation , and Tertiary White River Group followed. Paleocene and Eocene erosion removed these overlying sediments, in

111-470: A feature of western South Dakota weather. If a fast-moving storm was approaching on the day the Bingham brothers found the cave, the atmospheric pressure would have been dropping fast, causing the cave's higher-pressure air to rush out all available openings, creating the wind for which Wind Cave was named. The Lakota , Cheyenne , and other Native American tribes who traveled through and made camps around

148-741: A guideline for developmentally appropriate instruction. Teachers are also observed by administrators to ensure that classroom environments are positive. One of the tools used by teachers is the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) tool. Informed by findings emerging from the use of this tool, "over 150 research studies prove that students in classrooms with high-CLASS scores have better academic and social outcomes." This tool focuses on encouraging positive classroom environments, regard for students' perspectives, behavior management skills, quality of feedback, and language modeling. Administrators rate each of ten categories on

185-482: A key role in discovery; discoveries are often made due to questions. Some discoveries lead to the invention of objects, processes, or techniques. Within scientific disciplines, discovery is the observation of new phenomena , actions, or events that helps explain the knowledge gathered through previously acquired scientific evidence . Discovery is made by providing observational evidence and attempts to develop an initial, rough understanding of some phenomenon. Within

222-511: A scale of one to seven, one being the lowest score and seven being the highest score that a teacher may receive. Western culture has used the term "discovery" in their histories to lay claims over lands and people as "discovery" through discovery doctrines and subtly emphasize the importance of " exploration " in the history of the world, such as in the " Age of Discovery ", the New World and any frontierist endeavour even into space as

259-683: A wine cave. I’ve been to the Wind Cave in South Dakota, which I suggest you go to.” South Dakota public figures, including the state's Representative Dusty Johnson , used it to promote tourism to Wind Cave National Park. The cave is featured in Dan Jorgensen's novel And the Wind Whispered . Breathing cave A breathing cave or barometric cave is a rare type of cave in which atmospheric pressure gradients between

296-444: Is considered a non-self-sustaining wild population. Throughout the years, the great plains have seen a considerable rise in temperature. Being that Wind Cave is located in the great plains, these temperature rises have already started to affect the park and the area around it. The average temperature rise across the plains has been two degrees Fahrenheit, with some areas seeing increases as high as five degrees Fahrenheit. This trend

333-807: Is one of only four free-roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The other three herds are the Yellowstone Park bison herd , the Henry Mountains bison herd in Utah , and on Elk Island in Alberta, Canada . The Wind Cave bison herd is currently brucellosis -free. The black-footed ferret and whooping crane are on the endangered species list. The whooping crane population in Wind Cave National Park

370-411: Is projected to cause drought like conditions in the area. Several roads run through the park and there are 30 miles (48 km) of hiking trails on the surface. The park had an estimated 656,397 visitors in 2018. More than 109,000 people toured the cave itself in 2015, the most since 1968 before cave tours were limited to 40 people each. The Wind Cave visitor center features three exhibit rooms about

407-508: The demiurge creation of the world . Originally called Washun Niya, Wind Cave played an important role in the traditions and culture of the Lakota people. The fables of these people tell the story of Tokahe, the first human to emerge from the cave, symbolizing an emergence from the underworld. His story and presence at Wind Cave is an important part of Lakota history, and heavily influences their origin story. Wind Cave and other areas throughout

SECTION 10

#1732775570827

444-538: The geology of the caves and early cave history, the park's wildlife and natural history, and the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps in the park. Elk Mountain Campground, located in a ponderosa pine forest, is about 1.25 miles (2.0 km) from the visitor center. The campground has 75 sites for tents and recreational vehicles and is open year-round with campfire programs offered in

481-409: The " New Frontier ". In the course of this discovery, it has been used to describe the first incursions of peoples from one culture into the geographical and cultural environment of others. However, calling it "discovery" has been rejected by many indigenous peoples , from whose perspective it was not a discovery but a first contact , and consider the term "discovery" to perpetuate colonialism , as for

518-436: The 1960s. The park is in an unincorporated area of Custer County . Wind Cave National Park protects a diverse ecosystem with eastern and western plant and animal species. Wildlife that inhabits this park include raccoons , elk , bison , coyotes , skunks , badgers , ermines , black-footed ferrets , cougars , bobcats , red foxes , minks , whooping crane , pronghorn and prairie dogs . The Wind Cave bison herd

555-532: The Black Hills were important to the native people in other ways beyond spirituality. Nicknamed, euphemistically, as a “supermarket,” the areas surrounding the cave provided abundant resources for native survival. Often during the winter seasons, such areas served as ideal spots for camps; much of the game they hunted preferred the shelter provided by the cave and made these areas ideal to become Lakota settlements and hunting grounds. The eventual dispossession of

592-475: The Lakota people followed the consistent history of dispossession of indigenous peoples across the country. In 1851 a Treaty was formed at Fort Laramie , entering the tribe into a legal relationship with the U.S. government. Another Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868 redefined and reduced the borders of Lakota land within the Black Hills. Article two within that treaty allowed for forts to be built within Lakota land and in 1874 General George A. Custer began surveying

629-547: The McDonald family began developing the cave for tourism. Jesse initially hired his son Alvin (age 16 in 1890) and, beginning in 1891, Alvin's brother Elmer, to explore and help develop the cave. Alvin fell in love with the cave and kept a cave diary. Others who worked at Wind Cave and helped explore it between 1890 and 1903 include Katie Stabler, Emma McDonald (Elmer's wife), Inez McDonald (Emma and Elmer's daughter), and Tommy McDonald (brother of Elmer and Alvin). By February 1892

666-590: The area of the caves, down to the Minnelusa. Geologic uplift started during the Laramide Orogeny , which lowered the water table, draining the cave system and enlarging it. Today the water level is 150 m below the surface, which amounts to a drop of 0.4 m every 1000 years. Boxwork was first noted in Wind Cave. These calcite fins were once cracks filling gypsum and anhydrite. Calcite-gypsum pseudomorphs are common. The released sulfuric acid weakened

703-471: The area were aware of the cave's existence, as were early Euro-American settlers, but there has been no recorded evidence discovered that anyone actually entered it. The Lakota ( Sioux ), an indigenous people who live in the Black Hills region of South Dakota, spoke of a hole that blew air, a place they consider sacred as the site where they first emerged from the underworld where they had lived before

740-744: The atmospheric pressure difference between the inside and outside of the cave. When the air pressure outside of the cave is higher than that inside the cave air blows into the cave and vice versa; if the air pressures are at equilibrium there is no airflow. In some breathing caves, the airflow can only be meaningfully measured near the entrance. This tends to be the case in caves which primarily feature large, wide passageways, notably Wind Cave in South Dakota, US, and Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico, US. In caves which mainly consist of narrow passageways, such as Jewel Cave , also in South Dakota and less than 30 kilometers (19 mi) away from Wind Cave (though

777-406: The bedrock, allowing it to weather faster than the calcite. The resultant intersecting fins form open chambers and protrude from the surrounding bedrock by amounts ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 m. Lower levels of the cave have boxworks mixed with frostwork and cave popcorn . Helictite bushes were also first discovered in Wind Cave. Moonmilk is found on many surfaces, while calcite rafts are found in

SECTION 20

#1732775570827

814-440: The cave was open for visitors; the standard tour fee was apparently $ 1.00 (equivalent to roughly $ 30 in 2021). Tourists explored the cave by candlelight on guided tours. These early tours were physically demanding and sometimes involved crawling through narrow passages. Like the nearby Jewel Cave National Monument , currently the third longest cave in the world, Herb and Jan Conn played an important role in cave exploration during

851-461: The caves are not connected), airflow can be measured in many areas throughout the cave system. The barometric theory of the airflow in Jewel and Wind Caves was first noted by Herb Conn in 1966. Jewel Cave and Wind Cave are the most well-documented examples of breathing caves. All known breathing caves are solutional caves , and breathing caves tend to be much longer than most other caves. Four of

888-401: The close proximity, no connection has ever been found between Wind Cave and Jewel Cave and most geologists believe the caves are not connected. Above ground, the park includes the largest remaining natural mixed grass prairie in the United States. The passages of the cave are said to " breathe " as air continually moves into or out of them, equalizing the atmospheric pressure of the cave and

925-422: The day in the classroom. These observations can be informal or formal, and often involve the use of checklists, anecdotal notes, videos, interviews, written work, assessments, etc. By completing these observations, teachers can evaluate at what 'level' a student is understanding the lessons. Observations allow teachers to make necessary adaptations for the students in the classroom. These observations can also provide

962-550: The field of particle physics , there is an accepted requirement for defining a discovery: a five-sigma level of certainty. This level defines how statistically unlikely it is that an experimental result is due to chance . The combination of a five-sigma level of certainty, and independent confirmation by other experiments, turn findings into accepted discoveries. Within the field of education, discovery occurs through observations. These observations are common and come in various forms. They can be observations of students done by

999-555: The foundation for strong relationships between teachers and students. When students have such relationships with teachers, they feel safer and more comfortable in the classroom and are more willing and eager to learn. Through observations, teachers identify the most developmentally appropriate practices to implement in their classrooms. These encourage and promote healthier learning styles and positive classroom atmospheres. With an educational system, government officials set different academic standards that teachers are expected to follow as

1036-523: The hole, the wind exiting the cave blew his hat off of his head. From 1881 to 1889, few people ventured far into Wind Cave. Then in 1889 the South Dakota Mining Company hired Jesse D. McDonald to oversee their mining claim on the cave site. The South Dakota Mining Company may have hoped to find valuable minerals, or it may have had commercial development of the cave in mind from the start. No valuable mineral deposits were found, and

1073-408: The inside and outside of a cave cause air to flow in to or out of the cave. The concept of air flowing through a cave is common, however in most caves this airflow is caused by a difference in temperature rather than air pressure; in barometric caves the thermal mechanism inside the cave is not great enough to cause such airflow. The speed of the airflow in barometric caves is directly correlated with

1110-547: The knowledge gathered through such observations, using knowledge previously acquired through abstract thought and from everyday experiences. Some discoveries represent a radical breakthrough in knowledge or technology. Others are based on earlier discoveries, collaborations or ideas. In such cases, the process of discovery requires at least the awareness that an existing concept or method could be modified or transformed. New discoveries are made using various senses , and are usually added to pre-existing knowledge . Questioning plays

1147-451: The land and mistakenly reported a significant presence of gold, despite the geologist on his team of surveyors saying there were no quantities of substance. Miners then began to invade the hills in search of gold, which was against the treaty with the Lakota people, though the government did little to punish such offenses. In 1875 the Lakota title to the land was deemed invalid due to their lack of structural development and supposed “wasting” of

Wind Cave National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-482: The land. When the Dawes Act was passed in 1877, the site was opened to settlers and effectively sealed the dispossession of the Lakota from their ancestral lands. The first documented discovery of the cave by white Americans was in 1881, when the brothers Tom and Jesse Bingham heard wind rushing out from a 10-inch (25 cm) by 14-inch (36 cm) hole in the ground. According to the story, when Tom looked into

1221-404: The lower levels of the cave system. During the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary debate on December 19, 2019 , candidate Senator Amy Klobuchar referenced the Wind Cave as part of an attack on fellow candidate Mayor Pete Buttigieg , who had hosted a campaign fundraiser in a purported wine cave. Klobuchar remarked, “I came here to make a case for progress, and I have never even been to

1258-506: The outside air. When the air pressure is higher outside the cave than inside it, air flows into the cave, raising the cave's pressure to match the outside pressure. When the air pressure inside the cave is higher than outside it, air flows out of the cave, lowering the air pressure within the cave. A large cave such as Wind Cave with only a few small openings will "breathe" more obviously than a small cave with many large openings. Rapid weather changes, accompanied by rapid barometric changes, are

1295-568: The summer and limited services available in the winter. The three levels making up the Wind Cave system are located in the upper 76 m of the Mississippian Pahasapa Limestone . Deposited in an inland sea, chert , gypsum , and anhydrite lenses within the limestone are evidence of high periods of evaporation. When sea levels dropped at the end of the Mississippian, dissolution of the limestone formed

1332-413: The teacher or observations of teachers done by other professionals. Student observations help teachers identify where the students are developmentally and cognitively in the course of their studies. Teacher observations are used by administrators to hold teachers accountable for staying on target with their goals, in terms of how they teach and how they treat students. Teachers observe students throughout

1369-480: The ten longest caves in the world are breathing caves (namely Jewel Cave, Wind Cave, Clearwater Cave, and Lechiguilla Cave). Some examples of breathing caves include: Discovery (observation) Discovery is the act of detecting something new, or something previously unrecognized as meaningful. In sciences and academic disciplines , discovery is the observation of new phenomena , new actions, or new events and involves providing new reasoning to explain

#826173