An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge , taught and researched as part of higher education . A scholar's discipline is commonly defined by the university faculties and learned societies to which they belong and the academic journals in which they publish research .
35-1026: Academic journal Winterthur Portfolio Discipline Arts Language English Edited by Catharine Dann Roeber Publication details History 1964–present Publisher University of Chicago Press for the Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library (United States) Frequency Triannually Standard abbreviations ISO 4 ( alt ) · Bluebook ( alt ) NLM ( alt ) · MathSciNet ( alt [REDACTED] ) ISO 4 Winterthur Portf. Indexing CODEN ( alt · alt2 ) · JSTOR ( alt ) · LCCN ( alt ) MIAR · NLM ( alt ) · Scopus ISSN 0084-0416 JSTOR 00840416 OCLC no. 1139282166 Links Journal homepage Winterthur Portfolio
70-545: A Social science Linguistics listed in Social science Also regarded as a Social science Also listed in Applied science Also regarded as the separate, an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy Also regarded as a social science Main articles: Outline of futures studies and Futures studies Also regarded as a formal science Also a branch of electrical engineering Also regarded as
105-604: A ) i ) – capital Roman numerals with a period, capital letters with a period, Arabic numerals with a period, italic lowercase letters with a single parenthesis, Arabic numerals with a double parenthesis, italic lowercase letters with a double parenthesis, and italic lowercase Roman numerals with a single parentheses, though the italics are not required). Because of its use in the US Code and other US law books, many American lawyers consequently use this outline format. Another alternative scheme repeats all five levels with
140-452: A development and storage medium. Merriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors (1998, p. 290) recommends that the section headings of an article should when read in isolation, combine to form an outline of the article content. Garson (2002) distinguishes a 'standard outline', presented as a regular table of contents from a refined tree-like 'hierarchical outline', stating that "such an outline might be appropriate, for instance, when
175-416: A plan for a new improved version of the document. An integrated outline is a helpful step in the process of organizing and writing a scholarly paper ( literature review , research paper, thesis or dissertation ). When completed the integrated outline contains the relevant scholarly sources (author's last name, publication year, page number if quote) for each section in the outline. An integrated outline
210-496: A publishing format. Outlines can be presented as a work's table of contents, but they can also be used as the body of a work. The Outline of Knowledge from the 15th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica is an example of this. Misplaced Pages includes outlines that summarize subjects (for example, see Outline of chess , Outline of Mars , and Outline of knowledge ). Professors often hand out to their students at
245-460: A revision tool; it may show the gaps in the document's coverage so that they may be filled, and may help in rearranging sentences or topics to improve the structure and flow of the work. An integrated outline is a composition tool for writing scholastic works, in which the sources, and the writer's notes from the sources, are integrated into the outline for ease of reference during the writing process. A software program designed for processing outlines
280-444: A separate volume in the 15th edition of 1974. The Outline of Knowledge was a project by Mortimer Adler . Propædia had three levels, 10 "Parts" at the top level, 41 "Divisions" at the middle level and 167 "Sections" at the bottom level, numbered, for example, "1. Matter and Energy", "1.1 Atoms", "1.1.1. Structure and Properties of Sync". A feature included in many outlines is prefixing. Similar to section numbers , an outline prefix
315-593: A single parenthesis for the second five – I) A) 1) a) i) – and then again with a double parenthesis for the third five – (I) (A) (1) (a) (i). Many oft-cited style guides besides the APA Publication Manual , including the AP Stylebook , the NYT Manual , Fowler , The Guardian Style Guide, and Strunk & White , are silent on the topic. One side effect of
350-503: A social science Also listed in Humanities Outline (list) An outline , also called a hierarchical outline , is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and is a type of tree structure . An outline is used to present the main points (in sentences ) or topics ( terms ) of a given subject. Each item in an outline may be divided into additional sub-items. If an organizational level in an outline
385-421: A specific path for each item, to aid in referring to and discussing the entries listed. An alphanumerical outline uses alternating letters and numbers to identify entries. A decimal outline uses only numbers as prefixes. An outline without prefixes is called a "bare outline". Specialized applications of outlines also exist. A reverse outline is a list of sentences or topics that is created from an existing work, as
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#1732776878194420-422: A standard for decimal outlines. Special types of outlines include reverse outlines and integrated outlines. A reverse outline is an outline made from an existing work. Reverse outlining is like reverse engineering a document. The points or topics are extracted from the work, and are arranged in their order of presentation, by section, in the outline. Once completed, the outline can be filled in and rearranged as
455-442: A story, sometimes in conjunction with free writing . Preparation of an outline is an intermediate step in the process of writing a scholarly research paper, literature review , thesis or dissertation . A special kind of outline (integrated outline) incorporates scholarly sources into the outline before the writing begins. In addition to being used as a composition tool during the drafting process, outlines can also be used as
490-425: Is a label (usually alphanumeric or numeric) placed at the beginning of an outline entry to assist in referring to it. Bare outlines include no prefixes. An alphanumeric outline includes a prefix at the beginning of each topic as a reference aid. The prefix is in the form of Roman numerals for the top level, upper-case letters (in the alphabet of the language being used) for the next level, Arabic numerals for
525-419: Is a specialized type of word processor used to view, create, build, modify, and maintain outlines. It is a computer program, or part of one, used for displaying, organizing, and editing hierarchically arranged text in an outline's tree structure . Textual information is contained in discrete sections called "nodes", which are arranged according to their topic-subtopic (parent-child) relationships, sort of like
560-494: Is a summary or overview of a subject presented verbally or written in prose (for example, The Outline of History is not an outline of the type presented below). The outlines described in this article are lists, and come in several varieties. A sentence outline is a tool for composing a document, such as an essay, a paper, a book, or even an encyclopedia. It is a list used to organize the facts or points to be covered, and their order of presentation, by section. Topic outlines list
595-526: Is an academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press . The journal covers articles on the arts and decorative arts in the United States and the historical context within which they were developed. Interdisciplinary articles study art and artifacts in their cultural framework. The journal is sponsored by the Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library . The journal's founding editor
630-500: Is called an outliner . Outlines are differentiated by style, the inclusion of prefixes, and specialized purpose. There are also hand-written outlines and digitized outlines, such as those contained within an outliner . There are two main styles of outline: sentence outlines and topic outlines. Propædia is the historical attempt of the Encyclopædia Britannica to present a hierarchical "Outline of Knowledge" in
665-499: Is different from Wikidata Triannual journals (infobox) Outline of academic disciplines Disciplines vary between well-established ones in almost all universities with well-defined rosters of journals and conferences and nascent ones supported by only a few universities and publications. A discipline may have branches, which are often called sub-disciplines. The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to academic disciplines. In each case, an entry at
700-417: Is generally prepared after the scholar has collected, read and mastered the literature that will be used in the research paper. Shields and Rangarajan (2013) recommend that new scholars develop a system to do this. Part of the system should contain a systematic way to take notes on the scholarly sources. These notes can then be tied to the paper through the integrated outline. This way the scholar reviews all of
735-546: Is sometimes incorrectly referred to as APA style, but the APA Publication Manual does not address outline formatting at all. A very different style recommended by The Chicago Manual of Style , based on the practice of the United States Congress in drafting legislation, suggests the following sequence, from the top to the seventh level (the only ones specified): I. A. 1. a ) (1) (
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#1732776878194770-411: Is to be sub-divided, it shall have at least two subcategories, although one subcategory is acceptable on the third and fourth levels, as advised by major style manuals in current use. An outline may be used as a drafting tool of a document, or as a summary of the content of a document or of the knowledge in an entire field. It is not to be confused with the general context of the term "outline", which
805-746: The MLA Handbook , and the Purdue Online Writing Lab , among others, uses the usual five levels, as described above, then repeats the Arabic numerals and lower-case letter surrounded by parentheses (round brackets) – I. A. 1. a. i. (1) (a) – and does not specify any lower levels, though "(i)" is usually next. In common practice, lower levels yet are usually Arabic numerals and lowercase letters again, and sometimes lower-case Roman again, with single parentheses – 1) a) i) – but usage varies. MLA style
840-407: The beginning of a term, a summary of the subjects to be covered throughout the course in the form of a topic outline. It may also be included as part of a larger course synopsis. Outlines are also used to summarize talking points for a speech or lecture. Outlines, especially those used within an outliner , can be used for planning, scheduling, and recording. An outliner (or "outline processor")
875-432: The first item (Roman-I) is item I. I., and only the top level one is item I. The decimal outline format has the advantage of showing how every item at every level relates to the whole, as shown in the following sample outline: Thesis statement : --- A first subsection may be numbered 0 rather than 1 (as in 2.0 Career opportunities) if it is an introduction or similar to the following subsections. ISO 2145 describes
910-404: The highest level of the hierarchy (e.g., Humanities) is a group of broadly similar disciplines; an entry at the next highest level (e.g., Music) is a discipline having some degree of autonomy and being the fundamental identity felt by its scholars. Lower levels of the hierarchy are sub-disciplines that do generally not have any role in the structure of the university's governance. Also regarded as
945-495: The literature before the writing begins. An integrated outline can be a helpful tool for people with writer's block because the content of the paper is organized and identified prior to writing. The structure and content is combined and the author can write a small section at a time. The process is less overwhelming because it can be separated into manageable chunks. The first draft can be written using smaller blocks of time. Outlines are used for composition, summarization, and as
980-455: The members of a family tree . When loaded into an outliner, an outline may be collapsed or expanded to display as few or as many levels as desired. Outliners are used for storing and retrieving textual information, with terms, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs attached to a tree. So rather than being arranged by document, information is arranged by topic or content. An outline in an outliner may contain as many topics as desired. This eliminates
1015-408: The need to have separate documents, as outlines easily include other outlines just by adding to the tree. The main difference between a hand-written outline and a digital one, is that the former is usually limited to a summary or blueprint of a planned document, while the latter may easily include all of the content of the entire document and many more. In other words, as a hand-written work an outline
1050-476: The next level, and then lowercase letters for the next level. For further levels, the order is started over again. Each numeral or letter is followed by a period, and each item is capitalized, as in the following sample: Thesis statement : E-mail and internet monitoring , as currently practiced, is an invasion of employees' rights in the workplace. Some call the Roman numerals "A-heads" (for "A-level headings"),
1085-426: The purpose is taxonomic (placing observed phenomena into an exhaustive set of categories). ... hierarchical outlines are rare in quantitative writing, and the researcher is well advised to stick to the standard outline unless there are compelling reasons not to." Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction , such as Jon Franklin, may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of
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1120-421: The subtopics of a subject, arranged in levels, and while they can be used to plan a composition, they are most often used as a summary, such as in the form of a table of contents or the topic list in a college course's syllabus. Outlines are further differentiated by the index prefixing used, or lack thereof. Many outlines include a numerical or alphanumerical prefix preceding each entry in the outline, to provide
1155-549: The upper-case letters, "B-heads", and so on. Some writers also prefer to insert a blank line between the A-heads and B-heads, while often keeping the B-heads and C-heads together. If more levels of outline are needed, lower-case Roman numerals and numbers and lower-case letters, sometimes with single and double parenthesis can be used, although the exact order is not well defined, and usage varies widely. The scheme recommended by
1190-420: The use of both Roman numerals and uppercase letters in all of these styles of outlining is that in most alphabets, "I." may be an item at both the top (A-head) and second (B-head) levels. This is usually not problematic because lower level items are usually referred to hierarchically. For example, the third sub-sub-item of the fourth sub-item of the second item is item II. D. 3. So, the ninth sub-item (letter-I) of
1225-619: Was curator Milo Naeve , who supervised production of the first three volumes between 1964 and 1967. External links [ edit ] Winterthur Portfolio homepage Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winterthur_Portfolio&oldid=1153402820 " Categories : University of Chicago Press academic journals Academic journals established in 1964 Arts journals English-language journals Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
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