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36-623: The R-1820 Cyclone 9 represented a further development of the Wright P-2 engine dating back to 1925. Featuring a greater displacement and a host of improvements, the R-1820 entered production in 1931. The engine remained in production well into the 1950s. The R-1820 was built under license by Lycoming , Pratt & Whitney Canada , and also, during World War II , by the Studebaker Corporation . The Soviet Union had purchased

72-846: A 340 hp (254 kW) version. Textron purchased the company in 1985. In 1994, Textron sold the Lycoming Turbine Engine Division, located in Stratford, Connecticut , to AlliedSignal , who merged it with the Garrett Engine Division of AlliedSignal as part of AlliedSignal Aerospace, later becoming part of Honeywell Aerospace in 1999. Textron retained piston engine production in Williamsport. Lycomings continue to power new light aircraft by fellow Textron division, Cessna Aircraft , and by Piper , Cirrus , Diamond , and others. Lycomings remain

108-434: A cure site of another polymer chain. These bridges contain between one and several atoms. The number of sulfur atoms in the crosslink strongly influences the physical properties of the final rubber article. Short crosslinks give the rubber better heat resistance. Crosslinks with higher number of sulfur atoms give the rubber good dynamic properties but less heat resistance. Dynamic properties are important for flexing movements of

144-781: A license for the design, and the Shvetsov OKB was formed to metricate the American specification powerplant for Soviet government-factory production as the M-25 , with the R-1820's general design features used by the Shvetsov design bureau for many of their future radials for the Soviet air forces through the 1940s and onwards. In Spain the R-1820 was license-built as the Hispano-Suiza 9V or Hispano-Wright 9V . The R-1820

180-495: A subsidiary of Textron . Lycoming dates its founding to 1845 by " Madame Ellen Curtis Demorest ". However, the early history of the company (especially prior to 1860) is unclear; biographer Ishbel Ross notes that the marriage of Ellen Louise Curtis to William Jennings Demorest took place in 1858, somewhat later than the purported date of establishment of the company. A few years later in New York , between c. 1860 and 1887,

216-502: A year, with a 2,000-strong workforce. To handle the capacity, a new foundry complex was built in Williamsport that year. Eventually Lycoming became Auburn's principal supplier, and in 1927 Errett Lobban Cord bought the company, placing it under his Auburn Manufacturing umbrella group. Among the engines Lycoming produced for Cord was an L-head straight-eight engine of 298.5 cu. in. displacement that produced 125 horsepower. This

252-434: Is a range of processes for hardening rubbers . The term originally referred exclusively to the treatment of natural rubber with sulfur , which remains the most common practice. It has also grown to include the hardening of other (synthetic) rubbers via various means. Examples include silicone rubber via room temperature vulcanizing and chloroprene rubber (neoprene) using metal oxides. Vulcanization can be defined as

288-503: Is generally irreversible. The word was suggested by William Brockedon (a friend of Thomas Hancock who attained the British patent for the process) coming from the god Vulcan who was associated with heat and sulfur in volcanoes . In ancient Mesoamerican cultures, rubber was used to make balls, sandal soles, elastic bands, and waterproof containers. It was cured using sulfur-rich plant juices, an early form of vulcanization. In

324-487: The 100–360 hp (75–270 kW) range. Engines in this series also include the O-235 four-, O-580 six- and O-720 eight-cylinder engines, and the advanced turbocharged and fuel-injected 450 hp (340 kW) TIGO-541 variant of the venerable (carbureted) O-540. In the early 1980s, the general aviation market suddenly diminished and Lycoming's piston engine business was significantly impacted. Attempts were made to move some of

360-613: The Bell UH-1 "Huey" , and Lycoming's 4,000 horsepower (3,000 kW) T55 is the main power for the twin-turbine, twin-rotor Boeing CH-47 Chinook . Lycoming turbines have powered other helicopters, also. Variants and derivatives have powered various turboprop and turbofan aircraft, as well, including the OV-1 Mohawk military aircraft, BAe 146 jetliner, Canadair Challenger business jet, and others. Vulcanization Vulcanization (British English: vulcanisation )

396-410: The curing of elastomers , with the terms 'vulcanization' and 'curing' sometimes used interchangeably in this context. It works by forming cross-links between sections of the polymer chain which results in increased rigidity and durability, as well as other changes in the mechanical and electrical properties of the material. Vulcanization, in common with the curing of other thermosetting polymers ,

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432-603: The vulcanization of rubber. Around 1883, Gerrit S. Scofield & Frank M. Scofield (advertising agents from New York) bought the Demorest brand and the sewing machine business (the Demorests retained the magazine business), and constructed a factory in Williamsport, Pennsylvania (in Lycoming County ). At the urging of the newly established Williamsport Board of Trade, citizens invested US$ 100, 000 in

468-584: The 1830s, Charles Goodyear worked to devise a process for strengthening rubber tires. Tires of the time would become soft and sticky with heat, accumulating road debris that punctured them. Goodyear tried heating rubber in order to mix other chemicals with it. This seemed to harden and improve the rubber, though this was due to the heating itself and not the chemicals used. Not realizing this, he repeatedly ran into setbacks when his announced hardening formulas did not work consistently. One day in 1839, when trying to mix rubber with sulfur , Goodyear accidentally dropped

504-525: The AVCO group, at which point the engine manufacturing company became "AVCO Lycoming". It also leased the government-owned Stratford Army Engine Plant in Stratford, Connecticut , and produced Wright radials under license. After the war, this plant was converted to produce the T53 turboshaft engine, one of its more successful designs. From this point on the piston and turbine engine lines remained separate, with

540-617: The Demorests published fashion magazines and operated the Demorest Fashion and Sewing-Machine Company (sometimes known as the Demorest Manufacturing Company ). They produced "Madame Demorest" and "Bartlett & Demorest" sewing machines and sold Ellen Demorest's innovative paper patterns for dressmaking. During this period, Ellen Demorest patented several fashion accessories, while her husband patented improvements to sewing machines and an apparatus for

576-538: The H-2470, but the engine's poor performance led to the adoption of an alternative radial engine on the prototype. (The XF14C did not enter production.) Undeterred by the O-1230/H-2470's failure, Lycoming turned to an even larger design, the 36-cylinder XR-7755 , the largest aviation piston engine ever built. This design also experienced problems, and was only ready for use at the very end of World War II , when

612-576: The O-1230's entry into service, it had been surpassed by other designs and the US$ 500 ;000 investment was not recouped. Another attempt was made to rescue the design by stacking two O-1230s to make the 2 300 hp (1 700 kW) H engine H-2470 but the only design to use it, the Vultee XP-54 , never entered production. The Curtiss XF14C was originally intended to be powered by

648-589: The aviation world was turning to turbojets and turboprop engines to power future large aircraft. There was apparently some interest in using it on the Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber , but the 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major four-bank radial was used instead. Through the 1920s and -30s, Lycoming had still been supplying automotive manufacturers with engines. However, these clients each slowly went out of business or switched to Continental engines for their vehicles. By 1931,

684-418: The behaviour of most modern polymers), vulcanization, in common with the curing of other thermosetting polymers , is generally irreversible. Five types of curing systems are in common use: The most common vulcanizing methods depend on sulfur. Sulfur, by itself, is a slow vulcanizing agent and does not vulcanize synthetic polyolefins . Accelerated vulcanization is carried out using various compounds that modify

720-534: The company was sold and restructured as the Lycoming Foundry and Machine Company , shifting its focus toward automobile engine manufacture. In 1910, the company supplied its first automobile engine to Velie , and during the early post- World-War-I era, the company was a major supplier to Auburn (which produced the Auburn , Cord , and Duesenberg lines). By 1920, Lycoming was producing 60,000 engines

756-590: The company was supplying automotive engines to only three companies: Auburn , Cord and Duesenburg , still all under the control of Cord . These companies closed their doors in 1937, after which Lycoming switched to exclusively designing and producing engines for aviation. In the meantime, the Smith Engineering Corporation, an early manufacturer of controllable pitch propellers had been purchased by Cord and moved to Williamsport. In 1939 Cord re-organized all of his aviation holdings into

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792-455: The following museums: Data from Jane's . Related development Comparable engines Related lists Lycoming Engines Lycoming Engines is a major American manufacturer of aircraft engines . With a factory in Williamsport, Pennsylvania , Lycoming produces a line of horizontally opposed , air-cooled, four, six and eight-cylinder engines including the only FAA -certified aerobatic and helicopter piston engines on

828-578: The kinetics of crosslinking; this mixture is often referred to as a cure package. The main polymers subjected to sulfur vulcanization are polyisoprene ( natural rubber ) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), which are used for most street-vehicle tires. The cure package is adjusted specifically for the substrate and the application. The reactive sites—cure sites—are allylic hydrogen atoms. These C-H bonds are adjacent to carbon-carbon double bonds (>C=C<). During vulcanization, some of these C-H bonds are replaced by chains of sulfur atoms that link with

864-401: The market. The company has built more than 325,000 piston aircraft engines and powers more than half the world's general aviation fleet, both rotary and fixed wing . Lycoming has been a principal pioneer of turbine engines for medium and large helicopters, and has also produced engines for small jetliners and business jets. Lycoming is an operating division of Avco Corporation, itself

900-756: The mixture in a hot frying pan. To his astonishment, instead of melting further or vaporizing , the rubber remained firm and, as he increased the heat, the rubber became harder. Goodyear worked out a consistent system for this hardening, and by 1844 patented the process and was producing the rubber on an industrial scale. There are many uses for vulcanized materials, some examples of which are rubber hoses, shoe soles, toys, erasers, hockey pucks, shock absorbers, conveyor belts, vibration mounts/dampers, insulation materials, tires, and bowling balls. Most rubber products are vulcanized as this greatly improves their lifespan, function, and strength. In contrast with thermoplastic processes (the melt-freeze process that characterize

936-481: The most popular line of engines for U.S. Experimental / Amateur-Built (E/A-B) aircraft, surpassing the 5 next-most-popular brands, combined. The aircraft piston engine prefixes are: Lycoming was one of the principal pioneers of turbine engines -- turboshaft to be precise—for medium- and heavy-lift helicopters, some of which have found other applications as well. Its 1,400 horsepower (1,000 kW) T53 hybrid free turbine / shaft turbine engine initially powered

972-469: The new manufacturing facility, which employed 250 people. The factory produced 50 to 60 sewing machines per day. With the development of the "New York Bicycle" in 1891 (designed by employee S. H. Ellis), the company diversified its product offerings. Until the early 1900s, the factory produced sewing machines , bicycles , typewriters , opera chairs and other products. By 1907, the manufacture of sewing machines had become unprofitable for Demorest, and

1008-631: The piston lines being built in the original Williamsport factories, and turbines in Stratford. By 1961, Lycoming produced 600 to 700 engines per month. Its most successful post-war products were a series of air-cooled flat-4 and flat-6 general aviation engines. Most famous among these are the O-320 and O-360 four-cylinder engines, and the O-540 six-cylinder engine. Many light aircraft are powered by versions of these engines, with power ratings in

1044-453: The premature cross-linking of rubbers due to the influence of heat), the choice of accelerator is governed by different rules to other diene rubbers. Most conventionally used accelerators are problematic when CR rubbers are cured and the most important accelerant has been found to be ethylene thiourea (ETU), which, although being an excellent and proven accelerator for polychloroprene, has been classified as reprotoxic . From 2010 to 2013,

1080-538: The project to Deere, which brought in Lycoming to sell the developed engine into the aviation markets. It was guaranteed a startup run by Cessna , also owned by Textron. Just as production was ready to start, Cessna announced it was halting its small-aircraft business for an indefinite period, and SCORE was cancelled. The remains of the Deere licenses were later purchased by Rotary Power International, which briefly produced

1116-537: The rubber article, e.g., the movement of a side-wall of a running tire. Without good flexing properties these movements rapidly form cracks, and ultimately will make the rubber article fail. The vulcanization of neoprene or polychloroprene rubber (CR rubber) is carried out using metal oxides (specifically MgO and ZnO , sometimes Pb 3 O 4 ) rather than sulfur compounds which are presently used with many natural and synthetic rubbers . In addition, because of various processing factors (principally scorch, this being

Wright R-1820 Cyclone - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-569: The strictly experimental M6 Heavy Tank . The Wright R-1820 was converted to a diesel during World War II by Caterpillar Inc. as the D-200 and produced 450 hp (340 kW) at 2,000 rpm in the M4A6 Sherman . Notes: Unit numbers ending with W indicate engine variants fitted with water-methanol emergency power boost systems. The Hispano-Suiza 9V is a licence-built version of the R-1820. Preserved Wright R-1820 engines are on display at

1188-421: The turbine production to Williamsport, but this led to a series of quality control problems and eventually it was abandoned. Another attempt to rescue Williamsport was made in introducing the "radical" SCORE engine, a Wankel engine originally developed through a joint venture between Curtiss-Wright and John Deere . Curtiss-Wright lost interest in the design just as it was maturing and sold its interests in

1224-550: Was a fairly successful design, and was used widely in light aircraft , including Cord's Travel Air . In the 1930s, Lycoming made a number of attempts to develop successful high-power aircraft engines. The 1 200 hp (895 kW) O-1230 was Lycoming's attempt to produce an engine based on the United States Army Air Corps hyper engine concept, and used a variety of features to produce nearly 1 hp/ in (46 kW/L) of engine displacement . However, by

1260-882: Was at the heart of many famous aircraft including early Douglas airliners (the prototype DC-1 , the DC-2 , the first civil versions of the DC-3 , and the limited-production DC-5 ), every wartime example of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Douglas SBD Dauntless bombers, the early versions of the Polikarpov I-16 fighter (as the M-25), and the Piasecki H-21 helicopter. The R-1820 also found limited use in armoured vehicles. The G-200 variant developed 900  hp (670  kW ) at 2,300 rpm and powered

1296-540: Was used in the Cord L-29. Lycoming also produced a double overhead cam straight 8 used in the legendary Duesenberg J series. This powerplant produced 265 horsepower, six times the power of a contemporary Model A Ford. A supercharged version, generating 325 horsepower, was installed in the Duesenberg SJ and SSJ models. In 1929, Lycoming produced its first aviation engine, the nine-cylinder R-680 radial . This

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