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48-565: The bridge extends 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) from Turtle Hill in Hanyang , on the northern bank of the Yangtze, to Snake Hill in Wuchang , on the southern bank of the Yangtze. Plans for the bridge's construction were first made in 1910. A total of four exploratory surveys were made between 1913 and 1948 to identify a suitable site, but economic limitations and the combination of World War II and

96-877: A member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP except during transition periods, being at least its 4th-ranking member. The chairman is assisted by several vice chairpersons and a secretary-general , who heads the National Committee's General Office; together, they make up the Chairperson's Council, which handles the day-to-day affairs of the Standing Committee and convences its sessions on an average of at least one committee session per month. The Council meetings coordinate work reports, review united front work, identify

144-558: A new Political Consultative Conference to discuss a new state and new coalition government. In 1949, with the CCP having gained control of most of mainland China , they organized a "new" Political Consultative Conference in September, inviting delegates from various friendly parties to attend and discuss the establishment of a new state. This conference was then renamed the People's Political Consultative Conference. On 29 September 1949,

192-1018: A population of 510,000. The Hanyang Arsenal is known for its production of the so-called " Hanyang rifle " - an indigenous Asian copy of the German Model 1888 Commission Rifle , which was heavily used in World War II , as well as in the Korean War and Vietnam War . As of 2016, Hanyang District administers eleven subdistricts, one economic development zone and one administrative committee: Colleges and universities: Primary and secondary schools: Chinese People%27s Political Consultative Conference   People's organizations (313)   Representatives of various groups (1076)   People's organizations (30)   Representatives of various groups (67)   Specially invited people (33) The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC )

240-560: A possible bridge location. At the same time, Peking University President Yan Fu submitted the initial proposal for bridge construction to the Department of Transportation. The earliest designs for the bridge were modeled after the Forth Bridge , near Edinburgh , which had been completed in 1890. Although their work never proceeded past the planning phase, the area identified in the 1913 surveys proved to be an excellent site, and

288-543: A tunnel constructed under the first turn of the Yangtze at Wuhan to connect the two banks. Moreover, there ought to be a tunnel or bridge at the mouth of the Han River to link the three cities of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang together into one metropolis." However, contemporary work on the railway bridge over the Yellow River at Zhengzhou sapped China of its limited bridge-building resources. In 1949, shortly after

336-570: A wide range of deputies from the relevant sectors forming its membership. The CPPCC National Committee currently has 10 Special Committees organized similarly to that of the Standing Committee: The People’s Political Consultative Daily (人民政协报) is the official newspaper of the National Committee of the CPPCC. In addition to the main National Committee, the CPPCC contains numerous regional committees at

384-591: Is Chairman of the Standing Committee ex officio . The National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference contains several Special Committees, which are headed by the Standing Committee. The Special Committees generally have around sixty individual members, including a chairperson and ten or more vice chairs. Like the main Conference, the Special Committees include

432-559: Is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s united front system. Its members advise and put proposals for political and social issues to government bodies. However, the CPPCC is a body without real legislative power. While consultation does take place, it is supervised and directed by the CCP. The body traditionally consists of delegates from

480-486: Is the location where the bridge was eventually built. Wang Yuan Tang also contributed to this work. He was a lead engineer in designing this bridge. Sun Yat-sen 's treatise The International Development of China , published in 1919, emphasized the economic importance of finding a suitable location for building a bridge over or a tunnel under the Yangtze along the Wuhan railway line. At the time, Sun wrote, "There ought to be

528-590: The Chinese Civil War prevented the bridge's building until the 1950s. Actual construction began in September 1955 and was completed in October 1957. The upper level of the bridge is a two-way, four-lane automobile highway. The lower level is a double-track railway on the Beijing-Guangzhou railway line. The Wuhan metropolis is an amalgamation of three cities situated at the confluence of

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576-477: The Chinese Communist Party 's victory in the Chinese Civil War and its founding of the People's Republic of China , former Peking University engineering student Li Wenji, by then 63 years old, and bridge engineer Mao Yisheng ( Chinese : 茅以升 ) submitted a proposal to the new government for the construction of the Wuhan bridge as "a memorial to the success of the new democratic revolution." Li and

624-775: The Han River and the Yangtze: Wuchang , located on the southern bank of the Yangtze, Hanyang , located on the northern bank of the Yangtze and the west bank of the Han, and Hankou , located on the northern bank of the Yangtze and the eastern bank of the Han. Wuhan lies at the heart of Central China and is a hub from transportation between the Central Plain in northern China and the trading ports of Guangzhou and Hong Kong in southern China. The Beijing-Wuhan railway line went into full service in 1906, followed in 1936 by

672-607: The Sanxia (Three Gorges) Dam were revived by the CCP during the emphasis on the Four Modernizations during the early period of Reform and Opening Up , the CPPCC became a center of opposition to the project. It convened panels of experts who recommended delaying the project. The CPPCC is the highest-ranking body in the united front system. It is the "peak united front forum, bringing together CCP officials and Chinese elites." According to Sinologist Peter Mattis,

720-649: The State Council of the People's Republic of China gave approval for a 28-person delegation of Soviet engineers, led by Konstantin Sergeyevich Silin (1913–1996), to travel to China and assist the Chinese with the bridge's design and construction. Construction officially began on 1 September 1955. Silin had predicted that using pressured-air caissons would be impractical due to the Yangtze's unpredictable water level, which made drilling holes for

768-440: The provincial , prefecture , and county level. According to an old post in CPPCC's website, there were 3,164 local CPPCC committees at every level by the end of 2006, containing around 615,164 deputies elected in like manner as the National Committee. Like the National Committee, the regional committees serve for five year terms, have a chairperson, vice chairpersons and a secretary-general, convene plenary sessions at least once

816-568: The CCP and China." The CPPCC includes delegates from the CCP and its people's organizations , eight legally permitted political parties subservient to the CCP, as well as nominally independent members. The party's Organization Department is responsible for the nomination of prospective deputies who are CCP members. The CPPCC provides a "seat" for the non-communist parties and so-called "patriotic democrats." The CPPCC also reserves seats for overseas delegates, as well as delegates from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Non-communist party members of

864-511: The CCP and its people's organizations , eight legally permitted political parties subservient to the CCP, as well as nominally independent members. The CPPCC is chaired by a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP . In keeping with the united front strategy, prominent non-CCP members have been included among the Vice Chairs , examples being Chen Shutong , Li Jishen and Soong Ching-ling . The organizational hierarchy of

912-518: The CPPCC are nominated by the party's United Front Work Department for appointment or election to the Conferfence. The conception of the non-communist parties as part of a coalition rather than an opposition is expressed in the PRC's constitutional principle of "political consultation and multiparty cooperation." In principle, the CCP is obliged to consult the others on all major policy issues. In

960-513: The CPPCC consists of a National Committee and regional committees. Regional committees extend to the provincial , prefecture , and county level. According to the charter of the CPPCC, the relationship between the National Committee and the regional committees is one of guidance and not direct leadership. However, an indirect leadership exists via the United Front Work Department at each level. The National Committee of

1008-415: The CPPCC is "the one place where all the relevant actors inside and outside the party come together: party elders, intelligence officers, diplomats, propagandists, soldiers and political commissars, united front workers, academics, and businesspeople." In practice, the CPPCC serves as "the place where messages are developed and distributed among party members and the non-party faithful who shape perceptions of

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1056-555: The CPPCC nationally and is made up of deputies coming from various sectors of society. Deputies/Senators of the National Committee are elected for five year terms, though this can be extended in exceptional circumstances by a two-thirds majority vote by all deputies of the Standing Committee. The National Committee holds plenary sessions annually, though a session can be called by the National Committee's Standing Committee if necessary. The plenary sessions are generally held in March, around

1104-546: The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC). The CPPCC National Committee and NPC plenary sessions are collectively called the Quanguo Lianghui ("National Two Sessions"). The CPPCC is intended to be more representative of a broader range of people than is typical of government office in

1152-502: The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference unanimously adopted the Common Program as the basic political program for the country. The conference approved the new national anthem, flag, capital city, and state name, and elected the first government of the People's Republic of China. From 1949 to 1954, the conference became the de facto legislature of the PRC. During this period, it issued nearly 3,500 laws, laying

1200-413: The Chinese people". It continues that the CPPCC is neither a body of state power nor a policymaking organ, but a platform for "various political parties, people's organizations, and people of all ethnic groups and from all sectors of society" to participate in state affairs. As a united front organ, the CPPCC works together with the CCP's United Front Work Department. According to Mattis, the CPPCC gathers

1248-527: The Han River mouth . However, the lower Han River changed course to the north side of the town during Ming dynasty 's Chenghua -era. The town, now on the south ("yin") side of the river, should have been renamed to "Hanyin" by naming convention, but the name "Hanyang" remained as it was well-established since the Sui dynasty . Administratively, the area forms Hanyang District of the modern Wuhan city, with an area of 108 square kilometers (42 sq mi) and

1296-533: The NC-CPPCC are as follows: The Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference performs the duties of the CPPCC in between plenary sessions of the National Committee. It is responsible for all actions taken by the whole of the National Committee of the Conference or by individual deputies of it. According to the bylaw, the Chairman of the National Committee

1344-419: The People's Republic of China, including a broad range of people from both inside and outside the CCP. The composition of the members of the CPPCC changes over time according to national strategic priorities. Previously dominated by senior figures in real-estate, state-owned enterprises , and " princelings ", the CPPCC in 2018 was primarily composed of individuals from China's technology sector. The origins of

1392-602: The Republic of China , who organized the first Political Consultative Assembly from 10 to 31 January 1946. Representatives of the Kuomintang, CCP, Chinese Youth Party , and China Democratic League , as well as independent delegates, attended the conference in Chongqing . After major successes in the civil war, the CCP, on 1 May 1948, invited the other political parties, popular organizations and community leaders to form

1440-482: The Wuhan-Guangzhou railway line. Between that time and the bridge's completion in 1957, railway cars travelling between northern and southern China had to be ferried over the Yangtze on barges, a laborious and dangerous practice. Early formulations of plans for a railway bridge over the Yangtze at Wuhan were put forward by Zhang Zhidong in the late 19th century. In May 1912, railroad engineer Jeme Tien Yow

1488-743: The Yangtze River using the bridge, officially started operations. It continues to utilize this bridge till today. On January 31, 2018, Theresa May , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , visited Wuhan and took pictures on the Wuchang District side of the Yangtze River at the First Yangtze River Bridge. Hanyang District Hanyang District ( simplified Chinese : 汉阳区 ; traditional Chinese : 漢陽區 ; pinyin : Hànyáng Qū ) forms part of

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1536-440: The beginning of economic reforms , the CPPCC increasingly focused on accommodating Hong Kong and Macau elites and attracting investment from overseas Chinese communities. A new "Economy Sector" was created inside the CPPCC in 1993, and the 1990s saw an increase in the number of business-oriented CPPCC members, many of whom saw the CPPCC as a way to network and communicate with officials in the party-state apparatus. When plans for

1584-521: The bridge's supports much more difficult. The cantilever bridge design was used, and construction proceeded for over two years. Mao Zedong returned to Wuhan on 6 September 1957 to inspect the nearly-completed bridge, and was able to walk from the Hanyang side to the Wuchang side. The bridge formally opened to public traffic on 15 October 1957. On 20 September 1958, trolleybus route 1 , which crosses

1632-422: The bridge, with Peng Min ( Chinese : 彭敏 ) as bureau chief and party secretary and Wang Juqian ( Chinese : 汪菊潜 ) as chief engineer. Chinese engineers in the 1950s were still heavily reliant on Russian expertise on major projects. Between July and September 1953, Chinese engineers brought a large number of the bridge's plans and blueprints to Moscow for consultation with Soviet engineers. In July 1954,

1680-688: The conference date prior to the existence of the People's Republic of China . During negotiations between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang in 1945, the two parties agreed to open multiparty talks on post- World War II political reforms via a Political Consultative Conference . This was included in the Double Tenth Agreement . This agreement was implemented by the National Government of

1728-517: The early 2000s, CPPCC members frequently petitioned the CCP Central Committee regarding socioeconomic, health, and environmental issues. "The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, a broadly based representative organization of the united front which has played a significant historical role, will play a still more important role in the country’s political and social life, in promoting friendship with other countries and in

1776-609: The foundations of the newly established PRC. In 1954, the Constitution transferred legislative functions to the National People's Congress. During the Hundred Flowers Campaign between 1956 and 1957, Mao Zedong encouraged members of the CPPCC to speak about the shortcomings of the CCP. However, those who did faced severe repercussions such as heavy criticism and or incarceration in labor camps in

1824-560: The issues to focus and highlight important ideological directions of the CCP. It also presides over the preparatory meeting of the first plenary session of the next National Committee. The CCP and the aligned minor parties are assigned deputies in the National Committee. Besides political parties, the NC-CPPCC has also deputies from various sectors of society in its ranks. Members include scientists, academics, writers, artists, retired government officials, and entrepreneurs, among other sectors. The parties and groups with elected deputies to

1872-471: The left bank of the Yangtze, it borders the districts of Qiaokou to the north across the Han River, Jianghan to the northeast, Caidian to the southwest, and Dongxihu to the northwest; on the opposite bank it borders Wuchang and Hongshan . Guiyuan Temple is located in Hanyang. The name "Hanyang" means "the Yang side of Han River", referring to the town's historic location on the north ("yang") bank of

1920-546: The others were invited to the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in September 1949 to participate in discussions on the bridge's construction. The proposals were accepted, and a bridge committee was created in January 1950. Li was able to participate in the first year of the planning and building work before he became ill and died in August 1951. Between 1950 and 1953, three conferences were held to discuss

1968-567: The plans, designs, and construction of the bridge as they developed. In February 1953, Mao Zedong traveled to Wuhan to receive reports on the project's progress, and was taken to the Yellow Crane Tower to view the proposed bridge site. On 1 April 1953, Zhou Enlai approved the creation of the Wuhan Great Bridge Engineering Bureau, which was responsible for overseeing the design and building of

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2016-463: The regular affairs of the body, and adopts resolutions on the National Committee's "major working principles and tasks". The Standing Committee is responsible for selecting deputies to the Conference, implementing the CPPCC's resolutions, and interpreting its official charter. The National Committee is led by a chairman , currently Wang Huning , one of the highest-ranking offices in the country; since its establishment, all CPPCC chairpersons have been

2064-584: The same date as the annual session of the National People's Congress ; together, these meetings are termed as the Two Sessions . During the Two Sessions, the CPPCC and the NPC hear and discuss reports from the premier, the prosecutor general, and the chief justice. Every CPPCC plenary session makes amendments to the CPPCC charter, elects on every first plenary session the Standing Committee, which handles

2112-481: The society's elite, while the UFWD "implements policy and handles the nuts and bolts of united front work". The UFWD oversees the people's organizations' deputies which constitute the membership of the CPPCC and handles any nomination work for any potential deputies to be elected. The National Committee of CPPCC ( 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会 , shortened 全国政协 ; 'National PCC') is the national level organization that represents

2160-491: The struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity of the country. The system of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop for a long time to come." —Preamble of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China According to state media Xinhua News Agency , it is an "organization in the patriotic united front of

2208-562: The subsequent Anti-Rightist Campaign . Along with most other institutions, the CPPCC was effectively decimated during the Cultural Revolution . It was revived during the First Session of its 5th National Committee between 24 February to 8 March 1974, during which Deng Xiaoping was elected as its chairman. New rules for the CPPCC were issued in 1983, which limited the proportion of CCP members to 40 percent. Since

2256-469: The urban core of and is one of 13 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Wuhan , the capital of Hubei Province , China. Currently, it is a district and stands between the Han River (right/southern bank) and the Yangtze River (left/northwestern bank), where the former drains into the latter. It is connected by bridges with its former sister cities, Hankou and Wuchang . Presently, on

2304-585: Was made head of the Wuhan-Guangzhou railway association by the Beiyang Government . While working on the Wuchang railroad station, Jeme incorporated plans for connection of the Beijing and Guangzhou lines into the railroad's construction. In 1913, Peking University professor of engineering George Miller brought Xia Changchi ( Chinese : 夏昌熾 ), Li Wenji ( Chinese : 李文驥 ), and 13 other Chinese engineering students to Wuhan to do surveying for

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