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36-721: Born in Tarnowitz , Upper Silesia , Poland, in 1925, from 1945 to 1948 Wyrtki attended the University of Marburg in Germany, and received his Ph.D. from the University of Kiel in 1950. He was a professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography until 1964, when he became a member of the faculty of the Department of Oceanography at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . From 1993 he was an emeritus professor . Wyrtki worked on understanding and forecasting El Nino . He established

72-415: A government-controlled mine as well as silver and lead foundry named "Frederyk" after Frederick William II , the king of Prussia. Jews , with a few exceptions, were restricted or altogether banned from the area throughout the years; yet still they managed to have a great impact on the entire region's progress. Salomon Isaac, Jewish trade-agent and mining entrepreneur, was one of the greatest contributors to

108-549: A regular basis. Without him perhaps we wouldn't understand the effects of global warming on sea level tides. He made some amazing contributions to science and society." Tarnowitz Tarnowskie Góry ( Polish: [tarˈnɔfskjɛ ˈɡurɨ] ; German : Tarnowitz ; Silesian : Tarnowske Gōry ) is a town in Silesia , southern Poland , located in the Silesian Highlands near Katowice . Located in

144-598: A small but steady decline of population, beginning in mid-1990s and lasting throughout the first decade of the 21st century. Today, Tarnowskie Góry is an industrial, cultural, educational, and technological center and tourist destination. Tarnowskie Góry is twinned with: Katowice Voivodeship Katowice Voivodeship ( Polish : województwo katowickie ) can refer to one of two political entities in Poland : Katowice Voivodeship (1) , initially "Silesian-Dabrowa Voivodeship" ( Polish : województwo śląsko-dąbrowskie ),

180-796: A tidal gauge network, gave an explanation for the Pacific oxygen minimum zone under the thermocline , and discovered the ocean current jet that now bears his name, the "Wyrtki Jet". He is also known for his work on thermohaline circulation . Along with British oceanographer David Pugh , Wyrtki proposed and established the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), a program of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission . Wyrtki died on February 5, 2013, in Honolulu, Hawaii . He

216-736: The Armia Krajowa (Home Army, the leading Polish underground resistance organization) undertook a sabotage campaign against Nazi forces, railroad-transport and local industry. The Germans operated two forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town. Liberation of Silesia came in early 1945; in order to save the industrial infrastructure of the region, the Red Army opened an offensive supported by massive numbers of troops with minimal use of heavy artillery and air-bombardment. According to witnesses,

252-798: The Austrian capital ). In 1683, Polish King John III Sobieski rested in town on his way to the Battle of Vienna (where he led the famous Hussars branch of Polish cavalry to victory in defeating the Ottoman army and stopping the progress of their European invasion). In Tarnowskie Góry, Polish nobility welcomed the newly elected kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland , in July 1697 and January 1734, respectively, when they were heading for their royal coronations to Kraków . December 16, 1740,

288-523: The Bronze Age people lived along the banks of river Stoła (Polish) or Stola, (name derived from German Stollenwasser Adit water earlier this river was known as "Rybna" (derived from a Polish word for "fish"), their tools, jewelry and weapons were excavated here, dating from between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. Silver, lead and zinc were bountiful in these grounds and the evidence of an early metal production dates back to at least 3rd century AD. In

324-553: The Middle Ages the region was inhabited by Lechitic Polish tribes , and in the 10th century it became part of the emerging Polish state under its first ruler Mieszko I of Poland . Repty Śląskie , a village, now within Tarnowskie Góry's town limits, was mentioned in an official papal document dating from September 12, 1201. The present-day district of Stare Tarnowice was the location of a motte-and-bailey castle from

360-600: The National Academy of Sciences "for fundamental contributions to the understanding of the oceanic general circulation of abyssal and thermocline waters and for providing the intellectual underpinning for our understanding of ENSO (El Niño)". H He also has been awarded the Rosenstiel Award from the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science at the University of Miami ,

396-565: The Third Silesian War (between Austria and Prussia ). As a result of Germanization of the area, all Polish names received German equivalents (usually closely resembling the original, like Kattowitz for Katowice ). The earliest settlements around Tarnowskie Góry date back to over 20 thousand years BC. Traces of the Upper Paleolithic inhabitants were found in village of Rybna, within present-day town borders. During

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432-400: The 14th century, which is now an archaeological site. According to legend, the source of silver ore (solely responsible for the town's existence) was first discovered in 1490, when local peasant-farmer named Rybka found a strange, heavy, metallic stone while plowing the field near village of Tarnowice. He presented his find to a local priest and within less than three decades this place became

468-479: The 19th century. In 1803 one of world's first schools of mining was initiated and, during following few decades, many new factories and businesses opened including: paper mill, iron foundry, printing shop, brewery, soap factory and natural gas production plant. During that period, the town square and two main streets were paved, gas lighting illuminated the town and a sewage system was installed. "Górnośląska Spółka Bracka" (The Upper-Silesian Brotherhood Cooperative)

504-467: The 1sq mile of old town alone, exceed 160 km (99 mi), still, representing only a small fraction of a total underground system. Many Protestants found refuge in Tarnowskie Góry, and after the death of John II the Good (1532) town was ruled by the family of Hohenzollern , supporters of reformation movement. The first Protestant, wooden church was built in 1529 and two years later a stone structure

540-910: The Albert Defant Medal of the German Meteorological Society, and the Maurice Ewing Medal from the American Geophysical Union . In 2007, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences . A research vessel at the University of Hawaiʻi is named in his honor. According to friend and colleague Axel Timmermann , Wyrtki "was really one of the two or three greatest oceanographers of all time, I think. Without him we wouldn't do El Nino forecasting on

576-467: The Good , the last Duke of Opole and Racibórz of the first Polish dynasty of Piast , and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (from the House of Hohenzollern ), both of whom, in 1526, gave the town special privileges called "Akt Wolności Górniczej" (The Miners’ Freedom Act). This revolutionary document awarded freedom to any peasant who chose to become a miner in the area; the same year new settlement

612-538: The beginning of the 20th century, the source of the silver ore dried out and the mining stopped completely. After World War I ended, between 1919 and 1921 three massive anti-German uprisings took place in entire Upper Silesian region and many of towns residents fought and supported the cause. Soon after the end of the third one, mandated by the Versailles Treaty , the Silesian Plebiscite

648-532: The development of the Sillesian metallurgical and mining industries and, ultimately, become one of the managing officers of the newly formed Prussian Office of Mining in Tarnowskie Góry. In 1788, sparking the onset of the Industrial Revolution the first steam engine in continental Europe (and only the second one in the world) was imported from England and installed with a purpose of draining

684-1036: The entire operation was extremely fast; countless, shoulder-to-shoulder, crowds of Russian soldiers passed through the town in matter of minutes followed by almost complete still. The decades following the end of World War II saw an influx of immigrants from other parts of Poland (including its former eastern provinces) to take over property of expelled German inhabitants, and as a result of planned-economy developments. Several large factories opened in Tarnowskie Góry's area including: FASER (the largest manufacturer of safety equipment and mining lamps in Soviet bloc), FAZOS (the manufacturer of automated mine-wall reinforcements), ZAMET (manufacturer of metallurgical equipment), CHEMET (manufacturer of chemical equipment), and Lead and Zinc Mill Miasteczko Slaskie (the second largest facility of this kind in Europe). All of these " Molochs " employed thousands of workers and emitted countless pollutants into

720-466: The largest silver mining center in the area. Its population rivaled in size some of the major cities of the Renaissance world and prospectors were coming from all corners of the continent, some as far as Spain , all of this fueled by the massive amount and quality of ore, so high that on many occasions it was said to be practically pure, metallic silver. Initial growth can be attributed to Jan II

756-475: The north of the Metropolis GZM , a megalopolis , the greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area populated by about 5,294,000 people. The population of the town is 61,842 (2021) making it one of the biggest towns in Poland . As of 1999, it is part of Silesian Voivodeship , previously Katowice Voivodeship . The Historic Silver Mine of Tarnowskie Góry , a UNESCO World Heritage Site is located in

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792-635: The number of railroad lines grew rapidly, and by the end of the 19th century Tarnowskie Góry was well on its way to becoming the second largest marshaling yard in Europe. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to the Russian Partition of Poland during the January Uprising in 1863. In 1873 a new county was formed in the area with Tarnowskie Góry as its capital; a hospital and court building were opened soon after. In

828-469: The old-town was already in place by 1540, including many of still existing brick and stone buildings and Protestant church. By the mid-16th century Tarnowskie Góry became the largest mining center in Upper Silesia and one of the largest in Europe; the combined length of main tunnels (main tunnels were the passages with clearance of over 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) in height) constructed under

864-446: The surrounding environment. For decades the railroad industry remained one of the largest local employers, however, due to an aging infrastructure, it slowly decreased in volume and other cities of the area begun to handle more and more of the rail traffic in terms of both cargo and passenger trains. The fall of Iron Curtain in 1989 brought freedom back to Poland accompanied by the chaos of restructuring and privatization , which led to

900-625: The town. The name of Tarnowskie Góry is derived from Tarnowice , name of a local village and word góry which in Old Polish meant "mines". In a Prussian document from 1750 (published in the Polish language in Berlin by Frederick the Great [1712–1786]), the town is mentioned, among other Silesian towns, as "Tarnowskie Góry". The German name Tarnowitz was introduced in the late 18th century, after

936-454: The underground waters. This was not a small task, miles of a deep adit or drainage-tunnel. A 600-metre part of former Fryderyk adit is a tourist route named Black Trout Adit . Its tunnels were cut through a solid bedrock and one of the system outlets, near Repty, became the main contributory of river Drama. Although Napoleonic Wars damaged and put a burden of heavy taxation on it, the town experienced another boom of growth and prosperity in

972-438: Was Katowice . The Katowice Special Economic Zone was created on 18 June 1996 "in order to support and advance restructuring processes, as well as to generate employment in the region." In a 1995 issue of the journal Habitat Debate , it was reported that two-thirds of the rivers in the voivodeship were below the lowest pollution quality classification and that air pollution was also extremely high, with lead levels up to 13 times

1008-501: Was a unit of administrative division and local government in the years 1946–1975. It was superseded by Katowice Voivodeship (2), Częstochowa Voivodeship , Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship , and Opole Voivodeship . Its capital city was Katowice. Katowice Voivodeship (2) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by the Silesian Voivodeship . Its capital city

1044-514: Was burned while German minority enthusiastically welcomed invading Nazi forces . Already in September 1939, the Germans murdered over 20 Poles in the present-day districts of Lasowice, Strzybnica and Repty Śląskie. Among the victims were miners, former insurgents and a school principal from nearby Chorzów . Germany established and operated a prison for Poles in the town. During the occupation,

1080-489: Was erected to replace it. In 1531, Szkola Różnowiercza (The Reformation School) was created and at the end of the 16th century was run by Daniel Franconius, famous scholar, educator, poet, and a propagator of Arianism . The prosperity of Tarnowskie Góry was abruptly halted by the Thirty Year War (1618–1648), and in 1676–77 its population was farther decimated by an outbreak of plague (which two years later reached

1116-529: Was held, and an overwhelming majority of the Upper Silesia region voted for integration with newly independent Poland; in Tarnowskie Góry however, 82% of the participants favored Germany in large part due to "imported" votes. In 1922, after over 300 years of Austrian and Prussian domination, Tarnowskie Góry was returned to Poland. In the interwar period the 11th Infantry Regiment of the Polish Army

Klaus Wyrtki - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-526: Was marked by the Prussian army entering the town during the first of the Silesian Wars ; in 1742, Austrian domination ended and Tarnowskie Góry fell under Prussian rule. In 1742, after the end of Austrian rule, a Lutheran parish was established, whose first pastor was Polish religious writer and author of popular prayer-books Samuel Ludwik Zasadius . Around 1780 Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden opened

1188-591: Was officially elevated to the town-status, christened Tarnowskie Góry and received additional set of town privileges and rights, cote of arms and official seal followed few decades later in 1562. In 1528, "Ordunek Górny" (the Mining Ordinance) strongly promoting farther exploration and offering a high percentage of profits to miners, was proclaimed and sparked a period of an explosive growth and prosperity. Many other associated businesses like trade, manufacturing, crafts etc., were rapidly developing and most of

1224-407: Was organized with its headquarters in Tarnowskie Góry; (this revolutionary institution functioned as an insurance company for miners and covered the entire Upper Silesian region with 17,821 initial members). In 1857 the first railroad, leading to Opole , reached the town and eight years later Warsaw–Vienna line cut-through as well. Throughout the next few decades, because of its strategic location,

1260-537: Was stationed in Tarnowskie Góry. At the onset of World War II in September 1939, Poland was invaded by Germany and Nazi German occupation began. On September 6–8, 1939, the Einsatzgruppe II entered the town to commit various crimes against Poles . Mass searches of Polish organizations, offices and houses, and mass arrests of priests, teachers, intelligentsia and fighters of three anti-German, Silesian Uprisings (1919–1921) took place. The synagogue

1296-771: Was survived by his wife, Erika; his son, Oliver; his daughter, Undine; and three grandchildren. In 1991, Wyrtki was awarded the Sverdrup Gold Medal Award by the American Meteorological Society , for "outstanding contributions to the dynamics of ocean currents, especially the Gulf Stream ". In 2003, Wyrtki was awarded the Prince Albert I Medal . In 2004, he was awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal of

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