Sivas is a city in central Turkey. It is the seat of Sivas Province and Sivas District . Its population is 365,274 (2022).
70-427: TCDD may refer to any of the following: Turkish State Railways (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları) - The national railway carrier of Turkey. TCDD Taşımacılık - A Turkish transport company responsible for railway operations. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin — a type of dioxin . Texas Council for Developmental Disabilities Topics referred to by
140-588: A 50% share of the İzmir-area commuter rail system, İZBAN . Prior to 2017, TCDD also operated all railways in Turkey. However, with the government taking steps to privatise some of the Turkish railway network, rolling stock and operations were handed over to TCDD Transport and TCDD formally ceased all railway operations on 31 December 2016. After World War I and the Turkish Independence War ,
210-690: A dining car and a sleeping car or a couchette car, or sometimes both. The TVS2000 railcars used on mainline service are the most comfortable cars in TCDD's entire fleet. TVS2000 railcars may also be used on International services because international services are considered mainline services within Turkey. The Haydarpaşa Terminal was the terminus for a weekly train, to Tehran in Iran, another train to Iran used to travel between Van, Turkey and Tebriz in Iran. Additionally, trains from Iran to Syria (and vice versa) used to pass through Turkey. As of 2011,
280-562: A harder stance against religious fanaticism, militant Islam, and antisecularism. In late 2006, there was a campaign by the Pir Sultan Abdal Cultural Institute to convert the former hotel into a museum to commemorate the tragedy, now known as the Sivas massacre . In the mid 19th century, Sivas had 17,000 inhabitants, with a majority of Muslim Turks. In 1914, Sivas had 45,000 inhabitants: a third were Armenians,
350-703: A rail line east to Sivas , reaching Kayseri in 1927 and Sivas in 1930. TCDD continued to acquire from the other rail companies; taking over the Mudanya-Bursa Railway in 1931, the Smyrna Cassaba Railway in 1934, the Ottoman Railway Company in 1935 and the Oriental Railway in 1937. With most of the railways in Turkey under TCDD control, TCDD connected lines such as Kütahya with Balıkesir in 1932 and
420-445: A share of greater than 40% in 1950 to ≈25% in 1960; less than 10% in 1970; ≈5% by 1980; and reaching an all-time low of 2% by 2000. This was partly due to major investment and expansion in the road network. The TCDD receives subsidies from the government for socially necessary operations, but has registered increasing losses in all its areas of business except for port operations; which have high port tariffs (higher than 36%). By 2000,
490-433: Is also a communications hub for the north–south and east–west trade routes to Iraq and Iran, respectively. With the development of railways, the city gained new economic importance as junction of important rail lines linking the cities of Ankara , Kayseri , Samsun , and Erzurum . The city is linked by air to Istanbul and İzmir . The popular name Sebastian derives from Sebastianòs , Σεβαστιανός, meaning someone from
560-411: Is also home to many of the city's high end hotels and restaurants. The city's shoppers usually head to Atatürk Avenue. Sivas is also famous for its thermal springs which have a respectable percentage in the city's income. People believe that the water of these thermal springs can cure many illnesses. The most famous thermal areas are, Sıcak Çermik , Soğuk Çermik and Kangal Balıklı Kaplıca . Football
630-505: Is between Turkey and Europe, done via Kapikule . Several container trains are running in this route as well as conventional wagons. As of 2014, 26.6 million tons are transported on rail in Turkey. 7.1 million of it is done by private wagons. International transport went down to 1.7 million. Containers are widely used both in international and domestic transportation. 7.6 million tons are carried in containers. TCDD supports transportation by containers. Thus, almost all of
700-629: Is constructing 18 logistic centers to be completed till 2023 to increase the portion of railway in freight transportation. These centers (also called as freight villages) will have railway connected container yards, cranes, warehouses, customs service and other facilities. These 18 logistic centers are: Halkali, Samsun-Gelemen, Usak (completed) Kosekoy-Izmit, Hasanbey-Eskisehir, Kaklik-Denizli, Bogazkopru-Kayseri (partially completed) Yesilbayır-Istanbul, Gökköy-Balikesir, Bozüyük-Bilecik, Kayacık-Konya, Yenice-Mersin, Sivas, Türkoğlu-Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Palandöken-Erzurum, Mardin (under construction) Marşandiz Yard
770-493: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Turkish State Railways The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları ), abbreviated as TCDD, is a government-owned national railway company responsible for the ownership and maintenance of railways in Turkey , as well as the planning and construction of new lines. TCDD
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#1732775857414840-740: Is in Ankara. The Turkish State Railways own and operate two rail train ferries and connects to three others. The most famous of these would be the Bosphorus train ferry in Istanbul. This ferry connects Haydarpaşa, on the Asian side, with Sirkeci, on the European side. Demiryolu and Demiryolu II are the two ferries that operate on the route and are owned by TCDD. Sivas The city, which lies at an elevation of 1,278 metres (4,193 ft) in
910-417: Is planning to increase its transit traffic (11000 to in 2011) by constructing "iron silk road" to connect Europe to Asia. Marmaray is the most important part of this project which was completed in 2015 and now in service. Another project is Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway which is planned to be completed in 2016 and start functioning in 2017. Also, plans for another supplying project to Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway,
980-688: Is slowly increasing with the opening of high-speed rail lines in Turkey. In 2019, almost 150 million people traveled by train in Turkey. 17.5 million on main lines, 8.3 million on high-speed lines (2% increase compared to 2018) and 124 million used the Marmaray commuter railway. The share of railway in domestic travels in 2013 is about 2.2%. The types of passenger service are: High-speed rail in Türkiye began service in 2009. TCDD has branded its high-speed service as Yüksek Hızlı Tren or YHT, directly translating to High-Speed Train, dubbed after
1050-528: Is the most popular sport: in the older districts above the city centre children often kick balls around in the evenings in the smallest streets. The city's football club is Sivasspor , which plays its games at the New Sivas 4 Eylül Stadium . The club currently plays in Süper Lig . Specialties of Sivas are tarhana (a soup made using sour yogurt), kelecos (a sour potato soup made with yoghurt) and katmer ,
1120-675: Is to the Sivas Congress, one of the pivotal moments in the Turkish national movement. Other museums include the Sivas Congress and Ethnography Museum and the Sivas Archaeology Museum . The Madımak Science and Culture Centre is housed in the former Madımak Hotel. The modern heart of the city is Hükümet Square (Hükümet Meydanı, also called Konak Meydanı) located just next to the Governor's mansion. This area
1190-815: The Aegean Sea , the Port of Mersin and the Port of İskenderun on the Mediterranean Sea , the Port of Bandırma on the Sea of Marmara , the Port of Derince on the Gulf of İzmit, and the Port of Samsun on the Black Sea . The railways have connections to the Port of Zonguldak , owned by Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu (Turkish Coal Company), the Port of Tekkeköy and the Port of Tekirdağ , owned by AKPORT AŞ. In 2004,
1260-729: The Buruciye Medrese , the Çifte Minare Medresesi , and the Gök Medrese ("Blue Madrasa"; depicted on the obverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknote of 1927–1939 ). All three have elaborate entrance portals. The city also contains some fine examples of the Ottoman architectural style. The most prominent example of Ottoman architecture in the city is the Kale Camii ("Citadel Mosque"), built in 1580 by Mehmet Pasha, an Ottoman vizier. Kurşunlu Hamamı ("Leaden Bath") which
1330-630: The Latins also had one church and a metropolitan of Sebastea, as did the Greek Orthodox Church . Two Protestant churches and eight, mostly German - and American -staffed, schools. During the genocide against Armenians as well as during the genocide against Greek Christians from July 5, 1915 onward, the Christian community of Sivas was exterminated during deportations and mass executions. The Sivas Congress ( Heyet-i Temsiliye )
1400-706: The Roman period. In 64 BC, as part of his reorganization of Asia Minor after the Third Mithridatic War , Pompey the Great founded a city on the site called "Megalopolis". Numismatic evidence suggests that Megalopolis changed its name in the last years of the 1st century BC to "Sebaste", the feminine form of Sebastos , the Greek equivalent of Augustus . The name "Sivas" is the Turkish version deriving from
1470-458: The 1990s, there were 50 Armenians. Sivas has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dsb, Trewartha : Dcbo ), with warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The driest months are July and August and the wettest are April and May. Historically, Sivas was known for producing cereal . A cultural hub as well as an industrial one, Sivas contains many examples of 12th and 13th-century Seljuk architecture . The Great Mosque ( Ulu Cami ) of Sivas
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#17327758574141540-437: The Ankara suburban trains were electrified in 1972, on the line from Sincan to Kayaş. On 6 February 1977 the tracks from Gebze to Adapazarı were made double track and electrified, allowing the first main line operation of electric trains in Turkey. The line from Arifiye outside Adapazarı to Eskişehir were further electrified in 1989 and in 1993 to Sincan, allowing electric train passages from Istanbul to Ankara. In 1994
1610-599: The Ankara-Istanbul high-speed line services began to reach the Pendik railway station on the Asian side of Istanbul, and on 13 March 2019 the services began to reach the Halkalı railway station on the European side of Istanbul, passing through the Marmaray railway tunnel under the Bosphorus strait. There were initially 6 daily departures in both directions. The high-speed line between Ankara and Istanbul has reduced
1680-712: The Dutch Turkish company in charge of the project is required by the UK to be supplied by British suppliers. Mehmet Şimşek , Turkish finance minister said the project is meant to improve the connectivity of Turkey and upgrades Turkey's historic south trade route. The high speed rail is supposed to reach 225km/h, to reach this Railway Supply said Turkey will have to indtroduce modern modifications of its trasnport system and update train engines. The Turkish trasnporation ministry said eight carriages are supposed to commence passenger transportation in 2025. Almost 1500 km of track
1750-461: The European lines from Istanbul to Edirne , Kapıkule and the Bulgarian border were also electrified. The same year the line from Divriği to İskenderun in eastern Turkey was also electrified, though this line is not connected to the rest of the electrified network. In 2006 the İzmir suburban system was also electrified. The following is a list of railway border crossings of Turkey . TCDD
1820-912: The European side of Istanbul, operating from Sirkeci Terminal to Halkalı in 1955. From 1980 onwards, rail freight tonne-kilometers transported by the TCDD rose slightly from ≈5000million tonne-km in 1980 to ≈7000million tonne-km in 1990 and to ≈9000million tonne-km in 2000. Approximately 50% of freight moved is minerals or ores, with construction materials increasing to ≈10% in 2000 from less than 5% in 1980, food/agricultural products, chemicals/petroleum, and metal sectors each account for between 5 and 10%. International freight accounted for approximately 5% of totals in 2000. As of 2012, 25.7 million tons are transported by rail in Turkey. Two steel companies, Erdemir and Kardemir, top 2 customers of TCDD, had transported 4.5 million tons in 2012, mainly iron ore and coal. 2.1 million tons of rail freight belong to international traffic. Most of international traffic
1890-528: The Kars-Igdir-Nakhcivan high-speed railway has been completed. TCDD wants to have share from the freight traffic between Europe and China through this line. The State Railways own and operated seven ports throughout the country and has connections to two more ports. The ports TCDD owns are the Port of Haydarpaşa in Istanbul on the southern mouth of the Bosphorus , the Port of İzmir on
1960-546: The Konya line was extended into another provincial capital, Karaman. High-speed rail in Turkey is still developing, with new lines currently under construction or in the planning phase. By 2023, the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure expects Turkey's high-speed rail system to increase to 10,000 kilometers. Mainline service ( Turkish : Anahat ) is the railway's main service. In 2010 mainline services made up for 24% of
2030-457: The Republic of Turkey was a new-formed country. Even though Turkey had a railway network, most of it was operated by foreign companies. The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (TCDD) was formed on 31 May 1927. TCDD took over the Chemin de fer d'Anatolie-Baghdad , a holding company formed in 1924 by Turkey to take over some rail lines in Turkey, on 1 June 1927 and had control over the tracks of
2100-597: The State Railways released a plan of railway lines that were to be constructed to "ensure national progression and safety". The plan included 5,538 km (3,441 mi) of new railway lines of which only 96 km (60 mi) were actually completed; the Gaziantep-Karkamış section of the Narlı-Nusaybin railway was completed in 1960. Turkish State Railways operated most trains in the country until
2170-724: The Turkish State Railways operated commuter rail in Istanbul and Ankara , with previous commuter service in İzmir from up to 2006, which is now operated by İZBAN . The railways use the E14000 and the E23000 EMUs on their commuter services. Previously, the newly retired E8000 EMUs and the E4000 electric locomotives were used as well. The first commuter rail service in Turkey was the Istanbul-Halkalı Line on
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2240-530: The amount of freight transported was the highest ever (18.343 million tonne-kilometers); though actual growth was small over the previous 10 years, and passenger figures had risen slightly overall over the past decade. As of 2008, the TCDD administers the Ankara Railway Factory , Sivas Concrete Sleeper factory , Afyon Concrete Sleeper factory , Behiçbey rail welding and track machinery repair factory and Çankırı Switch factory . Additionally,
2310-496: The broad valley of the Kızılırmak river, is a moderately-sized trade centre and industrial city, although the economy has traditionally been based on agriculture . Rail repair shops and a thriving manufacturing industry of rugs, bricks, cement, and cotton and woolen textiles form the mainstays of the city's economy. The surrounding region is a cereal-producing area with large deposits of iron ore which are worked at Divriği . Sivas
2380-571: The city was defenceless they burned it for eight days, slaughtered a large part of its population and took many prisoners. The city came under the domain of the Turkmen Danishmend dynasty (1071–1174) after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. After the death of Danişmend Gazi, Sivas passed to Nizamettin Yağıbasan who won it after a struggle with Danişmend Gazi's successors. In 1174, the city
2450-517: The city. The name of the city is a truncated form of its Byzantine Greek name Sivasteia from the Koine Greek name Sebasteia (Σεβάστεια), meaning that it was named in honour of an emperor using the title Sebastos , the Greek equivalent of Augustus . In Armenian it is Sebastia ( Սեբաստիա ). In Kurdish it is called Sêwas. Little is known of Sivas' history prior to its emergence in
2520-482: The cost to the Turkish government had exceeded $ 500 million per year in addition to a subsidy of over $ 100 million. In addition to the problems caused by the lack of investment from 1950 onwards, the TCDD organisation has been characterised as suffering from the common problems associated with state-owned enterprises; i.e. emphasis on production rather than customer needs; subject to government reliance and interference; and an inward-looking corporate culture. As of 2008,
2590-514: The country İzmir and Bursa, besides Afyonkarahisar, Edirne, Kayseri, Sivas and other potential cities. Further ambitions at the planning stage eventually aim to link up East and West points of the country through high-speed railways and act as an international High-speed railway bridge across Europe and Asia On 13 March 2009, the first phase of the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway entered service between Ankara and Eskişehir . On 25 July 2014,
2660-607: The end of 2016. Intercity, regional, suburban, freight and most industrial lines are owned and operated by the State Railways. The only other railways in Turkey include İZBAN (TCDD holds 50% of the company's shares) which operates commuter rail service around İzmir and a few other industrial railways. In addition to rail services, TCDD has been responsible since 1927 for operating several major ports, which handle 30% of Turkish port activities. The Turkish State Railways operated passenger services on 90% of their system. These are intercity, regional, commuter and international services. In
2730-500: The entire İstanbul-Ankara main line, to try to save its diminishing reputation. Construction started in 1987. Forty-five E43000 electric locomotives were ordered from Toshiba and built in Eskişehir by Tülomsaş , to be used on the line. Electrification was completed between Arifye and Eskişehir and electric trains began to run in 1989. Electrification was connected to Ankara in 1993. The major ore route between Divriği and İskenderun
2800-637: The former Anatolian Railway (CFOA) and the Transcaucasus Railway line in Turkish borders. TCDD now had rail lines to the cities Istanbul , İzmit , Ankara , Afyon , Adapazarı and Konya . On 1 January 1929, TCDD took over the rail line from Mersin to Adana (formerly the Mersin-Tarsus-Adana Railway ). Apart from taking over already built lines, TCDD needed to build more line because many important cities were still not serviced by rail. In 1926, TCDD started to build
2870-488: The former SCP line in Afyon with the former CFOA line. In 1932 TCDD completed the railway to Samsun heading north at Sivas. TCDD continued to build lines, reaching Zonguldak , Erzurum , Erzincan , Diyarbakır and Elazığ in the following years. World War II broke out in 1938, slowing down the building. Between 1938 and 1996, TCDD building decreased. The railway only extended to Gaziantep (1955) and Van (1962). In 1948,
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2940-461: The most important in Turkey. The country's five largest ports are owned by the state railways. The Port of Haydarpaşa will soon be decommissioned, when the Marmaray project is complete. Since 1950, the railway system's market share of freight transportation dropped from 70% to ≈55% (1960), ≈25% (1970), ≈10% (1980, 1990) and to less than 10% in 2000. A similar trend was observed in the percentage of passenger transport performed by rail – dropping from
3010-574: The name Sebasteia, as the city was known during the late Roman (Byzantine) empire . Sebasteia became the capital of the province of Armenia Minor under the emperor Diocletian , was a town of some importance in the early history of the Christian Church; in the 4th century it was the home of Saint Blaise and Saint Peter of Sebaste , bishops of the town, and of Eustathius , one of the early founders of monasticism in Asia Minor. It
3080-423: The network in 2020, but the aim is for over three-quarters by 2023. Along with these several Turkish cities operate rapid transit and tram system electrified with either overhead wire or third rail. By 2013, the electrified lines reached to 2416 km. There is also 888 km of electrified high speed train network, which makes 3304 km in total. Turkish State Railways started an electrification plan in 1953. The plan
3150-663: The overland travel time to 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours, compared to 5 hours by car. On 23 August 2011, the YHT service on the Ankara–Konya high-speed railway was inaugurated. The Konya-Ankara line was later connected with the Istanbul–Ankara line at the Polatlı district of Ankara Province on 23 March 2013, essentially bypassing the city of Ankara and shortening the distance from Istanbul to Konya to 5 hours. Most recently on 8 January 2022,
3220-402: The private railway companies invested in container wagons, and carrying 20% of all rail freight by their own wagons. TCDD has plans to strengthen freight traffic by adding 4000 km of conventional lines until 2023. That includes new international rail connections to Georgia, Iraq and Iran. TCDD is also constructing 18 logistic centers to enable transportation of more loads by rail. TCDD
3290-407: The privatization of all ports except Haydarpaşa began. By 2014 Mersin, Iskenderun, Bandirma, Samsun ports had been privatized. Tender for privatization of Derince Port has also completed and waiting for takeover. The state railways are planning on building rail connections to the Port of Güllük (via Çine ) and to the Port of Ereğli , which TCDD serviced until 2004. The ports TCDD owns are
3360-403: The railway's first year 52% of passenger travel in Turkey was by rail, despite the system lacking connections to many parts of the country. Rail transport was the main mode of transport for passengers in the following two decades, reaching an all-time high of 57% of passenger transport in 1947, but then started to decline after 1950, due to the mass construction of roads. Today, the passenger ratio
3430-580: The railways own and operated over 240 km (150 mi) of industrial lines and 206 km (128 mi) of high-speed lines , with 574 km (357 mi) of lines under construction. As of 2010, the railways consist of 763 tunnels, 25,441 bridges, 17 wyes and 7 loops . The railway's fleet consists of 467 main line Diesel locomotives , 67 Electric locomotives , 860 passenger coaches, 135 MUs , 33 High-speed rail sets and 15,384 freight cars. TCDD also owns 3 rail ferries . Railways powered by electricity in Turkey comprised less than half of
3500-529: The railways passenger traffic. Mainline service includes 2 types of trains: Express and Blue Train . Express service is between major cities and are fast, comfortable and equipped with modern air-conditioned TVS2000 railcars and only stop at important stations. Express trains have an average operating speed of 100 km/h (62 mph) to 120 km/h (75 mph). Express service has both day (e.g. İzmir-Bandırma) and overnight trains between major cities far apart (e.g. Ankara-Kars). These trains have coaches,
3570-539: The region around Sebasteia in exchange for Vaspurakan to King Seneqerim Ardzruni , who settled in Sebasteia with thousands of his Armenian followers. Sebasteia was the first important city to be plundered by Turkish tribes in 1059. In August of that year the troops of various emirs gathered before the unwalled city. Initially they hesitated to sack it, mistaking the domes of the city's several Christian churches for tents of military camps. As soon as they realized that
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#17327758574143640-464: The rest Turks and 1,500 Greeks. In July 1915, Armenian families were deported as part of the Armenian genocide . Greeks were removed as part of the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey . In 1925, there were 3,000 Armenians left around Sivas. By 1929, Armenians numbered 1,200. In 1939 the total population was 35,000, including 2000 Armenians. In the 1970s, there were 300 Armenians. In
3710-404: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title TCDD . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TCDD&oldid=812922686 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3780-552: The state owned companies TÜLOMSAŞ , TÜDEMSAŞ and TÜVASAŞ are affiliates. The TCDD has a 50% share in the İzmir Banliyö Taşımacılığı Sistemi A.Ş. (İZBAN A.Ş.) which operates the metro in İzmir , and a 15% share in EUROTEM . Currently rolling stock is the responsibility of TCDD Transport . TCDD directly owns and operated 8,697 km (5,404 mi) of common carrier lines, of which 1,920 km (1,190 mi) are electrified, throughout 57 provinces . Along with this,
3850-489: The success of electrifying suburban lines, the State Railways turned to electrify important main lines. The main reason for this is that tough gradients would be easier to climb with electric traction than steam or diesel traction. On February 6, 1977, TCDD finished the electrification as well as major earthworks of the Gebze-Adapazarı part of the İstanbul–Adapazarı main line . The State Railway then turned to electrify
3920-541: The trains' capacity to reach 250 km/h (and in some advanced sections of the Ankara-Konya railroad up to 300 km/h). There had been previously tried but failed accelerated train projects, i.e. higher speed rail without the necessary upgrades on the railroad tracks, causing a number of accidents and ending up with losses incurred by TCDD in early 2000s. YHT, in stark contrast, became a commercially successful, safe and cheap alternative to Flights and Roads, cutting
3990-831: The travel time between the city centers of two largest cities of the country up to 4 hours. Currently, YHT trains operate 22 daily trips based from its central hub in Ankara, in addition to more trips on the Istanbul–Konya high-speed railway that bypass Ankara. YHT currently operates on two main lines: the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway , and Ankara–Konya high-speed railway . In total, these lines connect 8 provincial capitals out of 81 Provinces in Türkiye, namely Adapazarı (via Arifli), Ankara, Bilecik, Eskişehir, Istanbul, İzmit, Karaman and Konya. There are currently ongoing construction projects aiming to link up at least 6 more provincial capitals, including third and fourth largest cities of
4060-494: The wires were taken down and the line was re-electrified completely between 2006 and 2010. This line opened on August 30, 2010, between Alsancak-Cumaovası and October 29, 2010, between Alsancak and Aliağa. The United Kingdom through Export Finance, a credit agency gave a Turkish multinational a €781m loan to finish the High speed rail. The railway is between Gaziantep and Mersin through Adana and Osmaniye . Rönesans Holding,
4130-873: Was acquired by Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I (1389–1402). In 1398, Tamerlane swept into the area and his forces destroyed the city in 1400, after which it was recaptured by the Ottomans in 1408. Under the Ottomans, Sivas served as the administrative center of the Eyalet of Rum until about the late 19th century. The Armenian Apostolic Church maintained six Armenian churches in Sivas, being the Meryemana, Surp Sarkis, Surp Minas, Surp Prgitsh, Surp Hagop, and Surp Kevork; four monasteries, Surp Nschan , Surp Hreshdagabed, Surp Anabad, and Surp Hntragadar; an Armenian Apostolic orphanage, and several schools. The Armenian Catholic Church and
4200-466: Was also the place of martyrdom of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste , also 4th century. In 536, Justinian I made it the capital of Armenia Secunda and refortified it. The city was sacked by the troops of Muhammad ibn Marwan in 692 and became first a kleisoura and in 911 a theme . Under Nikephoros II Phokas , many Armenians settled in the region. In the early 1020s, Basil II delivered
4270-672: Was captured by Seljuk ruler Kilij Arslan II and periodically served as capital of the Seljuk empire along with Konya . Under Seljuk rule, Sivas was an important center of trade along the Silk Road and site of a citadel, along with mosques and madrasas (Islamic educational institutions), four of which survive today and one of which houses the Sivas Museum. Then it passed to the Ilkhanids , Eretna and Kadı Burhanettin . The city
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#17327758574144340-505: Was complete and electric train started to run on December 4, 1955. The electrification got many positive reactions. In 1969, TCDD electrified the Haydarpaşa–Gebze part of the commuter railway in İstanbul. Several more sets of E8000 emus were ordered as well as 15 E40000 electric locomotives to meet the demands of the railway. The Ankara Suburban Railway was electrified in 1972 and brand new E14000 multiple units were ordered. With
4410-434: Was completed in 1576, is the largest historic bathhouse in the city and it contains many details from the classical Ottoman bath building. Behrampaşa Hanı (a caravanserai ), was completed in 1573 and it is famous for the lion motifs around its windows. Atatürk Congress and Ethnography Museum ( Atatürk Kongre ve Etnografya Müzesi ) is a museum with two sections. One is a dedicated to the Ottoman heritage of Sivas. The other
4480-463: Was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknote of 1927–1939. On 2 July 1993, 37 participants in an Alevi cultural and literary festival were killed when a mob of demonstrators set fire to the Madımak hotel in Sivas during a violent protest by some 15,000 members of various radical Islamist groups against the presence of Aziz Nesin . The deaths resulted in the Turkish government taking
4550-407: Was electrified in 1994 to make it easier for heavy trains to go up steep gradients. İstanbul to Edirne and Kapıkule was electrified in 1997 and 15 new E52500 electric locomotives were delivered from ASEA in 1998. In an attempt to revive İzmir's suburban network, Alsancak-Cumaovası and Basmane-Aliağa lines were electrified in 2001 and 2002 respectively. However these were not used at all. In 2006
4620-461: Was first built in 1197. The Sifaiye Medresesi was completed in 1217–1218 and served as a darüşşifa (hospital and medical school). It has a four-iwan layout typical of Seljuk madrasas and is fronted by an elaborately-carved entrance portal. It also contains the tomb of its founder, the Seljuk sultan Izz al-Din Kayka'us I (d. 1220). In 1271–1272, when the city was under Ilkhanid influence, three different madrasas were built by competing patrons:
4690-509: Was formed on 4 June 1929 as part of the nationalisation of railways in Turkey. The Turkish State Railways owns and maintains all public railways in Turkey. This includes railway stations, ports, bridges and tunnels, yards and maintenance facilities. In 2016, TCDD controlled an active network of 12,532 km (7,787 mi) of railways, making it the 22nd-largest railway system in the world. Apart from railway infrastructure, TCDD also owns several rail transport companies within Turkey as well as
4760-418: Was held in this city 4–11 September 1919. With the arrival of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic, from Amasya , the Congress of Sivas is considered a turning point in the formation of the Turkish Republic. It was at this congress that Atatürk's position as chair of the executive committee of the national resistance was confirmed ( see Turkish War of Independence ). Sivas
4830-447: Was planned to be completely electrified in 2020. Turkey has chosen to electrify at the conventional 25 kV 50 Hz AC . The first electrified lines were the Istanbul suburban lines on the European side, from Sirkeci to Soğuksu , on 4 December 1955, and in the same period the E8000 electrical multiple units were taken into use. The suburban lines on the Asian side of Istanbul, from Haydarpaşa to Gebze, were electrified in 1969; while
4900-522: Was to first electrify important suburban lines in Istanbul and Ankara . The main reason for this was the many complaints of citizens living in the city about the pollution of the steam locomotives. The railways chose the standard 25 kV 50 Hz AC system to electrify with. The first line to be electrified was the Sirkeci -Halkalı line on the İstanbul commuter railway . Three electric locomotives were ordered from Alsthom and Jeumont from France as well as several sets of multiple units . Electrification
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