Data storage is the recording (storing) of information ( data ) in a storage medium . Handwriting , phonographic recording, magnetic tape , and optical discs are all examples of storage media. Biological molecules such as RNA and DNA are considered by some as data storage. Recording may be accomplished with virtually any form of energy . Electronic data storage requires electrical power to store and retrieve data.
37-617: TIB (or Tib or TiB ) may refer to: Computing [ edit ] Tebibit (Tib), a unit of information used to quantify computer memory or storage capacity Tebibyte (TiB), a unit of information used to quantify computer memory or storage capacity TIB (file format) , a file format used by Acronis True Image software Win32 Thread Information Block , in Microsoft Windows programming Companies and organizations [ edit ] nl:Toetsingscommissie Inzet Bevoegdheden ,
74-521: A binit as an arbitrary information unit equivalent to some fixed but unspecified number of bits. Data storage device Data storage in a digital, machine-readable medium is sometimes called digital data . Computer data storage is one of the core functions of a general-purpose computer . Electronic documents can be stored in much less space than paper documents . Barcodes and magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) are two ways of recording machine-readable data on paper. A recording medium
111-409: A byte or word , is referred to, it is usually specified by a number from 0 upwards corresponding to its position within the byte or word. However, 0 can refer to either the most or least significant bit depending on the context. Similar to torque and energy in physics; information-theoretic information and data storage size have the same dimensionality of units of measurement , but there
148-427: A bank holding company purchased by North American Financial Holdings TIB Development Bank , a development bank owned by the national government of Tanzania. Characters [ edit ] Tib from "Tib et Tatoum" (aka "Tib and Tumtum") comics/cartoon Tib-cat from The Little Broomstick Other uses [ edit ] River Tib , an underground river flowing through Greater Manchester Tib, Iran ,
185-613: A conducting path at a certain point of a circuit. In optical discs , a bit is encoded as the presence or absence of a microscopic pit on a reflective surface. In one-dimensional bar codes , bits are encoded as the thickness of alternating black and white lines. The bit is not defined in the International System of Units (SI). However, the International Electrotechnical Commission issued standard IEC 60027 , which specifies that
222-431: A number of bytes which is a low power of two. A string of four bits is usually a nibble . In information theory , one bit is the information entropy of a random binary variable that is 0 or 1 with equal probability, or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes known. As a unit of information , the bit is also known as a shannon , named after Claude E. Shannon . The symbol for
259-487: A village in Markazi Province, Iran The Illustrated Bartsch , a compendium of European master prints Therapy Interfering Behavior , in cognitive therapy Transscandinavian Igneous Belt Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title TIB . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
296-468: Is a portmanteau of binary digit . The bit represents a logical state with one of two possible values . These values are most commonly represented as either " 1 " or " 0 " , but other representations such as true / false , yes / no , on / off , or + / − are also widely used. The relation between these values and the physical states of the underlying storage or device is a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used even within
333-460: Is a physical material that holds information. Newly created information is distributed and can be stored in four storage media–print, film, magnetic, and optical–and seen or heard in four information flows–telephone, radio and TV, and the Internet as well as being observed directly. Digital information is stored on electronic media in many different recording formats . With electronic media ,
370-486: Is in general no meaning to adding, subtracting or otherwise combining the units mathematically, although one may act as a bound on the other. Units of information used in information theory include the shannon (Sh), the natural unit of information (nat) and the hartley (Hart). One shannon is the maximum amount of information needed to specify the state of one bit of storage. These are related by 1 Sh ≈ 0.693 nat ≈ 0.301 Hart. Some authors also define
407-554: Is more compressed—the same bucket can hold more. For example, it is estimated that the combined technological capacity of the world to store information provides 1,300 exabytes of hardware digits. However, when this storage space is filled and the corresponding content is optimally compressed, this only represents 295 exabytes of information. When optimally compressed, the resulting carrying capacity approaches Shannon information or information entropy . Certain bitwise computer processor instructions (such as bit set ) operate at
SECTION 10
#1732802090953444-412: Is stored on digital storage devices than on analog storage devices. In 1986, approximately 1% of the world's capacity to store information was in digital format; this grew to 3% by 1993, to 25% by 2000, and to 97% by 2007. These figures correspond to less than three compressed exabytes in 1986, and 295 compressed exabytes in 2007. The quantity of digital storage doubled roughly every three years. It
481-494: Is the unit byte , coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956, which historically was used to represent the group of bits used to encode a single character of text (until UTF-8 multibyte encoding took over) in a computer and for this reason it was used as the basic addressable element in many computer architectures . The trend in hardware design converged on the most common implementation of using eight bits per byte, as it
518-452: Is widely used today. However, because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design, the unit octet was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of eight bits. Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size, conventionally named " words ". Like the byte, the number of bits in a word also varies with the hardware design, and is typically between 8 and 80 bits, or even more in some specialized computers. In
555-410: The yottabit (Ybit). When the information capacity of a storage system or a communication channel is presented in bits or bits per second , this often refers to binary digits, which is a computer hardware capacity to store binary data ( 0 or 1 , up or down, current or not, etc.). Information capacity of a storage system is only an upper bound to the quantity of information stored therein. If
592-407: The 1950s and 1960s, these methods were largely supplanted by magnetic storage devices such as magnetic-core memory , magnetic tapes , drums , and disks , where a bit was represented by the polarity of magnetization of a certain area of a ferromagnetic film, or by a change in polarity from one direction to the other. The same principle was later used in the magnetic bubble memory developed in
629-418: The 1980s, and is still found in various magnetic strip items such as metro tickets and some credit cards . In modern semiconductor memory , such as dynamic random-access memory , the two values of a bit may be represented by two levels of electric charge stored in a capacitor . In certain types of programmable logic arrays and read-only memory , a bit may be represented by the presence or absence of
666-552: The Dutch review board for the use of special powers by the security and intelligence services Danish Timber Industry and Construction Workers' Union (native name Forbundet Træ-Industri-Byg i Danmark ) Technische Informationsbibliothek , the German National Library of Science and Technology Transparency International Bangladesh , an anti-corruption non-governmental organization TIB Financial Corporation,
703-424: The average. This principle is the basis of data compression technology. Using an analogy, the hardware binary digits refer to the amount of storage space available (like the number of buckets available to store things), and the information content the filling, which comes in different levels of granularity (fine or coarse, that is, compressed or uncompressed information). When the granularity is finer—when information
740-679: The binary digit is either "bit", per the IEC 80000-13 :2008 standard, or the lowercase character "b", per the IEEE 1541-2002 standard. Use of the latter may create confusion with the capital "B" which is the international standard symbol for the byte. The encoding of data by discrete bits was used in the punched cards invented by Basile Bouchon and Jean-Baptiste Falcon (1732), developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard (1804), and later adopted by Semyon Korsakov , Charles Babbage , Herman Hollerith , and early computer manufacturers like IBM . A variant of that idea
777-488: The data and the recording media are sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe computer software . With ( traditional art ) static media, art materials such as crayons may be considered both equipment and medium as the wax, charcoal or chalk material from the equipment becomes part of the surface of the medium. Some recording media may be temporary either by design or by nature. Volatile organic compounds may be used to preserve
SECTION 20
#1732802090953814-415: The early 21st century, retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits. The International System of Units defines a series of decimal prefixes for multiples of standardized units which are commonly also used with the bit and the byte. The prefixes kilo (10 ) through yotta (10 ) increment by multiples of one thousand, and the corresponding units are the kilobit (kbit) through
851-457: The electrical state of a flip-flop circuit. For devices using positive logic , a digit value of 1 (or a logical value of true) is represented by a more positive voltage relative to the representation of 0 . Different logic families require different voltages, and variations are allowed to account for component aging and noise immunity. For example, in transistor–transistor logic (TTL) and compatible circuits, digit values 0 and 1 at
888-428: The environment or to purposely make data expire over time. Data such as smoke signals or skywriting are temporary by nature. Depending on the volatility, a gas (e.g. atmosphere , smoke ) or a liquid surface such as a lake would be considered a temporary recording medium if at all. A 2003 UC Berkeley report estimated that about five exabytes of new information were produced in 2002 and that 92% of this data
925-425: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TIB&oldid=1239120450 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tebibit The bit is the most basic unit of information in computing and digital communication . The name
962-409: The level of manipulating bits rather than manipulating data interpreted as an aggregate of bits. In the 1980s, when bitmapped computer displays became popular, some computers provided specialized bit block transfer instructions to set or copy the bits that corresponded to a given rectangular area on the screen. In most computers and programming languages, when a bit within a group of bits, such as
999-473: The output of a device are represented by no higher than 0.4 V and no lower than 2.6 V, respectively; while TTL inputs are specified to recognize 0.8 V or below as 0 and 2.2 V or above as 1 . Bits are transmitted one at a time in serial transmission , and by a multiple number of bits in parallel transmission . A bitwise operation optionally processes bits one at a time. Data transfer rates are usually measured in decimal SI multiples of
1036-415: The same device or program . It may be physically implemented with a two-state device. A contiguous group of binary digits is commonly called a bit string , a bit vector, or a single-dimensional (or multi-dimensional) bit array . A group of eight bits is called one byte , but historically the size of the byte is not strictly defined. Frequently, half, full, double and quadruple words consist of
1073-415: The states of electrical relays which could be either "open" or "closed". When relays were replaced by vacuum tubes , starting in the 1940s, computer builders experimented with a variety of storage methods, such as pressure pulses traveling down a mercury delay line , charges stored on the inside surface of a cathode-ray tube , or opaque spots printed on glass discs by photolithographic techniques. In
1110-554: The symbol for binary digit should be 'bit', and this should be used in all multiples, such as 'kbit', for kilobit. However, the lower-case letter 'b' is widely used as well and was recommended by the IEEE 1541 Standard (2002) . In contrast, the upper case letter 'B' is the standard and customary symbol for byte. Multiple bits may be expressed and represented in several ways. For convenience of representing commonly reoccurring groups of bits in information technology, several units of information have traditionally been used. The most common
1147-556: The two possible values of one bit of storage are not equally likely, that bit of storage contains less than one bit of information. If the value is completely predictable, then the reading of that value provides no information at all (zero entropic bits, because no resolution of uncertainty occurs and therefore no information is available). If a computer file that uses n bits of storage contains only m < n bits of information, then that information can in principle be encoded in about m bits, at least on
TIB - Misplaced Pages Continue
1184-462: The two stable states of a flip-flop , two positions of an electrical switch , two distinct voltage or current levels allowed by a circuit , two distinct levels of light intensity , two directions of magnetization or polarization , the orientation of reversible double stranded DNA , etc. Bits can be implemented in several forms. In most modern computing devices, a bit is usually represented by an electrical voltage or current pulse, or by
1221-507: The unit bit per second (bit/s), such as kbit/s. In the earliest non-electronic information processing devices, such as Jacquard's loom or Babbage's Analytical Engine , a bit was often stored as the position of a mechanical lever or gear, or the presence or absence of a hole at a specific point of a paper card or tape . The first electrical devices for discrete logic (such as elevator and traffic light control circuits , telephone switches , and Konrad Zuse's computer) represented bits as
1258-477: The use of a logarithmic measure of information in 1928. Claude E. Shannon first used the word "bit" in his seminal 1948 paper " A Mathematical Theory of Communication ". He attributed its origin to John W. Tukey , who had written a Bell Labs memo on 9 January 1947 in which he contracted "binary information digit" to simply "bit". A bit can be stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in either of two possible distinct states . These may be
1295-520: Was more than 30% per year. In a more limited study, the International Data Corporation estimated that the total amount of digital data in 2007 was 281 exabytes, and that the total amount of digital data produced exceeded the global storage capacity for the first time. A 2011 Science Magazine article estimated that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage: an age in which more information
1332-422: Was stored on hard disk drives. This was about twice the data produced in 2000. The amount of data transmitted over telecommunications systems in 2002 was nearly 18 exabytes—three and a half times more than was recorded on non-volatile storage. Telephone calls constituted 98% of the telecommunicated information in 2002. The researchers' highest estimate for the growth rate of newly stored information (uncompressed)
1369-469: Was the perforated paper tape . In all those systems, the medium (card or tape) conceptually carried an array of hole positions; each position could be either punched through or not, thus carrying one bit of information. The encoding of text by bits was also used in Morse code (1844) and early digital communications machines such as teletypes and stock ticker machines (1870). Ralph Hartley suggested
#952047