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66-639: TJ Maxx (stylized as T•J•maxx ) is an American discount department store chain. It has more than 1,000 stores in the United States, making it one of the largest clothing retailers in the country. TJ Maxx is the flagship chain of the TJX Companies . It sells men's, women's and children's apparel and shoes, toys, bath and beauty products, accessories, jewelry, and home products ranging from furniture and decor to housewares and kitchen utensils. TJ Maxx and Marshalls operate as sister stores, and share

132-717: A big-box store ; many have a full grocery selection and are thus hypermarkets , though that term is not generally used in North America. In the 1960s and 1970s the term "discount department store" was used, and chains such as Kmart , Zodys and TG&Y billed themselves as such. The term "discount department store" or "off-price department store" is sometimes applied to big-box discount retailers of apparel and home goods, such as Ross Dress for Less , Marshalls , TJ Maxx , and Burlington . So-called category killer stores, specialize in one type of merchandise and sell it in big-box stores . Examples include: When membership

198-566: A breach, cyber insurance , and monitoring the dark web for stolen credentials of employees. In 2024, the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) issued a special publication, "Data Confidentiality: Identifying and Protecting Assets Against Data Breaches". The NIST Cybersecurity Framework also contains information about data protection. Other organizations have released different standards for data protection. The architecture of

264-443: A chain of discount stores called Prange Way , and Atlanta-based Rich's owned discount stores called Richway . During the late 1970s and the 1980s, these chains typically were either shut down or sold to a larger competitor. Kmart and Target themselves are examples of adjuncts, although their growth prompted their respective parent companies to abandon their older concepts (the S. S. Kresge five and dime store disappeared, while

330-447: A change in consumer buying habits, TJ Maxx's revenue grew to surpass that of Macy's. According to The Economist , "the overheads at TJX and Ross are, as a percentage of sales, about half those of Macy's or Nordstrom ". Fortune stated that "the quicker inventory turn[s] and the sense that an item on a rack might not be there the following week at a TJ Maxx or a Marshalls has led to a boom in this area of retail and made such stores

396-498: A company's systems plays a key role in deterring attackers. Daswani and Elbayadi recommend having only one means of authentication , avoiding redundant systems, and making the most secure setting default. Defense in depth and distributed privilege (requiring multiple authentications to execute an operation) also can make a system more difficult to hack. Giving employees and software the least amount of access necessary to fulfill their functions ( principle of least privilege ) limits

462-411: A customer does not end up footing the bill for credit card fraud or identity theft, they have to spend time resolving the situation. Intangible harms include doxxing (publicly revealing someone's personal information), for example medication usage or personal photos. There is little empirical evidence of economic harm from breaches except the direct cost, although there is some evidence suggesting

528-439: A data breach can be used for extortion . Consumers may suffer various forms of tangible or intangible harm from the theft of their personal data, or not notice any harm. A significant portion of those affected by a data breach become victims of identity theft . A person's identifying information often circulates on the dark web for years, causing an increased risk of identity theft regardless of remediation efforts. Even if

594-618: A data breach, although only around 5 percent of those eligible take advantage of the service. Issuing new credit cards to consumers, although expensive, is an effective strategy to reduce the risk of credit card fraud . Companies try to restore trust in their business operations and take steps to prevent a breach from reoccurring. After a data breach, criminals make money by selling data, such as usernames, passwords, social media or customer loyalty account information, debit and credit card numbers, and personal health information (see medical data breach ). Criminals often sell this data on

660-409: A law in 2018) have their own general data breach notification laws. Measures to protect data from a breach are typically absent from the law or vague. Filling this gap is standards required by cyber insurance , which is held by most large companies and functions as de facto regulation . Of the laws that do exist, there are two main approaches—one that prescribes specific standards to follow, and

726-492: A product that works entirely as intended, virtually all software and hardware contains bugs. If a bug creates a security risk, it is called a vulnerability . Patches are often released to fix identified vulnerabilities, but those that remain unknown ( zero days ) as well as those that have not been patched are still liable for exploitation. Both software written by the target of the breach and third party software used by them are vulnerable to attack. The software vendor

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792-414: A rarity in the business: shoppers are coming to stores." In 2007, the company disclosed a computer security breach dating back to 2005: computer hackers had gained access to information about credit and debit card accounts used on transactions since January 2003. This exposed more than 100 million customers to potential fraud , making it the largest security breach in history at the time. According to

858-492: A risk of data breach if that company has lower security standards; in particular, small companies often lack the resources to take as many security precautions. As a result, outsourcing agreements often include security guarantees and provisions for what happens in the event of a data breach. Human causes of breach are often based on trust of another actor that turns out to be malicious. Social engineering attacks rely on tricking an insider into doing something that compromises

924-516: A similar footprint throughout the country. While their prices are nearly identical and they have similar store layouts, TJ Maxx has a more upscale appearance than Marshalls and typically sells a larger range of fine jewelry and accessories . Some higher-volume stores have a high-end designer department called The Runway. The CEO of TJX Companies is Ernie Herrman. TJ Maxx was founded in 1976 in Framingham, Massachusetts , by Bernard Cammarata and

990-418: A temporary, short-term decline in stock price . Other impacts on the company can range from lost business, reduced employee productivity due to systems being offline or personnel redirected to working on the breach, resignation or firing of senior executives, reputational damage , and increasing the future cost of auditing or security. Consumer losses from a breach are usually a negative externality for

1056-580: Is "the unauthorized exposure, disclosure, or loss of personal information ". Attackers have a variety of motives, from financial gain to political activism , political repression , and espionage . There are several technical root causes of data breaches, including accidental or intentional disclosure of information by insiders, loss or theft of unencrypted devices, hacking into a system by exploiting software vulnerabilities , and social engineering attacks such as phishing where insiders are tricked into disclosing information. Although prevention efforts by

1122-426: Is also possible for malicious web applications to download malware just from visiting the website ( drive-by download ). Keyloggers , a type of malware that records a user's keystrokes, are often used in data breaches. The majority of data breaches could have been averted by storing all sensitive information in an encrypted format. That way, physical possession of the storage device or access to encrypted information

1188-672: Is known as TK Maxx . The name was modified to avoid confusion with the British retail chain T. J. Hughes . The European headquarters are based in Watford, Hertfordshire. Business Insider described TJ Maxx as " Macy's worst nightmare" in a 2016 article by Mallory Schlossberg. In a later article Schlossberg also reported on how TJ Maxx's soaring sales "should be concerning for ailing department stores that are fighting to get people to pay full price." As off-price retailers became an increasing threat to traditional department stores, signaling

1254-452: Is often the responsibility of a dedicated computer security incident response team , often including technical experts, public relations , and legal counsel. Many companies do not have sufficient expertise in-house, and subcontract some of these roles; often, these outside resources are provided by the cyber insurance policy. After a data breach becomes known to the company, the next steps typically include confirming it occurred, notifying

1320-417: Is only cents to a few dollars per victim. Legal scholars Daniel J. Solove and Woodrow Hartzog argue that "Litigation has increased the costs of data breaches but has accomplished little else." Plaintiffs often struggle to prove that they suffered harm from a data breach. The contribution of a company's actions to a data breach varies, and likewise the liability for the damage resulting for data breaches

1386-406: Is rarely legally liable for the cost of breaches, thus creating an incentive to make cheaper but less secure software. Vulnerabilities vary in their ability to be exploited by malicious actors. The most valuable allow the attacker to inject and run their own code (called malware ), without the user being aware of it. Some malware is downloaded by users via clicking on a malicious link, but it

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1452-620: Is required by law, and only personal information is covered by data breach notification laws . The first reported data breach occurred on 5 April 2002 when 250,000 social security numbers collected by the State of California were stolen from a data center. Before the widespread adoption of data breach notification laws around 2005, the prevalence of data breaches is difficult to determine. Even afterwards, statistics per year cannot be relied on because data breaches may be reported years after they occurred, or not reported at all. Nevertheless,

1518-415: Is required, discount superstores are known as warehouse clubs , and often require purchases of larger sizes or quantities of goods than a regular superstore. The main national chains, both of which have operations outside the U.S., are Costco and Sam's Club . Major discount grocery store retail chains in the U.S. include Aldi , Lidl , Save-A-Lot and Grocery Outlet . Currently Aldi and Lidl are

1584-479: Is stored on personal devices of employees. Via carelessness or disregard of company security policies, these devices can be lost or stolen. Technical solutions can prevent many causes of human error, such as encrypting all sensitive data, preventing employees from using insecure passwords, installing antivirus software to prevent malware, and implementing a robust patching system to ensure that all devices are kept up to date. Although attention to security can reduce

1650-433: Is that the laws are poorly enforced, with penalties often much less than the cost of a breach, and many companies do not follow them. Many class-action lawsuits , derivative suits , and other litigation have been brought after data breaches. They are often settled regardless of the merits of the case due to the high cost of litigation. Even if a settlement is paid, few affected consumers receive any money as it usually

1716-419: Is useless unless the attacker has the encryption key . Hashing is also a good solution for keeping passwords safe from brute-force attacks , but only if the algorithm is sufficiently secure. Many data breaches occur on the hardware operated by a partner of the organization targeted—including the 2013 Target data breach and 2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach . Outsourcing work to a third party leads to

1782-478: The Dayton-Hudson Corporation eventually divested itself of its department store holdings and renamed itself Target Corporation). In the United States, discount stores had 42% of the overall retail market share in 1987; in 2010, they had 87%. Many of the major discounters now operate " supercenters ", which adds a full-service grocery store to the traditional format. The Meijer chain in

1848-523: The European Union 's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) took effect. The GDPR requires notification within 72 hours, with very high fines possible for large companies not in compliance. This regulation also stimulated the tightening of data privacy laws elsewhere. As of 2022 , the only United States federal law requiring notification for data breaches is limited to medical data regulated under HIPAA , but all 50 states (since Alabama passed

1914-744: The Hudson's Bay Company started opening Saks Off 5th locations to sell off-price brands. American off-price chain Nordstrom Rack opened its first Canadian location in Vaughan Mills in 2018. Outside the United States and Canada, the main discount store chains listed by country are as follows: Major chains of discount supermarkets in Germany are Aldi , Lidl , Netto Marken-Discount , Netto (store) , Norma and Penny . Italy has numerous discount supermarkets, including Lidl and EuroSpin ,

1980-511: The Zayre chain of discount department stores . Zayre had tried but failed to purchase Marshalls , so Zayre hired Cammarata, who had been Marshalls' head of merchandising, to create a rival chain. The concept proved so successful that Zayre sold its namesake chain to Ames , a rival discount department store, in September 1988. In December, Zayre announced a restructuring plan for the company and

2046-451: The dark web —parts of the internet where it is difficult to trace users and illicit activity is widespread—using platforms like .onion or I2P . Originating in the 2000s, the dark web, followed by untraceable cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin in the 2010s, made it possible for criminals to sell data obtained in breaches with minimal risk of getting caught, facilitating an increase in hacking. One popular darknet marketplace, Silk Road ,

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2112-420: The reasonableness approach. The former is rarely used due to a lack of flexibility and reluctance of legislators to arbitrate technical issues; with the latter approach, the law is vague but specific standards can emerge from case law . Companies often prefer the standards approach for providing greater legal certainty , but they might check all the boxes without providing a secure product. An additional flaw

2178-610: The Massachusetts Bankers Association and co-plaintiffs including Maine and Connecticut Associated Banks for the data theft. In March 2010, computer hacker Albert Gonzalez was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison after confessing to stealing credit and debit card details from a number of companies, including TJ Maxx. Discount department store Discount stores in the United States may be classified into different types: Discount superstores such as Walmart or Target sell general merchandise in

2244-518: The Midwest consists entirely of supercenters, while Wal-Mart and Target have focused on the format as of the 1990s as a key to their continued growth. Although discount stores and department stores have different retailing goals and different markets, a recent development in retailing is the "discount department store", such as Sears Essentials , which is a combination of the Kmart and Sears formats, after

2310-448: The UK and Ireland. Eleven people from around the world were charged with the breach in 2008. In 2007, outside security provider Protegrity estimated that TJ Maxx's losses as a result of the data breach might reach £800 million in the following years, as a result of paying for credit checks and administrative costs for managing the fallout from the breach. The TJ Maxx Corporation was sued by

2376-649: The United States, breaches may be investigated by government agencies such as the Office for Civil Rights , the United States Department of Health and Human Services , and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Law enforcement agencies may investigate breaches although the hackers responsible are rarely caught. Notifications are typically sent out as required by law. Many companies offer free credit monitoring to people affected by

2442-421: The business. Some experts have argued that the evidence suggests there is not enough direct costs or reputational damage from data breaches to sufficiently incentivize their prevention. Estimating the cost of data breaches is difficult, both because not all breaches are reported and also because calculating the impact of breaches in financial terms is not straightforward. There are multiple ways of calculating

2508-714: The chains with the largest number of stores, and Aldi , Discount Dial , Dpiù , MD Discount , Penny , Todis and Tuodì . Japan has numerous discount stores, including Costco , Daiso , Don Quijote (store) and The Price (owned by Ito Yokado ). Action , Euroland , Solow , Big Bazar and Zeeman . In addition, the German discount supermarkets Lidl and Aldi both operate in the country. Discount supermarkets cover about 30% of food sales in Poland. Main chains include Biedronka , Lidl , Netto , and Aldi . Data breach A data breach , also known as data leakage ,

2574-613: The companies' merger as Sears Holdings Corporation . Woolworths entered Canada in the 1920s, the stores were converted to the Foot Locker , Champs Sports and other stores in 1994. Kresge's , a competitor to Woolworth's entered the Canadian market in 1929. Zellers was founded in 1931, and was acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1978. Giant Tiger opened its first store in Ottawa in 1961, modeled on Woolworths . Winners

2640-557: The company holding the data can reduce the risk of data breach, it cannot bring it to zero. The first reported breach was in 2002 and the number occurring each year has grown since then. A large number of data breaches are never detected. If a breach is made known to the company holding the data, post-breach efforts commonly include containing the breach, investigating its scope and cause, and notifications to people whose records were compromised, as required by law in many jurisdictions. Law enforcement agencies may investigate breaches, although

2706-603: The company is using a continuous integration/continuous deployment model where new versions are constantly being rolled out. The principle of least persistence —avoiding the collection of data that is not necessary and destruction of data that is no longer necessary—can mitigate the harm from breaches. The challenge is that destroying data can be more complex with modern database systems. A large number of data breaches are never detected. Of those that are, most breaches are detected by third parties; others are detected by employees or automated systems. Responding to breaches

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2772-429: The company's contractual obligations. Gathering data about the breach can facilitate later litigation or criminal prosecution, but only if the data is gathered according to legal standards and the chain of custody is maintained. Database forensics can narrow down the records involved, limiting the scope of the incident. Extensive investigation may be undertaken, which can be even more expensive than litigation . In

2838-590: The company, this affected customers who used their card between January 2003 and June 2004 at any branch of TJ Maxx. Details were stolen by hackers installing software via Wi-Fi in June 2005 that allowed them to access personal information on customers. The breach continued until January 2007. Affected TJX stores included TJ Maxx, Marshalls, HomeGoods , A.J. Wright, Bob's Stores in the United States, Winners and HomeSense stores in Canada, and possibly TK Maxx stores in

2904-426: The cost to businesses, especially when it comes to personnel time dedicated to dealing with the breach. Author Kevvie Fowler estimates that more than half the direct cost incurred by companies is in the form of litigation expenses and services provided to affected individuals, with the remaining cost split between notification and detection, including forensics and investigation. He argues that these costs are reduced if

2970-429: The cybercriminal. Two-factor authentication can prevent the malicious actor from using the credentials. Training employees to recognize social engineering is another common strategy. Another source of breaches is accidental disclosure of information, for example publishing information that should be kept private. With the increase in remote work and bring your own device policies, large amounts of corporate data

3036-626: The first reported data breach in April 2002, California passed a law requiring notification when an individual's personal information was breached. In the United States, notification laws proliferated after the February 2005 ChoicePoint data breach , widely publicized in part because of the large number of people affected (more than 140,000) and also because of outrage that the company initially informed only affected people in California. In 2018,

3102-402: The fix is working as expected. If malware is involved, the organization must investigate and close all infiltration and exfiltration vectors, as well as locate and remove all malware from its systems. If data was posted on the dark web , companies may attempt to have it taken down. Containing the breach can compromise investigation, and some tactics (such as shutting down servers) can violate

3168-518: The hackers are paid large sums of money. The Pegasus spyware —a no-click malware developed by the Israeli company NSO Group that can be installed on most cellphones and spies on the users' activity—has drawn attention both for use against criminals such as drug kingpin El Chapo as well as political dissidents, facilitating the murder of Jamal Khashoggi . Despite developers' goal of delivering

3234-423: The hackers responsible are rarely caught. Many criminals sell data obtained in breaches on the dark web . Thus, people whose personal data was compromised are at elevated risk of identity theft for years afterwards and a significant number will become victims of this crime. Data breach notification laws in many jurisdictions, including all states of the United States and European Union member states , require

3300-460: The largest discount retailers in the world operating more than 25,000 discount stores worldwide between them. Variety stores in the U.S. today, are most commonly known as dollar stores such as Dollar General , Family Dollar and Dollar Tree , which sell goods usually only at a single price-point or multiples thereof (£1, $ 2, etc.). During the early and mid-twentieth century they were commonly known as "five and dimes" or "dime stores". Stores of

3366-558: The law is violated. Notification laws increase transparency and provide a reputational incentive for companies to reduce breaches. The cost of notifying the breach can be high if many people were affected and is incurred regardless of the company's responsibility, so it can function like a strict liability fine. As of 2024 , Thomas on Data Breach listed 62 United Nations member states that are covered by data breach notification laws. Some other countries require breach notification in more general data protection laws . Shortly after

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3432-457: The likelihood and damage of breaches. Several data breaches were enabled by reliance on security by obscurity ; the victims had put access credentials in publicly accessible files. Nevertheless, prioritizing ease of use is also important because otherwise users might circumvent the security systems. Rigorous software testing , including penetration testing , can reduce software vulnerabilities, and must be performed prior to each release even if

3498-438: The main chains, Woolworth's , J. J. Newberry and S. S. Kresge , lined the shopping streets of U.S. downtowns and suburbs, and starting in the 1950s they also opened branches in shopping malls. These chains originally sold items for 5, 10 or 25 cents, but many later moved to a model with flexible price points, with a variety of general merchandise at discounted prices, in formats smaller than today's discount superstores. During

3564-764: The notification of people whose data has been breached. Lawsuits against the company that was breached are common, although few victims receive money from them. There is little empirical evidence of economic harm to firms from breaches except the direct cost, although there is some evidence suggesting a temporary, short-term decline in stock price . A data breach is a violation of "organizational, regulatory, legislative or contractual" law or policy that causes "the unauthorized exposure, disclosure, or loss of personal information ". Legal and contractual definitions vary. Some researchers include other types of information, for example intellectual property or classified information . However, companies mostly disclose breaches because it

3630-450: The organization has invested in security prior to the breach or has previous experience with breaches. The more data records involved, the more expensive a breach typically will be. In 2016, researcher Sasha Romanosky estimated that while the mean breach cost around the targeted firm $ 5 million, this figure was inflated by a few highly expensive breaches, and the typical data breach was much less costly, around $ 200,000. Romanosky estimated

3696-718: The period from the 1950s to the late 1980s, discount stores were more popular than the average supermarket or department store in the United States. There were hundreds of discount stores in operation, with their most successful period occurring during the mid-1960s in the U.S. with discount store chains such as Kmart , Ames , Two Guys , Gibson's Discount Center , E. J. Korvette , Mammoth Mart , Fisher's Big Wheel , Zayre , Bradlees , Caldor , Jamesway , Howard Brothers Discount Stores , Kuhn's-Big K (sold to Walmart in 1981), TG&Y and Woolco (closed in 1983, part sold to Wal-Mart) among others. Walmart , Kmart , and Target all opened their first locations in 1962. Kmart

3762-475: The response team, and attempting to contain the damage. To stop exfiltration of data, common strategies include shutting down affected servers, taking them offline, patching the vulnerability, and rebuilding . Once the exact way that the data was compromised is identified, there is typically only one or two technical vulnerabilities that need to be addressed in order to contain the breach and prevent it from reoccurring. A penetration test can then verify that

3828-611: The risk of data breach, it cannot bring it to zero. Security is not the only priority of organizations, and an attempt to achieve perfect security would make the technology unusable. Many companies hire a chief information security officer (CISO) to oversee the company's information security strategy. To obtain information about potential threats, security professionals will network with each other and share information with other organizations facing similar threats. Defense measures can include an updated incident response strategy, contracts with digital forensics firms that could investigate

3894-545: The security is above average. More organized criminals have more resources and are more focused in their targeting of particular data . Both of them sell the information they obtain for financial gain. Another source of data breaches are politically motivated hackers , for example Anonymous , that target particular objectives. State-sponsored hackers target either citizens of their country or foreign entities, for such purposes as political repression and espionage . Often they use undisclosed zero-day vulnerabilities for which

3960-644: The statistics show a continued increase in the number and severity of data breaches that continues as of 2022 . In 2016, researcher Sasha Romanosky estimated that data breaches (excluding phishing ) outnumbered other security breaches by a factor of four. According to a 2020 estimate, 55 percent of data breaches were caused by organized crime , 10 percent by system administrators , 10 percent by end users such as customers or employees, and 10 percent by states or state-affiliated actors. Opportunistic criminals may cause data breaches—often using malware or social engineering attacks , but they will typically move on if

4026-402: The system's security, such as revealing a password or clicking a link to download malware. Data breaches may also be deliberately caused by insiders. One type of social engineering, phishing , obtains a user's credentials by sending them a malicious message impersonating a legitimate entity, such as a bank, and getting the user to enter their credentials onto a malicious website controlled by

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4092-416: The total annual cost to corporations in the United States to be around $ 10 billion. The law regarding data breaches is often found in legislation to protect privacy more generally, and is dominated by provisions mandating notification when breaches occur. Laws differ greatly in how breaches are defined, what type of information is protected, the deadline for notification, and who has standing to sue if

4158-562: Was a venture of S. S. Kresge Company that was a major operator of dime stores . Other retail companies branched out into the discount store business around that time as adjuncts to their older store concepts. As examples, Woolworth opened a Woolco chain (also in 1962); Montgomery Ward opened Jefferson Ward ; Chicago-based Jewel-Osco launched Turn Style ; and Central Indiana-based L. S. Ayres created Ayr-Way . J. C. Penney opened discount stores called Treasure Island or The Treasury ; Sheboygan, Wisconsin based H. C. Prange Co. opened

4224-927: Was founded in 1982 in Toronto, and sells off-price brand clothing. Costco entered Canada in 1986. In 1990, the American chain Walmart purchased the Woolco chain in Canada and converted the stores into Walmarts. Dollarama was founded in Quebec in 1992. In 1998, Zellers bought out Kmart Canada, taking over its stores. In 2011, Marshalls , owned by the American TJX Companies , entered Canada, and Zellers sold most of its stores to Target . Target Canada filed for bankruptcy in 2015, selling its stores to Walmart , Lowe's and Canadian Tire . In 2016,

4290-473: Was renamed as TJX Companies, Incorporated. TJX bought Marshalls in 1995. In the fall of 1998, TJ Maxx opened the store chain A.J. Wright . This chain was closed in January 2007. In March 2009, TJX launched an e-commerce site. At first only selling handbags , the range of items was later expanded to include clothing, shoes, jewelry, other accessories, and some home goods. Outside of North America, TJ Maxx

4356-442: Was shut down in 2013 and its operators arrested, but several other marketplaces emerged in its place. Telegram is also a popular forum for illegal sales of data. This information may be used for a variety of purposes, such as spamming , obtaining products with a victim's loyalty or payment information, identity theft , prescription drug fraud , or insurance fraud . The threat of data breach or revealing information obtained in

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