76-581: (Redirected from TREX ) Trex may refer to: Tyrannosaurus rex , a large species of theropod dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period Trex Company , a composite decking manufacturer TREX Regional Exchanges Oy (IXP) , an Internet Exchange Point in Finland Trex (card game) a card game TREX search engine , a search engine in SAP NetWeaver TREX (Tree Regular Expressions for XML),
152-403: A T. rex toe exposed above ground, making him the youngest person to discover a Tyrannosaurus . The specimen, dubbed Bucky in honor of its discoverer, was a young adult, 3.0 metres (10 ft) tall and 11 metres (35 ft) long. Bucky is the first Tyrannosaurus to be found that preserved a furcula (wishbone). Bucky is permanently displayed at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis . In
228-642: A scavenger . The question of whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or a pure scavenger was among the longest debates in paleontology . Most paleontologists today accept that Tyrannosaurus was both an active predator and a scavenger. Specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex include some that are nearly complete skeletons. Soft tissue and proteins have been reported in at least one of these specimens. The abundance of fossil material has allowed significant research into many aspects of its biology, including its life history and biomechanics . The feeding habits, physiology , and potential speed of Tyrannosaurus rex are
304-455: A broad postorbital and hourglass shaped nasals. Some of the more derived pantyrannosaurs lack nasal pneumaticity and have a lower humerus to femur ratio with their arms starting to see some reduction. Some pantyrannosaurs started developing an arctometatarsus. Eutyrannosaurs have a rough texture on their nasal bones and their mandibular fenestra is reduced externally. Tyrannosaurids lack kinetic skulls or special crests on their nasal bones, and have
380-726: A clade with fellow Asian tyrannosaurid Zhuchengtyrannus , with Lythronax being their sister taxon. A further study from 2016 by Steve Brusatte, Thomas Carr and colleagues, also indicates that Tyrannosaurus may have been an immigrant from Asia, as well as a possible descendant of Tarbosaurus . Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen and colleagues in 2013. Gorgosaurus libratus [REDACTED] Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurid Daspletosaurus torosus [REDACTED] Two Medicine tyrannosaurid Bistahieversor sealeyi Lythronax argestes [REDACTED] Tyrannosaurus rex [REDACTED] Dinosaur size Size
456-410: A convex front of the vertebral body and a concave rear. The vertebral bodies had single pleurocoels, pneumatic depressions created by air sacs , on their sides. The vertebral bodies of the torso were robust but with a narrow waist. Their undersides were keeled. The front sides were concave with a deep vertical trough. They had large pleurocoels. Their neural spines had very rough front and rear sides for
532-483: A few subjects of debate. Its taxonomy is also controversial, as some scientists consider Tarbosaurus bataar from Asia to be a third Tyrannosaurus species, while others maintain Tarbosaurus is a separate genus. Several other genera of North American tyrannosaurids have also been synonymized with Tyrannosaurus . At present, two species of Tyrannosaurus are considered valid; the type species, T. rex , and
608-464: A lacrimal with a distinctive process on it. Tyrannosaurids also have an interfenestral strut that is less than half as big as the maxillary fenestra. It is quite likely that tyrannosauroids rose to prominence after the decline in allosauroid and megalosauroid diversity seen during the early stages of the Late Cretaceous. Below is a simple cladogram of general tyrannosauroid relationships that
684-502: A length of 13 m (43 ft). Tyrannosaurus was for many decades the largest and best-known theropod to the general public. Since its discovery, however, a number of other giant carnivorous dinosaurs have been described, including Spinosaurus , Carcharodontosaurus , and Giganotosaurus . These large theropod dinosaurs are estimated to rival or even exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in size, though more recent studies and reconstructions show that Tyrannosaurus , although shorter,
760-908: A mass estimation technique that extrapolates from the circumference of the femur, Scotty was estimated as the largest known specimen at 8.87 t (8.73 long tons; 9.78 short tons) in body mass. Not every adult Tyrannosaurus specimen recovered is as big. Historically average adult mass estimates have varied widely over the years, from as low as 4.5 t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons), to more than 7.2 t (7.1 long tons; 7.9 short tons), with most modern estimates ranging between 5.4 and 8.0 t (5.3 and 7.9 long tons; 6.0 and 8.8 short tons). A 2024 study estimated based on allometry that world-record sized T. rex specimens (1 in 100,000 individuals) may have reached lengths and weights exceeding 15 m (49 ft) and 15,000 kg (33,000 lb) respectively, though no individuals close to this size have ever been found. The study also found that there
836-516: A much smaller figure of 22.1–38.2 tonnes. The sauropods were the longest and heaviest dinosaurs. For much of the dinosaur era, the smallest sauropods were larger than almost anything else in their habitat, and the largest were an order of magnitude more massive than anything else known to have walked the Earth since. Giant prehistoric mammals such as Paraceratherium and Palaeoloxodon (the largest land mammals ever discovered ) were dwarfed by
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#1732794543919912-456: A narrow snout, allowing unusually good binocular vision . The skull bones were massive and the nasals and some other bones were fused, preventing movement between them; but many were pneumatized (contained a "honeycomb" of tiny air spaces) and thus lighter. These and other skull-strengthening features are part of the tyrannosaurid trend towards an increasingly powerful bite, which easily surpassed that of all non-tyrannosaurids. The tip of
988-534: A question mark. Each number represents the highest estimate of a given research paper. One large sauropod, Maraapunisaurus fragillimus , was based on particularly scant remains that have been lost since their description by paleontologists in 1878. Analysis of the illustrations included in the original report suggested that M. fragillimus may have been the largest land animal of all time, possibly weighing 100–150 t (110–170 short tons) and measuring between 40–60 m (130–200 ft) long. One later analysis of
1064-630: A reconstructed skull displayed at the Museum of the Rockies . The 1990s saw numerous discoveries, with nearly twice as many finds as in all previous years, including two of the most complete skeletons found to date: Sue and Stan . Sue Hendrickson , an amateur paleontologist, discovered the most complete (approximately 85%) and largest Tyrannosaurus skeleton in the Hell Creek Formation on August 12, 1990. The specimen Sue, named after
1140-425: A result of human activity. Of the specimens that are recovered, few are even relatively complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rarely discovered. Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is an inexact art (though governed by some established allometric trends), and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of
1216-578: A subset of Regular Language description for XML The proteins TREX1 and TREX2 See also [ edit ] T. rex (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Trex . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trex&oldid=1238137403 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1292-599: Is Bruhathkayosaurus , which had a calculated weight ranging between 126–220 t (139–243 short tons) and a length of 44.1 m (145 ft) Although the existence of this sauropod had long been dismissed as a potential fake or a misidentification of a petrified tree trunk, recent photographic evidence emerged, confirming its existence. More recent and reliable estimates in 2023 have rescaled Bruhathkayosaurus to weigh around 110–130 t (120–140 short tons) with its most liberal estimate being 240 t (260 short tons), making it incredibly massive for such an animal. If
1368-503: Is an important aspect of dinosaur paleontology , of interest to both the general public and professional scientists. Dinosaurs show some of the most extreme variations in size of any land animal group, ranging from tiny hummingbirds , which can weigh as little as two grams, to the extinct titanosaurs , such as Argentinosaurus and Bruhathkayosaurus which could weigh as much as 50–130 t (55–143 short tons). The latest evidence suggests that dinosaurs' average size varied through
1444-450: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tyrannosaurus rex Tyrannosaurus ( / t ɪ ˌ r æ n ə ˈ s ɔː r ə s , t aɪ -/ ) is a genus of large theropod dinosaur . The type species Tyrannosaurus rex ( rex meaning 'king' in Latin ), often shortened to T. rex or colloquially T-Rex , is one of
1520-430: Is difficult to estimate given their usually fragmentary state of preservation. Sauropods are often preserved without their tails, so the margin of error in overall length estimates is high. Mass is calculated using the cube of the length, so for species in which the length is particularly uncertain, the weight is even more so. Estimates that are particularly uncertain (due to very fragmentary or lost material) are preceded by
1596-658: Is more likely a juvenile Tyrannosaurus , and the most complete juvenile example known; Jane is exhibited at the Burpee Museum of Natural History. In 2002, a skeleton nicknamed "Wyrex", discovered by amateur collectors Dan Wells and Don Wyrick, had 114 bones and was 38% complete. The dig was concluded over 3 weeks in 2004 by the Black Hills Institute with the first live online Tyrannosaurus excavation providing daily reports, photos, and video. In 2006, Montana State University revealed that it possessed
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#17327945439191672-407: Is still among the largest known land predators, with its estimated bite force being the largest among all terrestrial animals. By far the largest carnivore in its environment, Tyrannosaurus rex was most likely an apex predator , preying upon hadrosaurs , juvenile armored herbivores like ceratopsians and ankylosaurs , and possibly sauropods . Some experts have suggested the dinosaur was primarily
1748-473: Is the currently extant bee hummingbird at 6.12 cm long and 2.6g for females, and 5.51 cm long and 3.25g for the males. In the theropod lineage leading to birds , body size shrank continuously over a period of 50 million years, from an average of 163 kilograms (359 lb) down to 0.8 kg (1.8 lb). This was the only dinosaur lineage to get continuously smaller over such an extended time period, and their skeletons developed adaptations at about four times
1824-452: Is unknown and could well have varied between individuals but probably numbered at least forty. Sue was mounted with forty-seven of such caudal vertebrae. The neck of T. rex formed a natural S-shaped curve like that of other theropods. Compared to these, it was exceptionally short, deep and muscular to support the massive head. The second vertebra, the axis, was especially short. The remaining neck vertebrae were weakly opisthocoelous, i.e. with
1900-608: The Hell Creek Formation in Montana in 1902, comprising approximately 34 fossilized bones. Writing at the time Brown said "Quarry No. 1 contains the femur, pubes, humerus, three vertebrae and two undetermined bones of a large Carnivorous Dinosaur not described by Marsh . ... I have never seen anything like it from the Cretaceous ." Henry Fairfield Osborn , president of the American Museum of Natural History , named
1976-593: The Hell Creek Formation of Montana. This second track measures 72 centimeters (28 in) long, shorter than the track described by Lockley and Hunt. Whether or not the track was made by Tyrannosaurus is unclear, though Tyrannosaurus is the only large theropod known to have existed in the Hell Creek Formation. A set of footprints in Glenrock, Wyoming dating to the Maastrichtian stage of
2052-578: The Triassic , early Jurassic , late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and dinosaurs probably only became widespread during the early or mid Jurassic . Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic, most often fall into the 100–1,000 kg (220–2,200 lb) category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on order of magnitude , whereas recent predatory carnivoran mammals peak in
2128-434: The coracoid , which was rounded. Both shoulder blades were connected by a small furcula . The paired breast bones possibly were made of cartilage only. The forelimb or arm was very short. The upper arm bone, the humerus, was short but robust. It had a narrow upper end with an exceptionally rounded head. The lower arm bones, the ulna and radius, were straight elements, much shorter than the humerus. The second metacarpal
2204-464: The Late Cretaceous and hailing from the Lance Formation were described by Scott Persons, Phil Currie and colleagues in 2016, and are believed to belong to either a juvenile T. rex or the dubious tyrannosaurid Nanotyrannus lancensis . From measurements and based on the positions of the footprints, the animal was believed to be traveling at a walking speed of around 2.8 to 5 miles per hour and
2280-684: The United States and displayed in Pittsburgh's Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907. There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive titanosaur Argentinosaurus huinculensis , which is the largest dinosaur known from uncontroversial and relatively substantial evidence, estimated to have been 70–80 t (77–88 short tons) and 36 m (118 ft) long. Some of
2356-455: The ability to eat large quantities of low-nutrient browse would have been advantageous in such environments. One of the tallest and heaviest dinosaurs known from good skeletons is Giraffatitan brancai (previously classified as a species of Brachiosaurus ). Its remains were discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912. Bones from several similar-sized individuals were incorporated into
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2432-437: The attachment of strong tendons. The sacral vertebrae were fused to each other, both in their vertebral bodies and neural spines. They were pneumatized. They were connected to the pelvis by transverse processes and sacral ribs. The tail was heavy and moderately long, in order to balance the massive head and torso and to provide space for massive locomotor muscles that attached to the thighbones. The thirteenth tail vertebra formed
2508-548: The auspices of Prof. Arthur Lakes near Golden, Colorado . In the early 1890s, John Bell Hatcher collected postcranial elements in eastern Wyoming . The fossils were believed to be from the large species Ornithomimus grandis (now Deinodon ) but are now considered T. rex remains. In 1892, Edward Drinker Cope found two vertebral fragments of a large dinosaur. Cope believed the fragments belonged to an "agathaumid" ( ceratopsid ) dinosaur, and named them Manospondylus gigas , meaning "giant porous vertebra", in reference to
2584-400: The best represented theropods. It lived throughout what is now western North America , on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia . Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids . Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the latest Campanian - Maastrichtian ages of the late Cretaceous period , 72.7 to 66 million years ago . It
2660-431: The bone. Various functions have been proposed for these foramina, such as a crocodile-like sensory system or evidence of extra-oral structures such as scales or potentially lips, with subsequent research on theropod tooth wear patterns supporting such a proposition. The vertebral column of Tyrannosaurus consisted of ten neck vertebrae, thirteen back vertebrae and five sacral vertebrae. The number of tail vertebrae
2736-475: The collections of the Natural History Museum , London. Dynamosaurus would later be honored by the 2018 description of another species of tyrannosaurid by Andrew McDonald and colleagues, Dynamoterror dynastes , whose name was chosen in reference to the 1905 name, as it had been a "childhood favorite" of McDonald's. From the 1910s through the end of the 1950s, Barnum's discoveries remained
2812-537: The crested proceratosaurids, while later and more derived members belong to the Pantyrannosauria . Tyrannosaurs started out as small theropods; however at least some became larger by the Early Cretaceous . Tyrannosauroids are characterized by their fused nasals and dental arrangement. Pantyrannosaurs are characterized by unique features in their hips as well as an enlarged foramen in the quadrate,
2888-516: The discoverer, was the object of a legal battle over its ownership. In 1997, the litigation was settled in favor of Maurice Williams, the original land owner. The fossil collection was purchased by the Field Museum of Natural History at auction for $ 7.6 million, making it the most expensive dinosaur skeleton until the sale of Stan for $ 31.8 million in 2020. From 1998 to 1999, Field Museum of Natural History staff spent over 25,000 hours taking
2964-497: The earlier in age and more recently discovered T. mcraeensis . As the archetypal theropod, Tyrannosaurus has been one of the best-known dinosaurs since the early 20th century and has been featured in film, advertising, postal stamps, and many other media. A tooth from what is now documented as a Tyrannosaurus rex was found in July 1874 upon South Table Mountain (Colorado) by Jarvis Hall (Colorado) student Peter T. Dotson under
3040-427: The entire shaft of the element. The rear ischium was slender and straight, pointing obliquely to behind and below. In contrast to the arms, the hindlimbs were among the longest in proportion to body size of any theropod. In the foot, the metatarsus was "arctometatarsalian", meaning that the part of the third metatarsal near the ankle was pinched. The third metatarsal was also exceptionally sinuous. Compensating for
3116-633: The giant sauropods, and only modern whales approach or surpass them in weight, though they live in the oceans. There are several proposed advantages for the large size of sauropods, including protection from predation, reduction of energy use, and longevity, but it may be that the most important advantage was dietary. Large animals are more efficient at digestion than small animals, because food spends more time in their digestive systems. This also permits them to subsist on food with lower nutritive value than smaller animals. Sauropod remains are mostly found in rock formations interpreted as dry or seasonally dry, and
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3192-419: The immense bulk of the animal, many bones throughout the skeleton were hollowed, reducing its weight without significant loss of strength. Tyrannosaurus is the type genus of the superfamily Tyrannosauroidea , the family Tyrannosauridae , and the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae; in other words it is the standard by which paleontologists decide whether to include other species in the same group. Other members of
3268-400: The largest Tyrannosaurus skull yet discovered (from a specimen named MOR 008), measuring 5 feet (152 cm) long. Subsequent comparisons indicated that the longest head was 136.5 centimetres (53.7 in) (from specimen LACM 23844) and the widest head was 90.2 centimetres (35.5 in) (from Sue). Two isolated fossilized footprints have been tentatively assigned to T. rex . The first
3344-428: The largest whales in mass despite the prevalence of air sacs. Other potential factors for such extreme sauropod sizes include increasing bone robustness and load-distributing cartilaginous features to better redistribute and support such massive weights. Generally, the giant sauropods can be divided into two categories: the shorter but stockier and more massive forms (mainly titanosaurs and some brachiosaurids ), and
3420-469: The living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork, and never perfect. Mass estimates for dinosaurs are much more variable than length estimates given the lack of soft tissue preservation in the fossilization process. Modern mass estimation is often done with the laser scan skeleton technique that puts a "virtual" skin over the known or implied skeleton, but the limitations inherent in previous mass estimation techniques remain. Sauropodomorph size
3496-488: The longer but slenderer and more light-weight forms (mainly diplodocids ). Because different methods of estimation sometimes give conflicting results, mass estimates for sauropods can vary widely causing disagreement among scientists over the accurate number. For example, the titanosaur Dreadnoughtus was originally estimated to weigh 59.3 tonnes by the allometric scaling of limb-bone proportions, whereas more recent estimates, based on three-dimensional reconstructions, yield
3572-703: The longest sauropods were those with exceptionally long, whip-like tails, such as the 29–30 m (95–98 ft) Diplodocus hallorum (formerly Seismosaurus ) and the 39 m Supersaurus . In 2014, the fossilized remains of a previously unknown species of sauropod were discovered in Argentina. The titanosaur, named Patagotitan mayorum , was estimated to have been around 40 m (130 ft) long weighing around 77 t (85 short tons), larger than any other previously found sauropod. The specimens found were remarkably complete, significantly more so than previous titanosaurs. It since been suggested that Patagotitan
3648-488: The lower jaw, except at the rear. The largest found so far is estimated to have been 30.5 cm (12.0 in) long including the root when the animal was alive, making it the largest tooth of any carnivorous dinosaur yet found. The lower jaw was robust. Its front dentary bone bore thirteen teeth. Behind the tooth row, the lower jaw became notably taller. The upper and lower jaws of Tyrannosaurus , like those of many dinosaurs, possessed numerous foramina , or small holes in
3724-489: The numerous openings for blood vessels he found in the bone. The M. gigas remains were, in 1907, identified by Hatcher as those of a theropod rather than a ceratopsid. Henry Fairfield Osborn recognized the similarity between Manospondylus gigas and T. rex as early as 1917, by which time the second vertebra had been lost. Owing to the fragmentary nature of the Manospondylus vertebrae, Osborn did not synonymize
3800-548: The only specimens of Tyrannosaurus , as the Great Depression and wars kept many paleontologists out of the field. Beginning in the 1960s, there was renewed interest in Tyrannosaurus , resulting in the recovery of 42 skeletons (5–80% complete by bone count) from Western North America. In 1967, Dr. William MacMannis located and recovered the skeleton named "MOR 008", which is 15% complete by bone count and has
3876-605: The range of 10–100 kg (22–220 lb). The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between one and ten metric tonnes. This contrasts sharply with the size of Cenozoic mammals, estimated by the National Museum of Natural History as about 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb). Scientists will probably never be certain of the largest and smallest dinosaurs. This is because only a small fraction of animals ever fossilize , and most of these remains will either never be uncovered, or will be unintentionally destroyed as
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#17327945439193952-475: The rear surface, were incisiform (their tips were chisel-like blades) and curved backwards. The D -shaped cross-section, reinforcing ridges and backwards curve reduced the risk that the teeth would snap when Tyrannosaurus bit and pulled. The remaining teeth were robust, like "lethal bananas" rather than daggers, more widely spaced and also had reinforcing ridges. Those in the upper jaw, twelve per side in mature individuals, were larger than their counterparts of
4028-588: The rock off the bones. The bones were then shipped to New Jersey where the mount was constructed, then shipped back to Chicago for the final assembly. The mounted skeleton opened to the public on May 17, 2000, in the Field Museum of Natural History. A study of this specimen's fossilized bones showed that Sue reached full size at age 19 and died at the age of 28, the longest estimated life of any tyrannosaur known. Another Tyrannosaurus , nicknamed Stan (BHI 3033), in honor of amateur paleontologist Stan Sacrison,
4104-481: The second skeleton T. rex in 1905. The generic name is derived from the Greek words τύραννος ( tyrannos , meaning "tyrant") and σαῦρος ( sauros , meaning "lizard"). Osborn used the Latin word rex , meaning "king", for the specific name. The full binomial therefore translates to "tyrant lizard the king" or "King Tyrant Lizard", emphasizing the animal's size and presumed dominance over other species of
4180-473: The skeleton now mounted and on display at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin ; this mount is 12–13.27 metres (39.4–43.5 ft) tall and 21.8–22.5 metres (72–74 ft) long, and would have belonged to an animal that weighed between 30,000 to 60,000 kilograms (66,000 to 132,000 lb). One of the longest complete dinosaurs is the 27-metre-long (89 ft) Diplodocus , which was discovered in Wyoming in
4256-416: The species and correspondingly gave a much lower length estimate of 30.3 metres (99 ft) and a mass of 78.5 t (86.5 short tons). This in itself would later be disputed as being too small for an animal of such size, with some believing it to be even larger at around 35–40 metres (115–131 ft) and weighing around 80–120 t (88–132 short tons). Another large but even more controversial sauropod
4332-588: The summer of 2000, crews organized by Jack Horner discovered five Tyrannosaurus skeletons near the Fort Peck Reservoir . In 2001, a 50% complete skeleton of a juvenile Tyrannosaurus was discovered in the Hell Creek Formation by a crew from the Burpee Museum of Natural History . Dubbed Jane (BMRP 2002.4.1), the find was thought to be the first known skeleton of a pygmy tyrannosaurid, Nanotyrannus , but subsequent research revealed that it
4408-413: The surviving evidence, and the biological plausibility of such a large land animal, suggested that the enormous size of this animal was an over-estimate due partly to typographical errors in the original report. This would later be challenged by a different study, which argued Cope's measurements were genuine and that there was no basis for assuming typographical errors. The study, however, also reclassified
4484-527: The time. Osborn named the other specimen Dynamosaurus imperiosus in a paper in 1905. In 1906, Osborn recognized that the two skeletons were from the same species and selected Tyrannosaurus as the preferred name. In 1941, the T. rex type specimen was sold to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for $ 7,000. The original Dynamosaurus material now resides in
4560-422: The transition point between the deep tail base and the middle tail that was stiffened by a rather long front articulation processes. The underside of the trunk was covered by eighteen or nineteen pairs of segmented belly ribs. The shoulder girdle was longer than the entire forelimb. The shoulder blade had a narrow shaft but was exceptionally expanded at its upper end. It connected via a long forward protrusion to
4636-429: The two genera, instead considering the older genus indeterminate. In June 2000, the Black Hills Institute found around 10% of a Tyrannosaurus skeleton ( BHI 6248) at a site that might have been the original M. gigas locality. Barnum Brown , assistant curator of the American Museum of Natural History , found the first partial skeleton of T. rex in eastern Wyoming in 1900. Brown found another partial skeleton in
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#17327945439194712-587: The tyrannosaurine subfamily include the North American Daspletosaurus and the Asian Tarbosaurus , both of which have occasionally been synonymized with Tyrannosaurus . Tyrannosaurids were once commonly thought to be descendants of earlier large theropods such as megalosaurs and carnosaurs , although more recently they were reclassified with the generally smaller coelurosaurs . The earliest tyrannosaur group were
4788-466: The upper jaw was U-shaped (most non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V-shaped upper jaws), which increased the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite, although it also increased the stresses on the front teeth. The teeth of T. rex displayed marked heterodonty (differences in shape). The premaxillary teeth, four per side at the front of the upper jaw, were closely packed, D -shaped in cross-section, had reinforcing ridges on
4864-550: The upper unlikely size estimates were to be taken at face value, Bruhathkayosaurus would not only be the largest dinosaur to have ever lived, but also the largest animal to have lived, exceeding even the largest blue whale recorded. According to Gregory S. Paul , 'super-sauropods' or 'land-whales' such as Maraapunisaurus , Bruhathkayosaurus and the "Broome Titanosaur footprints," as he calls them, should not be surprising as sauropods were more heat tolerant and grew rapidly, which allowed them to reach truly titanic sizes that rivaled
4940-481: Was 3.66–3.96 m (12.0–13.0 ft) tall at the hips, and according to the most recent studies, using a variety of techniques, maximum body masses have been estimated approximately 8.4–8.46 t (8.27–8.33 long tons; 9.26–9.33 short tons). A specimen nicknamed Scotty (RSM P2523.8), located at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum , is reported to measure 13 m (43 ft) in length. Using
5016-483: Was actually an avialan. The smallest dinosaur known from adult specimens which is definitely not an avialan is Parvicursor remotus , at 162 grams (5.7 oz) and measuring 39 centimetres (15 in) long. However, in 2022 its holotype was recognized as a juvenile individual. Among living dinosaurs, the bee hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) is smallest at 1.9 g (0.067 oz) and 5.5 cm (2.2 in) long. The smallest theropod overall (including avians)
5092-558: Was discovered at Philmont Scout Ranch , New Mexico, in 1983 by American geologist Charles Pillmore. Originally thought to belong to a hadrosaurid , examination of the footprint revealed a large 'heel' unknown in ornithopod dinosaur tracks, and traces of what may have been a hallux , the dewclaw-like fourth digit of the tyrannosaur foot. The footprint was published as the ichnogenus Tyrannosauripus pillmorei in 1994, by Martin Lockley and Adrian Hunt. Lockley and Hunt suggested that it
5168-480: Was estimated to have a hip height of 1.56 to 2.06 m (5.1 to 6.8 ft). A follow-up paper appeared in 2017, increasing the speed estimations by 50–80%. T. rex was one of the largest land carnivores of all time. One of its largest and the most complete specimens, nicknamed Sue (FMNH PR2081), is located at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Sue measured 12.3–12.4 m (40–41 ft) long,
5244-504: Was found after an analysis conducted by Li and colleagues in 2009. Guanlong [REDACTED] Proceratosaurus Dilong [REDACTED] Eotyrannus Xiongguanlong [REDACTED] Appalachiosaurus Tyrannosauridae [REDACTED] Many phylogenetic analyses have found Tarbosaurus bataar to be the sister taxon of T. rex . The discovery of the tyrannosaurid Lythronax further indicates that Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus are closely related, forming
5320-408: Was little evidence of size-based sexual dimorphism in T. rex . The largest known T. rex skulls measure up to 1.54 m (5.1 ft) in length. Large fenestrae (openings) in the skull reduced weight, as in all carnivorous theropods. In other respects Tyrannosaurus 's skull was significantly different from those of large non- tyrannosaurid theropods. It was extremely wide at the rear but had
5396-463: Was longer and wider than the first, whereas normally in theropods the opposite is true. The forelimbs had only two clawed fingers, along with an additional splint-like small third metacarpal representing the remnant of a third digit. The pelvis was a large structure. Its upper bone, the ilium , was both very long and high, providing an extensive attachment area for hindlimb muscles. The front pubic bone ended in an enormous pubic boot, longer than
5472-511: Was not necessarily larger than Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus . In 2019, Patagotitan was estimated to have been 31 metres (102 ft) long and about 55 tonnes (121,000 lb). The largest of non-sauropod sauropodomorphs was the unnamed 16 metres (52 ft) long 10 tonnes (22,000 lb) unnamed Elliot giant. Another large sauropodomorph was Euskelosaurus . It reached 12.2 m (40 ft) in length and 2 t (2.2 short tons) in weight. Yunnanosaurus youngi also reached
5548-409: Was recovered from the Hell Creek Formation in 1992. Stan is the second most complete skeleton found, with 199 bones recovered representing 70% of the total. This tyrannosaur also had many bone pathologies, including broken and healed ribs, a broken (and healed) neck, and a substantial hole in the back of its head, about the size of a Tyrannosaurus tooth. In 1998, 20-year-old Bucky Derflinger noticed
5624-773: Was the bulkier animal overall. Specimens such as Sue and Scotty are both estimated to be the most massive theropods known to science. There is still no clear explanation for exactly why these animals grew so bulky and heavy compared to the land predators that came before and after them. The largest extant theropod is the common ostrich , up to 2.74 metres (9 ft 0 in) tall and weighs between 63.5 and 145.15 kilograms (140.0 and 320.0 lb). The smallest non- avialan theropod known from adult specimens may be Anchiornis huxleyi , at 110 grams (3.9 ounces) in weight and 34 centimetres (13 in) in length, although later study discovered larger specimen reaching 62 centimetres (24 in). However, some studies suggest that Anchiornis
5700-889: Was the last known member of the tyrannosaurids and among the last non- avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event . Like other tyrannosaurids, Tyrannosaurus was a bipedal carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long, heavy tail. Relative to its large and powerful hind limbs, the forelimbs of Tyrannosaurus were short but unusually powerful for their size, and they had two clawed digits. The most complete specimen measures 12.3–12.4 m (40–41 ft) in length, but according to most modern estimates, Tyrannosaurus could have exceeded sizes of 13 m (43 ft) in length, 3.7–4 m (12–13 ft) in hip height, and 8.8 t (8.7 long tons; 9.7 short tons) in mass. Although some other theropods might have rivaled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus in size , it
5776-400: Was very likely the track was made by a T. rex , which would make it the first known footprint from this species. The track was made in what was once a vegetated wetland mudflat. It measures 83 centimeters (33 in) long by 71 centimeters (28 in) wide. A second footprint that may have been made by a Tyrannosaurus was first reported in 2007 by British paleontologist Phil Manning, from
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