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71-569: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the developed countries of North America and Western Europe suffered economically in the face of stiff competition from Japan's ability to produce high-quality goods at competitive cost . For the first time since the start of the Industrial Revolution , the United Kingdom became a net importer of finished goods. The United States undertook its own soul-searching, expressed most pointedly in

142-700: A $ 2 million investment could be leveraged into $ 1.3 billion in lending. Congressional deregulation exacerbated the S&;L crisis. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 led to a boom in commercial real estate. The passage of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act and the Garn–St. Germain Act expanded the authority of federally chartered S&Ls to make acquisition, development, and construction real estate loans, and

213-423: A bad time for banks because of a recent wave of deregulation . The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 had phased out a number of restrictions on their financial practices, broadened their lending powers, and raised the deposit insurance limit from $ 40,000 to $ 100,000, which caused moral hazard . Banks rushed into real estate lending, speculative lending, and other ventures as

284-541: A combination of deficit spending and the lowering of interest rates would slowly lead to economic recovery. Many economists also insist that the significantly-lower tax rates significantly contributed to the recovery. From a high of 10.8% in December 1982, unemployment gradually improved until it fell to 7.2% on Election Day in 1984. Nearly two million people left the unemployment rolls. Inflation fell from 10.3% in 1981 to 3.2% in 1983. Corporate income rose by 29% in

355-899: A deeper downturn from July 1981 to November 1982. One cause was the Federal Reserve 's contractionary monetary policy , which sought to rein in the high inflation . In the wake of the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis , stagflation began to afflict the economy. Unemployment had risen from 5.1% in January 1974 to a high of 9.0% in May 1975. Although it had gradually declined to 5.6% by May 1979, unemployment began rising again. It jumped sharply to 6.9% in April 1980 and to 7.5% in May 1980. A mild recession from January to July 1980 kept unemployment high, but despite economic recovery, it remained at historically high levels (about 7.5%) until

426-521: A disciplined structure focused on continuously improving all processes. Improved performance is directed at satisfying such broad goals as cost, quality, schedule, and mission need and suitability. Increasing user satisfaction is the overriding objective. The TQM effort builds on the pioneering work of Dr. W. E. Deming , Dr. J. M. Juran , and others, and benefits from both private and public sector experience with continuous process improvement." "A management philosophy and company practices that aim to harness

497-532: A means to recapture market share from the Japanese, but also to remain competitive when bidding for contracts from the Federal Government since "total quality" requires involving suppliers, not just employees, in process improvement efforts. There is no widespread agreement as to what TQM is and what actions it requires of organizations, however a review of the original United States Navy effort gives

568-463: A number of years afterwards. Northern Ireland was the hardest-hit region, with unemployment standing at nearly 20%. The rate exceeded 15% in much of Scotland and Northern England . By April 1983, Britain became a net importer of goods for the first time in modern times. Areas of Tyneside , Yorkshire , Merseyside , South Wales , Western Scotland and the West Midlands were hit hard by

639-758: A rough understanding of what is involved in TQM. The key concepts in the TQM effort undertaken by the Navy in the 1980s include: The Navy used the following tools and techniques: While there is no generally accepted definition of TQM, several notable organizations have attempted to define it. These include: "Total Quality Management (TQM) in the Department of Defense is a strategy for continuously improving performance at every level, and in all areas of responsibility. It combines fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and specialized technical tools under

710-495: A short period of expansion, in turn, followed by a steeper, longer period of economic contraction starting sometime in 1981 and ending in November 1982. Most of these countries experienced stagflation , a situation of both high inflation rates and high unemployment rates. Globally, while some countries experienced downturns in economic output in 1980 and/or 1981, the broadest and sharpest worldwide decline of economic activity and

781-568: A steep 3.2% decline in real GDP for 1982. As with other G7 countries, Canada had two separate economic contractions in the early 1980s. These were a shallow drop in GDP and a slowing in employment growth for five months between February and June 1980, and a deeper 17-month contraction in both GDP and employment between July 1981 and October 1982, although both contractions were driven by the same desire of governments to reduce inflation by increasing interest rates. Real Canadian GDP declined by 5% during

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852-425: Is a management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction. TQM is based on all members of an organization participating in improving processes, products, services and the culture in which they work. The methods for implementing this approach are found in the teachings of such quality leaders as Philip B. Crosby , W. Edwards Deming , Armand V. Feigenbaum , Kaoru Ishikawa and Joseph M. Juran ." "TQM

923-693: Is a philosophy for managing an organization in a way which enables it to meet stakeholder needs and expectations efficiently and effectively, without compromising ethical values." In the United States, the Baldrige Award, created by Public Law 100–107, annually recognizes American businesses, education institutions, health care organizations, and government or nonprofit organizations that are role models for organizational performance excellence. Organizations are judged on criteria from seven categories: Example criteria are: Joseph M. Juran believed

994-640: The Executive Office of the President . In financial circles, the FHLBB and FSLIC were called "the doormats of financial regulation". The FHLBB relied heavily on its persuasive powers and the US states to enforce banking regulations. One consequence of the FHLBB's lack of enforcement abilities was the promotion of deregulation and of aggressive, expanded lending to forestall insolvency . In November 1980,

1065-537: The Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982 , which further deregulated banks, savings and loans. The Act authorized banks to begin offering money market accounts in an attempt to encourage deposit in-flows, and it also removed additional statutory restrictions in real estate lending and relaxed loans-to-one-borrower limits. That encouraged a rapid expansion in real estate lending while

1136-577: The Latin American debt crisis , long-lasting slowdowns in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan African countries, the US savings and loans crisis , and a general adoption of neoliberal economic policies throughout the 1990s. The Canadian economy experienced overall weakness from the start of 1980 to the end of 1983, with low yearly real GDP growth rates of 2.1% and 2.6% in 1980 and 1983, respectively, and

1207-788: The Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine . His first job in the field of quality was that of test technician in the quality department at Crosley Corporation in Richmond, Indiana , beginning in 1952. He left for a better-paying position as reliability engineer at Bendix Corporation in Mishawaka, Indiana in 1955, working on the RIM-8 Talos missile. He left after less than two years to become senior quality engineer at The Martin Company 's new Orlando, Florida organization to develop

1278-535: The Penn Square Bank , which had partnered with Continental Illinois in a number of high- risk lending ventures, collapsed. However, federal regulators were reassured by Continental Illinois executives that steps were being taken to ensure the bank's financial security. After its collapse, federal regulators were willing to let the bank fail to reduce moral hazard and so other banks would rein in some of their more risky lending practices. Members of Congress and

1349-695: The Pershing missile . There he developed the Zero Defects concept. He eventually rose to become department head before leaving for ITT Corporation in 1965 to become director of quality. In 1979, Crosby started the management consulting company Philip Crosby Associates, Inc. This consulting group provided educational courses in quality management both at their headquarters in Winter Park, Florida , and at eight foreign locations. In 1979, Crosby published his first business book, Quality Is Free, with

1420-584: The Zero Defects program at the Martin Company . As the quality control manager of the Pershing missile program, Crosby was credited with a 25 percent reduction in the overall rejection rate and a 30 percent reduction in scrap costs. Crosby was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1926. He served in the Navy during World War II and again during the Korean War. In between, he earned a degree from

1491-478: The wealthy . Pressured to counteract the increased deficit caused by the recession, Reagan agreed to a corporate tax increase in 1982. However, he refused to raise income tax or to cut defense spending. The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 instituted a three-year, $ 100 billion tax hike, the largest tax increase since the Second World War . According to Keynesian economists ,

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1562-486: The 17-month 1981-82 recession with the unemployment rate peaking at 12%. In-between the two downturns, Canada had 12 months of economic growth. With growth between October 1980 and June 1981 being relatively robust with the total GDP and employment in June 1981 actually surpassing their pre-recession peaks and 1981 having a yearly increase in real GDP of 3.5%. Canada had higher inflation, interest rates, and unemployment than

1633-494: The Baldrige Award judging criteria to be the most widely accepted description of what TQM entails. During the 1990s, standards bodies in Belgium, France, Germany, Turkey, and the United Kingdom attempted to standardize TQM. While many of these standards have since been explicitly withdrawn, they all are effectively superseded by ISO 9000 : Interest in TQM as an academic subject peaked around 1993. The Federal Quality Institute

1704-701: The British economic recovery after the early 1980s recession included the introduction of enterprise zones on deindustrialised land in which traditional industries were replaced by new industries as well as commercial developments. Businesses were given temporary tax breaks, and exemptions as incentives to set up base in such areas. Like Canada, the early 1980s recession in the United States technically consisted of two separate downturns, one commencing in January 1980 which yielded to modest growth in July 1980 with

1775-420: The FHLBB lowered net worth requirements for federally insured S&Ls from 5% of deposits to 4%. The FHLBB lowered net worth requirements again to 3% in January 1982. Additionally, the agency required S&Ls to meet those requirements only over 20 years. The rule meant that S&Ls less than 20 years old had practically no capital reserve requirements. That encouraged extensive chartering of new S&Ls since

1846-472: The FHLBB was a relatively small agency, overseeing a quiet, stable industry. Also, the FHLBB was unable to add to its staff because of stringent limits on the number of personnel that it could hire and the level of compensation it could offer. The limitations were placed on the agency by the Office of Management and Budget and were routinely subject to the political whims of that agency and political appointees in

1917-598: The Federal Reserve increase interest rates to reduce high inflation. Each time, once inflation fell and interest rates were lowered, unemployment slowly fell. Determined to wring inflation out of the economy, Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker slowed the rate of growth of the money supply and raised interest rates . The federal funds rate , which was about 11% in 1979, rose to 20% by June 1981. The prime interest rate , an important economic measure, eventually reached 21.5% in June 1982. The recession came at

1988-450: The Japanese called "the lost decade",in the mid-1980s, Japan's economy began a period of expansion in 1986 that continued until it again entered a recessionary period in 1992. But the property market still never returned to its “pre-boom” levels. [1] The Tokyo stock exchange doubled in 1983 from Y8,800 to Y16,401 in 1986. But the surge that hit its peak of Y26,646 was temporarily halted by “Black Monday” on October 14th, 1987. “Black Monday”

2059-539: The July–September quarter of 1983, compared with the same period in 1982. Some of the most dramatic improvements came in industries that were the hardest hit by the recession, such as paper and forest products, rubber, airlines, and the auto industry. Philip B. Crosby Philip Bayard "Phil" Crosby , (June 18, 1926 – August 18, 2001) was an American businessman and author who contributed to management theory and quality management practices. Crosby initiated

2130-596: The Navy's operational effectiveness. The recommendation was to adopt the teachings of W. Edwards Deming . The Navy branded the effort "Total Quality Management" in 1985. From the Navy, TQM spread throughout the US Federal Government, resulting in the following: The US Environmental Protection Agency 's Underground Storage Tanks program, which was established in 1985, also employed Total Quality Management to develop its management style. The private sector followed suit, flocking to TQM principles not only as

2201-405: The S&L crisis was more than $ 160 billion. The recession was nearly a year old before President Ronald Reagan stated on October 18, 1981, that the economy was in a "slight recession". The recession coupled with budget cuts, which were enacted in 1981 but began to take effect only in 1982, led many voters to believe that Reagan was insensitive to the needs of average citizens and favored

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2272-557: The S&L problem. Furthermore, the Reagan administration did not want to alarm the public by closing a large number of S&Ls. Such actions significantly worsened the S&L crisis. The S&L crisis lasted well beyond the end of the economic downturn. The crisis was finally quelled by passage of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 . The estimated total cost of resolving

2343-448: The TQM name also faded as Jack Welch 's success attracted attention to Six Sigma and Toyota 's success attracted attention to lean manufacturing , though the three share many of the same tools, techniques, and significant portions of the same philosophy. TQM lives on in various national quality awards around the globe. Early 1980s recession The early 1980s recession was a severe economic recession that affected much of

2414-521: The US introduced credit controls producing a slump in demand for Canada's housing and auto industry exports in early 1980 thereby triggering the early first portion of the recession in Canada. Most Canadians were also hit hard financially by a steady rise in oil and gas prices during the 1970s, especially their acceleration in 1979 when the worldwide oil supply was disrupted by the Iranian revolution, with

2485-720: The United Kingdom by the Department of Trade and Industry during its 1983 "National Quality Campaign". Or it may have been first coined in the United States by the Naval Air Systems Command to describe its quality-improvement efforts in 1985. In the spring of 1984, an arm of the United States Navy asked some of its civilian researchers to assess statistical process control and the work of several prominent quality consultants and to make recommendations as to how to apply their approaches to improve

2556-560: The United States during the early 1980s recession. While inflation accelerated across North America in the late 1970s, it was higher in Canada because of the US decision to switch to a floating exchange rate , which lowered the value of the Canadian dollar to US$ 0.85 by 1979, which made US imports more expensive for Canadians to purchase. Canada's inflation rate was 10.2% for 1980 overall, rising to 12.5% for 1981 and 10.8% for 1982 before dropping to 5.8% for 1983. To control its inflation,

2627-440: The agency. Despite the failures and mergers, there were still 415 S&Ls at the end of 1982 that were insolvent. Federal action initially caused the problem by allowing institutions to get involved in creating wealth by unhealthy fractional reserve practices, lending out much more money than they could ever afford to pay back out to customers if they came to withdraw their money. That ultimately led to S&Ls' failure. Later,

2698-510: The already high rates of inflation in several major advanced countries to new double-digit highs, with countries such as the United States , Canada , West Germany , Italy , the United Kingdom and Japan tightening their monetary policies by increasing interest rates in order to control the inflation. These G7 countries each, in fact, had " double-dip " recessions involving short declines in economic output in parts of 1980 followed by

2769-598: The beginning of the 1980s. That followed a string of crises that had plagued the British economy for most of the 1970s. Consequently, unemployment had gradually increased since the mid-1960s. When the Conservative Party , led by Margaret Thatcher won the general election of May 1979 , and swept James Callaghan 's Labour Party from power, the country had just witnessed the Winter of Discontent in which numerous public sector workers had staged strikes. Inflation

2840-403: The deep global recession of that year, which caused oil prices to plummet, with Alberta then suffering a drop of 7.2 percentage points in its employment ratio of all the provinces by mid-1983. Yukon's mining industry was also hit hard and more than 70,000 of 115,000 miners across the country were out of work by the end of 1982. Canada's GDP increased markedly in November 1982 officially ending

2911-568: The economy soured. By mid-1982, the number of bank failures was rising steadily. Bank failures reached 42, the highest since the depression, as both the recession and high interest rates took their toll. By the end of the year, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) had spent $ 870 million to purchase bad loans in an effort to keep various banks afloat. In July 1982, the US Congress enacted

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2982-411: The end of 1981. In mid-1982, Rockford, Illinois , had the highest unemployment of all metro areas, at 25%. In September 1982, Michigan led the nation with 14.5%, Alabama was second with 14.3%, and West Virginia was third with 14.0%. The Youngstown–Warren Metropolitan Area had an 18.7% rate, the highest of all metro areas, and Stamford, Connecticut , had the lowest unemployment, at 3.5%. The peak of

3053-480: The entire S&L industry was virtually zero. The Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) regulated and inspected S&Ls and administered the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC), which insured deposits at S&Ls. The FHLBB's enforcement practices were significantly weaker than those of other federal banking agencies. Until the 1980s, savings and loans had limited lending powers and so

3124-456: The federal agency which insured the deposits of S&Ls, spent $ 3.5 billion to make depositors whole again (in comparison, only 143 S&Ls with $ 4.5 billion in assets had failed in the previous 45 years, costing the FSLIC $ 306 million). The FSLIC pushed mergers as a way to avoid insolvency. From 1980 to 1982, there were 493 voluntary mergers and 259 forced mergers of savings and loans overseen by

3195-456: The following year but then edged higher. By 1979, inflation reached a startling 11.3% and in 1980, it soared to 13.5%. A brief recession occurred in 1980. Several key industries, including housing, steel manufacturing, and automobiles, experienced a downturn from which they did not recover until the end of the next recession. Many of the economic sectors that supplied the basic industries were also hit hard. Each period of high unemployment saw

3266-646: The government's inaction worsened the industry's problems. Responsibility for handling the S&L crisis lay with the Cabinet Council on Economic Affairs (CCEA), an intergovernmental council located within the Executive Office of the President. At the time, the CCEA was chaired by Treasury Secretary Donald Regan . The CCEA pushed the FHLBB to refrain from re-regulating the S&L industry and adamantly opposed any governmental expenditures to resolve

3337-495: The human and material resources of an organization in the most effective way to achieve the objectives of the organization." "A management approach of an organisation centred on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long term success through customer satisfaction and benefits to all members of the organisation and society." "A term first used to describe a management approach to quality improvement. Since then, TQM has taken on many meanings. Simply put, it

3408-458: The inflation rate still averaged more than 12% in 1981-82. Alberta, the prime location of Canada's oil industry at the time, experienced a boom in the late 1970s, 1980 and early 1981, with rapid employment growth, attaining, at 76%, the highest percentage of persons aged 15–64 being employed (defined as the "employment ratio") of all the provinces in early 1981. By the start of 1982, however, Alberta's oil boom had ended due to over-expansion and

3479-480: The largest increase in unemployment was in 1982, with the World Bank naming the recession the "global recession of 1982". Even after major economies, such as the United States and Japan exited the recession relatively early, many countries were in recession into 1983 and high unemployment would continue to affect most OECD nations until at least 1985. Long-term effects of the early 1980s recession contributed to

3550-565: The loss of industry and subsequent sharp rise in unemployment. Only in Southeast England did unemployment remain below 10%. Despite the economic recovery that followed the early 1980s recession, unemployment in the United Kingdom barely fell until the second half of the decade. As late as 1986, unemployment exceeded 3 million, but it fell below that figure the following year. By the end of 1989, it had fallen to 1.6 million. The mass unemployment and social discontent resulting from

3621-555: The press, however, felt that Continental Illinois was " too big to fail ". In May 1984, federal banking regulators finally offered a $ 4.5 billion rescue package to Continental Illinois. The American banking system had been significantly weakened by the severe recession and the effects of deregulation. Had other banks been forced to write off loans to Continental Illinois, institutions like Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company , Bank of America , and perhaps Citicorp would have become insolvent. The recession also significantly exacerbated

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3692-460: The price of oil reaching almost $ 40 a barrel compared to $ 3 a barrel at the start of the decade. The Bank of Canada raised its prime interest rate throughout 1980 and early 1981 in an attempt to rein in inflation, with the deeper second portion of the recession beginning in July 1981. The Bank of Canada's interest rate peaked at 21% in August 1981 and was kept at high levels until spring 1982, but

3763-565: The real estate market was collapsing, increased the unhealthy competition between banks, savings and loans, and encouraged too many branches to be started. In 1983, another 50 banks failed. The FDIC listed another 540 banks as "problem banks", on the verge of failure. In 1984, the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company , the nation's seventh-largest bank (with $ 45 billion in assets), failed. The bank had first approached failure in July 1982, when

3834-615: The recession occurred in November and December 1982, when the nationwide unemployment rate was 10.8%, the highest since the Great Depression . In November, West Virginia and Michigan had the highest unemployment with 16.4%, Alabama was in third with 15.3%. South Dakota had the lowest unemployment rate in the nation, with 5.6%. Flint, Michigan , had the highest unemployment rate of all metro areas, with 23.4%. In March 1983, West Virginia's unemployment rate hit 20.1%. In spring 1983, thirty states had double-digit unemployment. When Reagan

3905-505: The recession were widely seen as major factors in widespread rioting across Britain in 1981 in parts of towns and cities including Toxteth , Liverpool , as well as a number of districts of London . In 1985, the economy had been out of recession for three years, but unemployment remained stubbornly high. Another wave of rioting occurred across numerous areas of Britain, including several areas across London. Poor employment opportunities, and social discontent were once again seen as factors in

3976-563: The recession, although employment growth did not resume until December 1982 before faltering again in 1983. The average unemployment rates for 1982 and 1983 averaged 11.1% and 12%, respectively, steep rises from 7.6% in 1981. A slowdown in productivity in Canada also emerged during the recession as average output per worker slowed by 1%. The lingering effects of the recession combined with mechanization and companies downsizing to complete internationally, kept Canada's unemployment rates above 10% until 1986. Despite this, Canada's GDP growth rate

4047-704: The rioting. In the UK, economic growth was re-established by the end of 1982, but the era of mass unemployment was far from over. By the summer of 1984, unemployment had hit a new record of 3.3 million although the Great Depression had seen a higher percentage of the workforce unemployed. It remained above the 3 million mark until the spring of 1987, when the Lawson Boom , seen as the consequence of tax cuts by Chancellor Nigel Lawson , sparked an economic boom that saw unemployment fall dramatically. By early 1988, it

4118-412: The savings and loan crisis. In 1980, there were approximately 4590 state and federally chartered savings and loan institutions (S&Ls), with total assets of $ 616 billion. From 1979, they began losing money because of spiraling interest rates. Net S&L income, which had totaled $ 781 million in 1980, fell to a loss of $ 4.6 billion in 1981 and a loss of $ 4.1 billion in 1982. The tangible net worth for

4189-477: The states that deregulated S&Ls were also soft on supervision and enforcement. In some cases, state-chartered S&Ls had close political ties to elected officials and state regulators, which further weakened oversight. As the risk exposure of S&Ls expanded, the economy slid into the recession. Soon, hundreds of S&Ls were insolvent. Between 1980 and 1983, 118 S&Ls with $ 43 billion in assets failed. The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation,

4260-512: The statutory limit on loan-to-value ratios was eliminated. The changes allowed S&Ls to make high-risk loans to developers. Beginning in 1982, many S&Ls rapidly shifted away from traditional home mortgage financing and into new, high-risk investment activities like casinos , fast-food franchises, ski resorts , junk bonds , arbitrage schemes, and derivative instruments . Federal deregulation also encouraged state legislatures to deregulate state-chartered S&Ls. Unfortunately, many of

4331-480: The strong pound made British products more expensive in export markets. Inflation fell below 10% by the turn of 1982, having peaked at 22% in 1980, and by spring 1983, it had fallen to a 15-year low of 4%. Strikes were also at their lowest level since the early 1950s, and wage growth rose to 3.8% by 1983. However, unemployment reached 12.5% of the workforce by January 1982, a level that had not been seen for some 50 years. The unemployment rate remained similarly high for

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4402-431: The subtitle The Art of Making Quality Certain. This book gained prominence during a critical period for North American industry, when, between the late 1970s and early 1980s, North American manufacturers were losing market share to Japanese products, which were distinguished by their superior quality. Crosby's response to this quality crisis was based on the principle of "doing it right the first time" (DIRFT). This approach

4473-635: The television broadcast of If Japan Can... Why Can't We? . Firms began reexamining the techniques of quality control invented over the past 50 years and how those techniques had been so successfully employed by the Japanese. It was in the midst of this economic turmoil that TQM took root. The exact origin of the term "total quality management" is uncertain. It is almost certainly inspired by Armand V. Feigenbaum 's multi-edition book Total Quality Control ( OCLC   299383303 ) and Kaoru Ishikawa 's What Is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way ( OCLC   11467749 ). It may have been first coined in

4544-580: The world between approximately the start of 1980 and 1982. It is widely considered to have been the most severe recession since World War II until the 2007–2008 financial crisis . The recession had multiple causes including the tightening of monetary policies by the United States and other developed nations. This was exacerbated by the 1979 energy crisis , mostly caused by the Iranian Revolution which saw oil prices rising sharply in 1979 and early 1980. The sharp rise in oil prices pushed

4615-428: Was re-elected in 1984 , the latest unemployment numbers (August 1984) showed that West Virginia still had the highest rate in the nation (13.6%) followed by Mississippi (11.1%) and Alabama (10.9%). Inflation , which had averaged 3.2% annually since World War II had more than doubled after the 1973 oil shock, to a 7.7% annual rate. Inflation reached 9.1% in 1975, the highest rate since 1947. Inflation declined to 5.8%

4686-402: Was a crash that ended up hitting the US stock market, causing it to plummet.Then by April 1988, the stock reached past its October record breaking peak and hit Y38,915. [2] Japan’s recession was prolonged into the 90s and they were not able to recover from the increased prices until the early 2000s. Where it finally officially ended in 2002. [3] Eventually recession hit the United Kingdom at

4757-475: Was about 10% and some 1.5 million people were unemployed, compared to some 1 million in 1974, 580,000 in 1970 and just over 300,000 in 1964. Thatcher set about controlling inflation with monetarist policies and changing trade union legislation in an attempt to reduce the strikes of public-sector workers. Thatcher's battle against inflation raised the exchange rate, resulting in the closure of many factories, shipyards and coal pits because imports were cheaper and

4828-540: Was among the highest of the OECD countries from 1984 to 1986, although growth was by far strongest in Ontario and Quebec. Throughout the 1970s, Japan had the world's third largest gross national product ( GNP )—just behind the United States and Soviet Union—and ranked first among major industrial nations in 1990 in per capita GNP at US$ 23,801, up sharply from US$ 9,068 in 1980. After the relatively mild economic slump that

4899-435: Was below 2.5 million; by early 1989, it fell below 2 million. By the end of 1989, it was just over 1.6 million, almost half the figure of three years earlier. However, the unemployment figures did not include benefit claimants who were placed on Employment Training schemes, an adult variant of the controversial Youth Training Scheme , who were paid the same rate of benefit for working full-time hours. Other incentives that aided

4970-566: Was shuttered in September 1995 as part of the Clinton administration 's efforts to streamline government . The European Centre for Total Quality Management closed in August 2009. TQM, as a vaguely defined quality management approach, was largely supplanted by the ISO 9000 collection of standards and their formal certification processes in the 1990s. Business interest in quality improvement under

5041-526: Was structured around four key principles: Definition of quality: Quality is defined as conformance to requirements, with requirements encompassing both product specifications and customer expectations. Quality system: The quality management system should be based on defect prevention, rather than relying on inspection or correction after the fact. Performance standard: The goal in terms of quality should be to achieve zero defects, ensuring that all products meet specified requirements. Measurement of quality: Quality

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