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77-652: The Toyota Sprinter ( Japanese: トヨタ・スプリンター , Toyota Supurintā ) is a compact car manufactured by Toyota as a variant of the Toyota Corolla . Exclusively sold in the Japanese domestic market , the Sprinter was aimed to be sportier than its Corolla sibling and also using different sheet metal mostly on the C-pillar. The Sprinter and various body styles were exclusive to Toyota Auto Store until 1977 when

154-632: A "compact car" target that was larger than what has become known as the "light car" or the kei car . One of the first compact cars that met those requirements was the Toyota Publica with an air-cooled two-cylinder opposed engine, the Datsun 110 series , and the Mitsubishi 500 . The Publica and the Mitsubishi 500 were essentially "kei cars" with engines larger than regulations permitted at

231-605: A 4-speed automatic transmission option. The fifth generation Sprinter was based on the 1983 fifth generation E80 Corolla range. Like the Corolla, the model line was split into FWD and RWD models. Unlike the 5-door liftback which had minimum exterior differences, the E80 Sprinter sedan was designed with different sheet metal on the rear part. It got two additional windows on the C-pillars and different tail lamps which

308-456: A DOHC configuration gradually increased after World War II, beginning with sports cars. Iconic DOHC engines of this period include the 1948–1959 Lagonda straight-six engine , the 1949–1992 Jaguar XK straight-six engine and the 1954–1994 Alfa Romeo Twin Cam inline-four engine. The 1966-2000 Fiat Twin Cam inline-four engine was one of the first DOHC engines to use a toothed timing belt instead of

385-464: A DOHC engine was built in 1910. Use of DOHC engines slowly increased from the 1940s, leading to many automobiles by the early 2000s using DOHC engines. In an OHC engine, the camshaft is located at the top of the engine, above the combustion chamber . This contrasts the earlier overhead valve engine (OHV) and flathead engine configurations, where the camshaft is located down in the engine block . The valves in both OHC and OHV engines are located above

462-549: A different dealership in Japan called Toyota Corolla Store . This was the only version to include the word "Corolla" in its name. Like the rest of the E10 Corolla range, the coupe was originally powered by a 1077 cc K engine, producing 60 PS (44 kW; 59 hp). The sporty SL trim was equipped with more powerful high compression dual carburetors K-B engine, producing 73 PS (54 kW; 72 hp). The engine

539-466: A facelift with a wedge-shaped nose in August 1981. The obsolete 2-speed automatic transmission for 1.3 L 4K-U engine was replaced by a 3-speed unit and also the discontinuation of 1.8 L 13T-U engine due the poor sales. In February 1982, the 1.8 L engine was reintroduced for sedan only, but as diesel engine called 1C , which was the first diesel engine for Sprinter/Corolla range and could be paired with

616-608: A fully enclosed-drivetrain), the American Liberty L-12 V12 engine, which closely followed the later Mercedes D.IIIa design's partly-exposed SOHC valvetrain design; and the Max Friz -designed; German BMW IIIa straight-six engine. The DOHC Napier Lion W12 engine was built in Great Britain beginning in 1918. Most of these engines used a shaft to transfer drive from the crankshaft up to the camshaft at

693-449: A large cylinder head to accommodate the camshaft or an extra set of valves to increase the volumetric efficiency , so that with the same displacement as an OHV engine, the OHC engine will end up being the physically larger of the two mostly due to the enlarged cylinder head. The other main advantage of OHC engines is that there is greater flexibility to optimise the size, location and shape of

770-470: A license plate number beginning with "5". In the past, the small size category has received tax benefits stipulated by the Japanese government regulations , such as those in the 1951 Road Vehicle Act . In 1955, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry set forth a goal to all Japanese makers at that time to create what was called a "national car". The concept stipulated that

847-782: A new market segment and the U.S. automobile industry soon adopted the "compact" term. Several competitors to the Nash Rambler arose from the ranks of America's other independent automakers, although none enjoyed the long-term success of the Rambler. Other early compact cars included the Kaiser-Frazer Henry J (also re-badged as the Allstate ), the Willys Aero and the Hudson Jet . In 1954, 64,500 cars sold in

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924-423: A revised 1.8 L 1C-III diesel engines shared with the commercial van. The 1.6 L 4A-GE engine was also replaced by the "red top" version, boosting the power from 120 to 140 PS (88 to 103 kW; 118 to 138 bhp). Another engine options for sedan were introduced in August 1989, a new 5A-FHE engine for top FWD models and a 2.0 L 2C-III diesel engine for AWD models (CE95). The seventh generation Sprinter

1001-412: A simpler treatment of the grill, head lights and tail lights while the Sprinter used a slightly more complex, sculpted treatment. The 1.4 T engine was replaced by a bigger 1.5 L 3A-U and 1.6 L fuel injected 2T-GEU engine became available for every body styles as GT variants (except the coupé, badged as "Trueno"). In August 1979, a 1.8 L 13T-U petrol engine was introduced. The Sprinter received

1078-407: A total of two camshafts (one for each cylinder bank). Most SOHC engines have two valves per cylinder, one intake valve and one exhaust valve. Motion of the camshaft is usually transferred to the valves either directly (using a tappet) or indirectly via a rocker arm . A dual overhead cam , double overhead cam , or twin-cam engine has two camshafts over each bank of the cylinder head, one for

1155-531: Is possible. The first known automotive application of timing belts to drive overhead camshafts was the 1953 Devin-Panhard racing specials built for the SCCA H-modified racing series in the United States. These engines were based on Panhard OHV flat-twin engines, which were converted to SOHC engines using components from Norton motorcycle engines. The first production car to use a timing belt

1232-457: Is that the system used to drive the camshaft (usually a timing chain in modern engines) is more complex in an OHC engine, such as the 4-chain valvetrain of the Audi 3.2 or the 2 meter chain on Ford cammers. Another disadvantage of OHC engines is that during engine repairs where the removal of the cylinder head is required, the camshaft engine timing needs to be reset. In addition, an OHC engine has

1309-551: The Duesenberg Model J , which was powered by a DOHC straight-eight engine. The 1931–1935 Stutz DV32 was another early American luxury car to use a DOHC engine. Also in the United States, the DOHC Offenhauser racing engine was introduced in 1933. This inline-four engine dominated North American open-wheel racing from 1934 until the 1970s. Other early SOHC automotive engines were the 1920–1923 Wolseley Ten ,

1386-514: The Netz Store dealer network, and commercial Sprinter wagons were replaced by Probox . The first generation Sprinter was introduced in April 1968, thirteen months after the introduction of the regular first generation Corolla (E10) . The car was marketed as a fastback coupé version of the Corolla and sold at Japanese dealership sales channel called Toyota Auto Store . and Corolla was sold at

1463-686: The Recession of 1958 , the only exception to the sales decline was American Motors with its compact, economy-oriented Ramblers that saw high demand among cautious consumers. By 1959, sales of small imported cars also increased to 14% of the U.S. passenger car market, as consumers turned to compact cars. By this time, smaller cars appealed to people with a college education and a higher income whose families were buying more than one car. Customers expected compact cars to provide improved fuel economy compared to full-sized cars while maintaining headroom, legroom, and plenty of trunk space. Between 1958 and 1960,

1540-656: The S-car . From 1984 to 1997, variants of the Sprinter were manufactured by NUMMI in Fremont, California , known as the Chevrolet Nova (1984–1988) and Geo Prizm (1988–1997). Each generation of the Corolla had a corresponding Sprinter sibling, until the introduction of the E120-series Corolla in 2000. The Sprinter was indirectly replaced by a rebadged Corolla hatchback called Allex , which also sold at

1617-745: The Sprinter Marino/Corolla Ceres . The eighth and last generation Sprinter was introduced in May 1995 with particular consideration for the environment, increasing safety standard and total production cost due the Lost Decades recession that was happening in Japan at the time. Because of this, the E110 Sprinter kept many of the E100's components as well as its platform, hardly changed its body dimensions and yet managed to reduce

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1694-553: The Toyota Chaser took the top position. The Corolla is similarly unique to Toyota Corolla Store until the Toyota Celica was offered in 1970, which took the top position. In 1998 Toyota Auto Store and Toyota Vista Store were both replaced by Netz Store . The Sprinter is notable for being used as the base vehicle for two joint projects between Toyota and General Motors in the United States, known under GM as

1771-458: The "Sprinter Trueno J". 1974 brought the third generation Sprinter based on the third generation E30 Corolla 2-door coupé and 4-door sedan. Once again, the differences between the Corolla and Sprinter were mostly cosmetic. The sedans received a more formal upright grill, while the coupé received a sleeker, aerodynamic looking frontal treatment. The Corolla's were given E30–38 codes while the Sprinter's were given corresponding E41–47 codes, became

1848-472: The "small Ford" and produced the Ford Vedette . The first U.S.-produced postwar compact car was the 1950 Nash Rambler . It was built on a 100-inch (2,540 mm) wheelbase, which was nonetheless still a large car by contemporary European standards. The term "compact" was coined by a Nash executive as a euphemism for small cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches (2,794 mm) or less. It established

1925-537: The 1903 Marr Auto Car SOHC engine built in the United States. The first DOHC engine was a Peugeot inline-four racing engine which powered the car that won the 1912 French Grand Prix . Another Peugeot with a DOHC engine won the 1913 French Grand Prix , followed by the Mercedes-Benz 18/100 GP with an SOHC engine winning the 1914 French Grand Prix . The Isotta Fraschini Tipo KM — built in Italy from 1910–1914—

2002-427: The 1925-1948 Velocette K series , the 1931-1957 Norton International and the 1947-1962 Norton Manx . In more recent times, the 1950-1974 Ducati Single , 1973-1980 Ducati L-twin engine , 1999-2007 Kawasaki W650 and 2011-2016 Kawasaki W800 motorcycle engines have used bevel shafts. The Crosley four cylinder was the last automotive engine to use the shaft tower design to drive the camshaft, from 1946 to 1952;

2079-417: The 1928-1931 MG 18/80 , the 1926–1935 Singer Junior and the 1928–1929 Alfa Romeo 6C Sport . Early overhead camshaft motorcycles included the 1925–1949 Velocette K Series and the 1927–1939 Norton CS1 . The 1946–1948 Crosley CC Four was arguably the first American mass-produced car to use an SOHC engine. This small mass-production engine powered the winner of the 1950 12 Hours of Sebring . Use of

2156-809: The 1980s that American cars were being downsized to truly international dimensions. In the 1985 model year, compact cars classified by the EPA included Ford's Escort and Tempo as well as the Chevrolet Cavalier. For the 2019 model year, the best sellers were the Toyota Corolla and Honda Civic. In Japan, vehicles that are larger than kei cars , but with dimensions smaller than 4,700 mm (185.0 in) long, 1,700 mm (66.9 in) wide, 2,000 mm (78.7 in) high and with engines at or under 2,000 cc (120 cu in) are classified as "small size" cars. Small-size cars are identified by

2233-540: The 4-speed manual transmission was upgraded to 5-speed unit. The wagons were discontinued in 2002 and succeeded by Probox . This platform was also produced in the US as the last Sprinter-based Geo Prizm and only available as a sedan, as the liftback body style was discontinued in the North American market. Toyota also introduced a 4-door hardtop sedan (with frameless door windows) based on E100 Sprinter/Corolla called

2310-731: The Honda City, Toyota Yaris, Toyota Corolla Altis 1.6, and the Changan Alsvin. DOHC An overhead camshaft ( OHC ) engine is a piston engine in which the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber . This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combustion chamber in the engine block . Single overhead camshaft (SOHC) engines have one camshaft per bank of cylinders . Dual overhead camshaft (DOHC, also known as "twin-cam" ) engines have two camshafts per bank. The first production car to use

2387-564: The North American market under the resurrected name of Chevrolet Nova , the first of several Toyotas built by General Motors known as their S-platform under license at NUMMI . The sixth generation Sprinter was shared with the sixth generation E90 Corolla range, introduced in May 1987. The E90 series was the first generation with Full-time 4WD option. The Sprinter was offered as a 6-window sedan as before, 5-door liftback called Sprinter Cielo (Cielo means celestial or heavenly in Spanish; it

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2464-568: The SL trim was also upgraded with 3K-B high compression dual carburetors engine, generating 78 PS (57 kW; 77 hp). This new model with bigger engine now bearing KE17 code. The Corolla Sprinter was also sold in Europe and North America as a part of Corolla's range. It was also the last Sprinter exported outside Japan until the Sprinter Cielo -based Corolla liftback . In May 1970,

2541-514: The Sprinter received its second facelift to counter the new competitor introduced by Nissan called the Pulsar which was introduced a month earlier. The 1979 fourth generation Sprinter was based on the fourth generation Corolla coupé, 2-door hardtop, 4-door sedan, and 3-door liftback, without the 2-door sedan and wagon/van variants again. As before, the differences were cosmetic — the Corollas had

2618-545: The Sprinter was released as the sister car of the second generation Corolla coupé, as the coupé was no longer exclusive to Sprinter. Toyota had promised its Toyota Corolla Store dealers in Japan that they would receive exclusive rights to sell the Corolla. In order to sell through the Toyota Auto Store dealer network, the Sprinter was no longer bearing Corolla nameplate, even though the differences were mostly cosmetic. The wagon/van version of Corolla (KE26/TE28V)

2695-407: The U.S. were imports or small American cars, out of a total market of five million cars. Market research indicated that five percent of those surveyed said they would consider a small car, suggesting a potential market size of 275,000 cars. By 1955, the Nash Rambler that began as a convertible model became a success and was now available in station wagon , hardtop , and sedan body styles. During

2772-475: The basis of North American market Sprinter-based sedan and liftback with slightly different front end called the Geo Prizm . The E90 sedan and "Cielo" liftback were introduced first in May 1987, with three petrol engine options; carburetted 1.3 L 2E , 1.5 L 5A-F and high performance fuel injected 1.6 L "red & black top" 4A-GE . A full-time AWD version of the sedan, powered by a 1.6 L 4A-F engine (AE95)

2849-783: The beginning of a downsizing of all vehicles so that cars such as the AMC Concord and the Ford Fairmont that replaced the compacts were re-classified as mid-size, while cars inheriting the size of the Ford Pinto and Chevrolet Vega (such as the Ford Escort and Chevrolet Cavalier ) became classified as compact cars. Even after the reclassification, mid-size American cars were still far larger than mid-size cars from other countries and were more similar in size to cars classified as "large cars" in Europe. It would not be until

2926-519: The block, and were known as "tower shafts". An early American overhead camshaft production engine was the SOHC straight-eight engine used in the 1921–1926 Duesenberg Model A luxury car. In 1926, the Sunbeam 3 litre Super Sports became the first production car to use a DOHC engine. In the United States, Duesenberg added DOHC engines (alongside their existing SOHC engines) with the 1928 release of

3003-415: The camshaft. Timing belts are inexpensive, produce minimal noise and have no need for lubrication. A disadvantage of timing belts is the need for regular replacement of the belt; recommended belt life typically varies between approximately 50,000–100,000 km (31,000–62,000 mi). If the timing belt is not replaced in time and fails and the engine is an interference engine , major engine damage

3080-582: The combined passenger and cargo volume, compact cars are defined as having an interior volume index of 100–109 cu ft (2.8–3.1 m ). The beginnings of U.S. production of compact cars were the late 1940s prototypes of economy cars, including the Chevrolet Cadet and the Ford Light Car. Neither car reached production in the U.S., however Ford SAF in France bought the plans of

3157-470: The combustion chamber; however an OHV engine requires pushrods and rocker arms to transfer the motion from the camshaft up to the valves, whereas an OHC engine has the valves directly actuated by the camshaft. Compared with OHV engines with the same number of valves, there are fewer reciprocating components and less valvetrain inertia in an OHC engine. This reduced inertia in OHC engines results in less valve float at higher engine speeds (RPM). A downside

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3234-466: The crankshaft and the camshaft is commonly used in diesel overhead camshaft engines used in heavy trucks. Gear trains are not commonly used in engines for light trucks or automobiles. Several OHC engines up until the 1950s used a shaft with bevel gears to drive the camshaft. Examples include the 1908–1911 Maudslay 25/30 , the Bentley 3 Litre , the 1917-? Liberty L-12 , the 1929-1932 MG Midget ,

3311-649: The facelifted coupé. The coupé range received the 1588 cc, DOHC 2T-G engine in March 1972; this model was known as the Sprinter Trueno , the twin of the Corolla Levin. Another facelift occurred in August 1972 and the 5-speed manual became available for the sporty SL/SR grades with 1.2 L 3K-B/BR engine. The OHV dual carburetors version of 2T-G engine called 2T-B/BR was launched in April 1973 specially for SL, SR and cheaper model of Sprinter Trueno called

3388-432: The intake and exhaust ports, since there are no pushrods that need to be avoided. This improves the gas flow through the engine, increasing power output and fuel efficiency . The oldest configuration of overhead camshaft engine is the single overhead camshaft (SOHC) design. A SOHC engine has one camshaft per bank of cylinders, therefore a straight engine has a total of one camshaft and a V engine or flat engine has

3465-715: The intake valves and another for the exhaust valves. Therefore there are two camshafts for a straight engine and a total of four camshafts for a V engine or a flat engine. A V engine or flat engine requires four camshafts to function as a DOHC engine, since having two camshafts in total would result in only a single camshaft per cylinder bank for these engine layouts. Some V engines with four camshafts have been marketed as "quad-cam" engines, however technically "quad-cam" would require four camshafts per cylinder bank (i.e. eight camshafts in total), therefore these engines are merely dual overhead camshaft engines. Many DOHC engines have four valves per cylinder. The camshaft usually operates

3542-533: The major U.S. car manufacturers made a push toward compact cars, resulting in the introduction of the Studebaker Lark , Chevrolet Corvair , Ford Falcon , and Plymouth Valiant . These models also gave rise to compact vans built on the compact car platforms, such as the Studebaker Zip Van, Chevrolet Corvair Greenbrier , Ford Econoline , and Dodge A100 . During the 1960s, compacts were

3619-601: The old SOHC units with the same displacement in April 1994. The driver's airbag became standard for every trim and four-wheel drive model with 1.6 L 4A-FE engine was added to commercial van in May 1996. The 2.0 L diesel engine was replaced by a bigger 2.2 L 3C-E unit in April 1998. This new engine could be optioned with four-wheel drive system for the commercial van. The business wagon also received new standard safety pack such as front passenger airbag, ABS and seatbelts with pretensioner and force limiter. The 1998 safety pack update became standard for commercial van in August 2000 and

3696-508: The older Sprinter Carib as Toyota developed another upmarket passenger wagon based on E100 platform called Corolla Touring Wagon. Most of the engines were inherited from the E90 Sprinter, with additional new DOHC 16-valve 1.3 L 4E-FE and 1.5 L 5E-FE engines for certain models. The high performance GT trim received new 20-valve 4A-GE "silver top" engine, generating 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) at 7,400rpm. The 20-valve engine

3773-577: The only generation that did not bear same chassis codes as Corolla. A 3-door shooting brake style liftback with coupé's front end was added to the line up in January 1976. When the Corolla range received a minor update in January 1977 to become the E50–55 series, the Sprinter received a corresponding update to become the E60–66 series, along with a hardtop coupé variant which used the sedan's frond end. In April 1978,

3850-635: The passenger and cargo compartments were introduced in the late 1970s. In the early 1970s, the domestic automakers introduced even smaller subcompact cars that included the AMC Gremlin , Chevrolet Vega , and Ford Pinto . In 1973, the Energy Crisis started, which made small fuel-efficient cars more desirable, and the North American driver began exchanging their large cars for the smaller, imported compacts that cost less to fill up and were inexpensive to maintain. The 1977 model year marked

3927-640: The popular Volkswagen Beetle . Compact cars were also the basis for a new small car segment that became known as the pony car , named after the Ford Mustang , which was built on the Falcon chassis. At that time, there was a distinct difference in size between compact and full-size models. Early definitions of vehicle size class were based on wheelbase, with models under 111 inches as compact, 111 to 118 inches intermediate, and over 118 inches as full size, at least until EPA classes based on interior volume of

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4004-454: The rights to the Crosley engine format were bought by a few different companies, including General Tire in 1952, followed by Fageol in 1955, Crofton in 1959, Homelite in 1961, and Fisher Pierce in 1966, after Crosley closed the automotive factory doors, and they continued to produce the same engine for several more years. A camshaft drive using three sets of cranks and rods in parallel

4081-434: The same engine that was similar to the 1.6 L 4A-GEU engine that powered the popular AE86 Sprinter Trueno/Corolla Levin. Minor facelifts occurred with new exterior styling in May 1985. The 1.3 L 2A-LU and 1.6 L 4A-ELU engines were also discontinued, with the former being replaced by the 12-valve 1.3 L 2E-LU engine. The four-door sedan and the five-door liftback were also manufactured in Fremont, California and sold for

4158-505: The sedan in May 1993 with the redesign of the front grille, bumper, and rear combination lamps and stayed without further improvement until its discontinuation in May 1995. The van and business wagon were remained on sale as a compact segment commercial wagon, together with the upmarket passenger oriented E100 Corolla Touring Wagon and the newly introduced E110 Sprinter Carib . Both of commercial wagons received improvement with new DOHC 16-valve 1.3 L 4E-FE and 1.5 L 5E-FE engines, replacing

4235-531: The sedan received its facelift and adopting the GOA (Global Outstanding Assessment) body structure technology. The GT trim was also revived with 5 PS (4 kW; 5 hp) extra power than the older AE101 GT and paired with 6-speed manual transmission. The last major update of Sprinter was announced in April 1998, the 2.0 2C-III diesel engine was replaced by a bigger 2.2 L 3C-E unit and also new 5-speed manual option for 1.3 4E-FE engine. The Sprinter sedan sales

4312-553: The smallest class of North American cars, but they had evolved into only slightly smaller versions of the 6-cylinder or V8-powered six-passenger sedan. They were much larger than compacts (and sometimes even mid-sizers) by European manufacturers, which were typically five-passenger four-cylinder engine cars. Nevertheless, advertising and road tests for the Ford Maverick and the Rambler American made comparisons with

4389-730: The starting point for both Mercedes' and Rolls-Royce's aircraft engines. Mercedes created a series of six-cylinder engines which culminated in the Mercedes D.III . Rolls-Royce reversed-engineered the Mercedes cylinder head design based on a racing car left in England at the beginning of the war, leading to the Rolls-Royce Eagle V12 engine. Other SOHC designs included the Spanish Hispano-Suiza 8 V8 engine (with

4466-596: The time, however Mitsubishi was the first to offer a five-valve-per-cylinder engine in the Minica Dangan ZZ-4 kei car in 1989. The sedan gained its first improvement in September 1991 with additional side door beams, rear three-point seat belts and seat belt warnings which became standard for all trims. The full-time four-wheel drive system option was also added for models with 1.6 L 4A-FE petrol and 2.0 L 2C-III diesel engines. The facelift occurred for

4543-842: The time, while the Datsun was an all-new vehicle. These vehicles were followed by the Hino Contessa in 1961, the Isuzu Bellett , Daihatsu Compagno and Mazda Familia in 1963, the Mitsubishi Colt in 1965, and the Nissan Sunny , Subaru 1000 , and Toyota Corolla in 1966. Honda introduced its first four-door sedan in 1969, called the Honda 1300 . In North America, these cars were classified as subcompact cars . By 1970, Nissan released its first front-wheel-drive car which

4620-447: The timing between each camshaft and the crankshaft. This affords better fuel economy by allowing a broader torque curve. Although each major manufacturer has their own trade name for their specific system of variable cam phasing systems, overall they are all classified as variable valve timing . The rotation of a camshaft is driven by a crankshaft . Many 21st century engines use a toothed timing belt made from rubber and kevlar to drive

4697-437: The top of the engine. Large aircraft engines— particularly air-cooled engines— experienced considerable thermal expansion, causing the height of the cylinder block to vary during operating conditions. This expansion caused difficulties for pushrod engines, so an overhead camshaft engine using a shaft drive with sliding spline was the easiest way to allow for this expansion. These bevel shafts were usually in an external tube outside

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4774-414: The valves directly via a bucket tappet . A DOHC design permits a wider angle between intake and exhaust valves than in SOHC engines, which improves the air-fuel mixture's flow through the engine. A further benefit is that the spark plug can be placed at the optimum location, which in turn improves combustion efficiency . Another newer benefit of DOHC engine design is the ability to independently change/phase

4851-399: The vehicle be able to maintain a maximum speed over 100 km/h (62 mph), weigh below 400 kg (882 lbs), fuel consumption at 30 km/L (85 mpg ‑imp ; 71 mpg ‑US ) or more, at an average speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) on a level road, and not require maintenance or significant service for at least 100,000 km (62,000 mi). This established

4928-489: The weight for the early models. The rear quarter window on the C-pillars was also revived, ostensibly to impart the Sprinter with a "sporty and youthful image". The E110 Sprinter became the basis of third generation Sprinter Carib , which was also exported to Europe with different face as Corolla wagon. The E100 Sprinter wagons continued for sale as commercial vehicles. In May 1996, the dual airbags and ABS safety package became standard for ever trim level. Eleven months later,

5005-401: Was ahead of its time when it was offered during this generation, coming with features like VVT , individual throttle bodies (ITB's), a compression ratio of 10.8:1 and a five-valve-per-cylinder head design. This helped the cars equipped with it to accelerate from 0–100 km/h in approximately 6 seconds and reach a top speed of over 200 km/h. A five-valve-per-cylinder engine was unusual for

5082-400: Was axed in December 2000 in favor of a twin of the E120 Corolla RunX hatchback called the Allex . The older E100 Sprinter commercial wagons continued on until July 2002. The Sprinter name was used as a sportier specification of the Corolla sedan in South Africa from E30 until E80 generation. The nameplate was later reused in 2006 (E110), 2010 (E140) and 2014 (E180). In Germany, the E20 coupe

5159-407: Was exported as the Corolla liftback) and a rebadged Corolla commercial van. The van was the first in the Sprinter history, although the Corolla also gained a passenger oriented wagon version as well. The Sprinter got more upmarket four-wheel drive wagon version called Sprinter Carib and exported as Corolla 4WD wagon. Like the older E80 series-based Chevrolet Nova , the E90 series was also used as

5236-546: Was introduced in June 1991. Unlike the prior generation, the body shell was developed to employ pressed doors style than the regular doors on Corolla and also the deletion of the extra windows on the C-pillar. A 5-door liftback was also developed as the new Sprinter Cielo, but it was never available in Japan due the low sales of the previous generation. The liftback was later exported to Europe and Australia as Corolla liftback. The rebadged Corolla commercial van and business wagon were also available in September 1991, sold together with

5313-431: Was introduced later in October. Another Sprinter range was added to the line up in August 1988, with the additional commercial van model. This model had exclusive 1.5 L 3E petrol engine and 1.8 L 1C-II diesel engine as option. The facelift arrived for Sprinter sedan and liftback in May 1989. The sedan also received 1.5 L fuel injected 5A-FE petrol engine from Cielo, 4A-FE from Sprinter Carib for AWD models and also

5390-512: Was marketed as the Corolla 1200 Sprinter. European market E100 Corolla liftback was sold in Australia as Corolla Sprinter. Compact car In Japan, small size passenger vehicle is a registration category that sits between kei cars and regular cars, based on overall size and engine displacement limits. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year (dated July 1996) includes definitions for classes of automobiles. Based on

5467-512: Was not available for the Sprinter. The 3K/3K-B engines were inherited from the previous generation, with additional high compression single carburettor 3K-D and low compression dual carburetors 3K-BR engines. A 1407 cc T engine was added to the line up in September 1970, followed by more powerful T-B/BR/D engines for sporty SL/SR models which could be paired with new 5-speed manual transmission option in April 1971. The 4-door sedan version of Sprinter debuted in August 1971, together with

5544-520: Was one of the first production cars to use an SOHC engine. During World War I, both the Allied and Central Powers ; specifically those of the German Empire 's Luftstreitkräfte air forces, sought to quickly apply the overhead camshaft technology of motor racing engines to military aircraft engines. The SOHC engine from the Mercedes 18/100 GP car (which won the 1914 French Grand Prix) became

5621-615: Was originally developed by Prince Motor Company which had merged with Nissan in 1966. This was introduced in 1970 as the Nissan Cherry . In 1972, the Honda Civic appeared with the CVCC engine that was able to meet California emission standards without the use of a catalytic converter . In Pakistan, the concept of compact cars is significant. The most common cars tend to be Kei cars . Popular compact cars in recent times are

5698-470: Was paired with either 4-speed manual (column or floor shift) or a 2-speed "Toyoglide" automatic transmission. The sporty SL trim was only available with floor shift manual transmission. In February 1969, minor facelift was introduced with new amber front turn signal, standard front 3-point seatbelt, headrest and interior improvement. Another improvement occurred in September 1969 with bigger 1166 cc 3K engine with output 68 PS (50 kW; 67 hp), while

5775-505: Was placed a little higher due the higher trunk position. The 3/5-door "FX" hatchbacks were not available for Sprinter. From this generation forward, the 2-door coupé and 3-door liftback body styles were now exclusive to the Sprinter Trueno/Corolla Levin range. In October 1984, a high performance GT model was added to the line up and only available as sedan. It was powered by a 1.6 L DOHC 16-valve 4A-GELU engine,

5852-472: Was the 1962 Glas 1004 compact coupe. Another camshaft drive method commonly used on modern engines is a timing chain , constructed from one or two rows of metal roller chains . By the early 1960s most production automobile overhead camshaft designs used chains to drive the camshaft(s). Timing chains do not usually require replacement at regular intervals, however the disadvantage is that they are noisier than timing belts. A gear train system between

5929-474: Was used in the 1920–1923 Leyland Eight luxury car built in the United Kingdom. A similar system was used in the 1926-1930 Bentley Speed Six and the 1930-1932 Bentley 8 Litre . A two-rod system with counterweights at both ends was used by many models of the 1958-1973 NSU Prinz . Among the first overhead camshaft engines were the 1902 Maudslay SOHC engine built in the United Kingdom and

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