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54-520: Between five and six million people use Tok Pisin to some degree, although not all speak it fluently. Many now learn it as a first language, in particular the children of parents or grandparents who originally spoke different languages (for example, a mother from Madang and a father from Rabaul ). Urban families in particular, and those of police and defence force members, often communicate among themselves in Tok Pisin, either never gaining fluency in

108-521: A cuscus possum, an antechinus , and Doria's tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus dorianus ). Four of these are endemic: the small marsupial black-tailed antechinus ( Murexechinus melanurus ), western shrew mouse , glacier rat , and alpine woolly rat . There are nearly 100 birds of which 28 are considered endemic or nearly so, including the vulnerable long-bearded honeyeater ( Melionyx princeps ), ribbon-tailed astrapia ( Astrapia mayeri ), and Macgregor's giant honeyeater , which although endangered generally

162-407: A tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ), with significant rainfall throughout the year and the temperature being hot year-round. The average annual high temperature is 30.6 °C (87.1 °F), while the average annual low temperature is 23.8 °C (74.8 °F). Temperatures remain consistent throughout the year, but there is variation between the month. February has

216-558: A large Leptomys , the eastern shrew mouse , and the lesser small-toothed rat . There are 55 bird species endemic to the mountains from a total of 348 birds found here. There are several endemic butterflies, particularly in the Weyland Mountains and the Wahgi Valley. Apart from the cultivated valleys, the montane forests are largely intact, although the logging industry is a constant threat as more and more access to

270-449: A local language ( tok ples ) or learning a local language as a second (or third) language, after Tok Pisin (and possibly English ). Over the decades, Tok Pisin has increasingly overtaken Hiri Motu as the dominant lingua franca among town-dwellers. Perhaps one million people now use Tok Pisin as a primary language. Tok Pisin is slowly "crowding out" other languages of Papua New Guinea . Tok originates from English talk , but has

324-637: A pidgin, drawing vocabulary primarily from English, but also from German , Malay , Portuguese and their own Austronesian languages (perhaps especially Kuanua , that of the Tolai people of East New Britain ). This English-based pidgin evolved into Tok Pisin in German New Guinea (where the German-based creole Unserdeutsch was also spoken). It became a widely used lingua franca and language of interaction between rulers and ruled, and among

378-417: A prefix. Although the word is thought to be derived from "he" or "is", it is not itself a pronoun or a verb but a grammatical marker used in particular constructions, e.g., Kar i tambu long hia is "car forbidden here", i.e., "no parking". Past tense: marked by bin (< Eng. been ): Continuative same tense is expressed through: verb + i stap . Completive or perfective aspect expressed through

432-399: A sawmill, hospital and other facilities, (including an ox-drawn railway to Stephansort) various ventures, such as the coffee plantations and atap palm processing proved economically ruinous, due to malaria and inclement climate. From 1895 and 1896 several German warships were stationed here for a survey of surrounding waters, during which time a total of 295 men came down with malaria. In 1899

486-469: A sustained campaign to retake the Finisterre Range and Madang. The town was captured on April 24, 1944, but during the fighting and occupation it was virtually destroyed and had to be rebuilt afterwards. Madang is viewed by many in the country as being safer and more pleasant for expatriates than the larger cities of Lae and Port Moresby . Because of this, some NGOs have chosen Madang as

540-564: A wider application, also meaning 'word, speech, language'. Pisin derives from the English word pidgin ; the latter, in turn, may originate in the word business , which is descriptive of the typical development and use of pidgins as inter-ethnic trade languages. While Tok Pisin's name in the language is Tok Pisin , it is also called "New Guinea Pidgin" in English. Papua New Guinean anglophones often refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin" when speaking English. This usage of "Pidgin" differs from

594-621: Is liklik "little". It is also found on numerals and determiners: Pronouns show person , number , and clusivity . The paradigm varies depending on the local languages; dual number is common, while the trial is less so. The largest Tok Pisin pronoun inventory is, Reduplication is very common in Tok Pisin. Sometimes it is used as a method of derivation; sometimes words just have it. Some words are distinguished only by reduplication: sip "ship", sipsip "sheep". There are only two proper prepositions : Some phrases are used as prepositions, such as ' long namel (bilong)' , "in

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648-410: Is also known as a "mixed" language. This means that it consists of characteristics of different languages. Tok Pisin obtained most of its vocabulary from the English language (i.e., English is its lexifier ). The origin of the syntax is a matter of debate. Edward Wolfers claimed that the syntax is from the substratum languages—the languages of the local peoples. Derek Bickerton 's analysis of creoles, on

702-480: Is indicated by the separate words bai Future (< Eng. by and by ) and bin (past) (< Eng. been ). The present progressive tense is indicated by the word stap  – e.g. Hem kaikai stap "He is eating". The noun does not indicate number, though pronouns do. Adjectives usually take the suffix -pela (now often pronounced -pla , though more so for pronouns, and -pela for adjectives; from "fellow") when modifying nouns; an exception

756-578: Is moderately distinct from that of New Ireland and East New Britain but is much closer to that than it is to the Pijin spoken in the rest of the Solomon Islands. There are 4 sociolects of Tok Pisin: The Tok Pisin alphabet contains 21 letters , five of which are vowels , and four digraphs . The letters are (vowels in bold): Three of the digraphs ( ⟨ai⟩ , ⟨au⟩ , and ⟨oi⟩ ) denote diphthongs while

810-418: Is the capital of Madang Province and is a town with a population of 27,420 (in 2005) on the north coast of Papua New Guinea . Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai was probably the first European to visit the area. In 1871 he stayed at Astrolabe Bay south of present-day Madang for 15 months. He had a good relationship with the local communities before leaving, suffering from malaria . In April 1884 an expedition by

864-627: Is the main language in the education system, some schools use Tok Pisin in the first three years of elementary education to promote early literacy. There are considerable variations in vocabulary and grammar in various parts of Papua New Guinea, with distinct dialects in the New Guinea Highlands , the north coast of Papua New Guinea, and islands outside of New Guinea. For example, Pidgin speakers from Finschhafen speak rather quickly and often have difficulty making themselves understood elsewhere. The variant spoken on Bougainville and Buka

918-571: Is to be contrasted with Hiri Motu , the lingua franca of Papua , which was derived not from English but from Motu , the vernacular of the indigenous people of the Port Moresby area. Along with English and Hiri Motu , Tok Pisin is one of the three official languages of Papua New Guinea. It is frequently the language of debate in the national parliament . Most government documents are produced in English, but public information campaigns are often partially or entirely in Tok Pisin. While English

972-571: The Australian Plate collides with the plates to the northeast, marking the southern boundaries of the Maoke and Woodlark plates. The width of the mountain range varies considerably, with a central thin segment near the borders of the two nations. The surface geology of the highlands is made up of metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The metamorphic rocks were Cretaceous and Eocene ocean sediments that were uplifted and folded between

1026-506: The German New Guinea Company led by Otto Finsch and Eduard Dallmann arrived and named the landing point "Friedrich Wilhelmshafen"; however, they felt that the area was unsuitable for a settlement. A subsequent survey in 1888 mentioned good soil conditions that would make a coffee plantation possible. In the summer of 1891 a station was built and by September 1892 was the seat of the provincial administration; however,

1080-989: The Owen Stanley Range in the southeast, whose highest peak is Mount Victoria at 4,038 metres (13,248 feet), the Albert Victor Mountains, the Sir Arthur Gordon Range, and the Bismarck Range , whose highest peak is Mount Wilhelm at 4,509 metres (14,793 feet), which is an extinct volcano with a crater lake; the Star Mountains on the Papua New Guinea – Indonesia border; and the Maoke Mountains or Snow Range in Indonesia, where perpetual snow

1134-531: The 90 mammals found on the island, 44 are endemic, a very high proportion. The birds and animals include many Australasian species such as tree-kangaroos , bowerbirds , Australasian robins , honeyeaters , and birds of paradise. Four of the endemic mammals are critically endangered: the Bulmer's fruit bat , with only tiny communities remaining in the Papua New Guinea end of the island, and three rodents;

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1188-517: The Australian mainland. The culture of inter-tribal warfare and animosity between the neighboring tribes have long been present in the Highlands. The New Guinea Highlands are home to a great variety of Australasian plant and animal communities, distinct from the surrounding lowlands to the north and south of the central ranges and varying up and along the mountain ranges. The habitats of

1242-557: The Eocene and early Miocene periods. There are also Pleistocene stratovolcanoes in the highlands, including Mount Hagen and Mount Giluwe . The fertile Highlands have long been inhabited and artifacts uncovered in the Ivane Valley indicate that the Highlands were first settled about 50,000 years ago. The inhabitants were nomadic foragers but around 10,000 years ago began developing a fairly advanced agricultural society. Before

1296-542: The Imperial Government Commissioner remained at Stephansort, some 23 kilometers away due to concerns about malaria. The name of "Madang" was used by Papuan natives who had accompanied the German administrators after their home island and only became the official name of the settlement towards the end of the German administration. Although the settlement was expanded from 1893-1894 with warehouses,

1350-877: The Indonesian border including Telefomin and Strickland Gorge ; the Hunstein Range ; Mount Giluwe , a major birdwatching area for birds-of-paradise ; the volcanic limestone Kubor Range ; the Bismarck Range/Mount Wilhelm/ Schrader Range /Mount Gahavisuka , of which Mount Wilhelm is particularly rich in endemic species; and finally the Crater Mountain and Mount Michael in the Eastern Highlands. The montane rain forests (from 1,000 to 3,000m) can be further categorised into three broad vegetation zones on

1404-556: The PNG Highlands include the Western Highlands capital and PNG's 3rd largest city Mount Hagen (near the extinct Mount Hagen (volcano) ), the Eastern Highlands capital and former colonial town of Goroka , and the mining town of Tabubil . The climate is humid as you would expect of the tropical rainforested island of New Guinea, but the higher mountain slopes are of course cooler than the lowlands. The Highlands are

1458-708: The Tok Pisin language are derived from English (with Australian influences), indigenous Melanesian languages, and German (part of the country was under German rule until 1919). Some examples: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Tok Pisin: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Madang Madang (old German name: Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen )

1512-601: The Wahgi Valley and Mount Hagen , and Richard Archbold in the 1930s. It was found that the highland valleys explored in the 1930s were inhabited by over a million people. During World War II , the eastern highlands saw the Kokoda Track campaign in which Australian and New Zealand soldiers, along with native guides who were pressed into service, fought and ultimately stopped the Japanese from advancing south towards Port Moresby and, ultimately, northern Queensland on

1566-522: The capital of the New Guinea Company was transferred to Herbertshöhe on the island of New Pomerania (now New Britain ). Following World War I , the area was turned over to Australia as part of the League of Nations mandated Territory of New Guinea . The Imperial Japanese Army captured Madang without a fight during World War II in 1942. In September 1943, Australian forces launched

1620-506: The fourth, ⟨ng⟩ , is used for both /ŋ/ and /ŋɡ/ . Tok Pisin has a smaller number of phonemes than its lexifier language, English . It has around 24 core phonemes: 5 vowels and around 19 consonants . However, this varies with the local substrate languages and the level of education of the speaker. More educated speakers, and/or those where the substrate language(s) have larger phoneme inventories, may have as many as 10 distinct vowels. Nasal plus plosive offsets lose

1674-450: The high mountain forest extends from 2,500 to 3,000 metres in elevation. Conifers ( Podocarpus , Dacrycarpus , Dacrydium , Papuacedrus , Araucaria , and Libocedrus ) and broadleaf trees of the myrtle family ( Myrtaceae ) form a thin canopy, with a prominent understory. The montane forests are home to a rich wildlife, a great deal of which is unique to these mountains including many plants, reptiles, and over 100 birds and animals. Of

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1728-399: The highest average high at 31.2 °C (88.2 °F). Multiple months have the highest average low at 23.9 °C (75.0 °F). July and August has the lowest average high at 30.2 °C (86.4 °F). July has the lowest average low at 23.4 °C (74.1 °F). Madang receives 3,106.8 millimetres (122.31 in) of rain over 224 precipitation days, with abundant rainfall throughout

1782-623: The introduction of the sweet potato , the Highlands had distinct forms of division of labor . In the Eastern Highlands the economy was mixed, with men hunting and cultivating, and women gathering and tending crops. Populations were small, dispersed, and focused on immediate consumption. In the Western Highlands , women were focused on producing large amounts of taro , while men abandoned hunting and were instead focused on animal husbandry and trading. The introduction of

1836-644: The length of the island, which is divided politically between Indonesia in the west and Papua New Guinea in the east. These mountains stretch from the Weyland Mountains starting in Wondama Bay Regency in the west to the Milne Bay Province in the east. The Central Cordillera, some peaks of which are capped with ice , consists of (from east to west): the Central Highlands and Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea including

1890-530: The location of their main offices in country. CUSO (a Canadian NGO) and VSO (a British NGO) both have their headquarters in Madang. Save the Children , WWF , and World Vision are also present with branch offices in Madang. As a consequence Madang has a larger number of expatriates working and living in the town than its small population would suggest. Like other parts of Papua New Guinea, Madang has

1944-400: The middle of". Several of these features derive from the common grammatical norms of Austronesian languages – although usually in a simplified form. Other features, such as word order , are however closer to English. Sentences which have a 3rd person subject often put the word i immediately before the verb. This may or may not be written separate from the verb, occasionally written as

1998-514: The mountains have been separated into two ecoregions , depending on their elevation, the tropical montane forests and alpine grasslands, but within these broad bands there is a variety of wildlife along the island as some of the mountains stand quite a distance from others with some species of plant or animal existing on only one or two mountains. Particular centres of plant diversity are the Star Mountains area of western Papua New Guinea near

2052-515: The mountains have traditional tribal village communities in the grassy mountain valleys. The PNG highland provinces are Eastern Highlands Province ; Simbu Province (or Chimbu) whose centre is the small coffee-growing town of Kundiawa on the Wahgi River near Mount Wilhelm; Jiwaka Province ; the Western Highlands ; the rugged Enga Province the home of the Enga people with its administration in

2106-671: The mountains is achieved by road building. 20% of this ecoregion is contained within protected areas, mostly in the Indonesian half of the island, including the largest protected area in Southeast Asia , the huge Lorentz National Park in the highlands, a section of which is a montane forest ecosystem. Above 3,000 metres elevation, the high mountain forest transitions to remote sub-alpine habitats including alpine meadows, conifer forest, tree-fern ( Cyathea ) grasslands, bogs, and shrubby heaths of Rhododendron , Vaccinium , Coprosma , Rapanea , and Saurauia all quite different from

2160-438: The mountains, distinguished by elevation. The lower montane forests extend from 1,000 to 1,500 metres elevation. They are dominated by broadleaf evergreen trees, including Castanopsis acuminatissima , Lithocarpus spp., elaeocarps , and laurels . Coniferous Araucarias may form thick stands. The upper montane forests, which extend from 1,500 to 2,500 metres in elevation, are dominated by moss-covered Nothofagus . Finally,

2214-486: The other hand, claims that the syntax of creoles is imposed on the grammarless pidgin by its first native speakers: the children who grow up exposed to only a pidgin rather than a more developed language such as one of the local languages or English. In this analysis, the original syntax of creoles is in some sense the default grammar humans are born with. Pidgins are less elaborated than non-Pidgin languages. Their typical characteristics found in Tok Pisin are: Many words in

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2268-597: The others. New Guinea Highlands The New Guinea Highlands , also known as the Central Range or Central Cordillera , is a long chain of mountain ranges on the island of New Guinea , including the island's highest peak, Puncak Jaya , Indonesia , 16,024 ft (4,884 m), the highest mountain in Oceania . The range is home to many intermountain river valleys , many of which support thriving agricultural communities. The highlands run generally east-west

2322-445: The plosive element in Tok Pisin e.g. English hand becomes Tok Pisin han . Furthermore, voiced plosives become voiceless at the ends of words , so that English pig is rendered as pik in Tok Pisin. Tok Pisin has five pure vowels : The verb has a suffix, -im (< Eng. him ) to indicate transitivity ( luk , "look"; lukim , "see"). But some verbs, such as kaikai "eat", can be transitive without it. Tense

2376-619: The ruled themselves who did not share a common vernacular. Tok Pisin and the closely related Bislama in Vanuatu and Pijin in the Solomon Islands , which developed in parallel, have traditionally been treated as varieties of a single Melanesian Pidgin English or "Neo-Melanesian" language. The flourishing of the mainly English-based Tok Pisin in German New Guinea (despite the language of the metropolitan power being German)

2430-705: The source of several important rivers including the Sepik River and Ramu River in the north and the Fly River in the south, and lakes including Lake Kutubu , near which oil has been extracted since 1992 by Chevron . Mining is also very active in the region to the detriment of indigenous groups, with frequent friction. List of highest peaks in New Guinea Highlands by elevation. List of rivers in New Guinea Highlands by length. This chain of mountains continues to rise (with corresponding quakes) as

2484-573: The sweet potato had a significant impact on animal husbandry in the area. As it could be used as pig fodder without the need for cooking, societies that adopted this new staple food were able to rapidly amass pigs. These pigs were then traded with surrounding societies, becoming the centerpiece of early economies in the area. The Highlands were not settled by the Western powers during the early colonial period and they were first visited by western zoologists and explorers, such as Mick Leahy , who opened

2538-648: The term pidgin (language) as used in linguistics. Tok Pisin is not a pidgin in the latter sense, since it has become a first language for many people (rather than simply a lingua franca to facilitate communication with speakers of other languages). As such, it is considered a creole in linguistic terminology. The Tok Pisin language is a result of Pacific Islanders intermixing, when people speaking numerous different languages were sent to work on plantations in Queensland and various islands (see South Sea Islander and blackbirding ). The labourers began to develop

2592-432: The tropical rain forest that covers most of New Guinea. The alpine habitat above 4,000 metres consists of compact rosette plants and cushion herbs, such as Ranunculus , Potentilla , Gentiana , and Epilobium , grasses ( Poa and Deschampsia ), bryophytes , and lichens . While there are several endemic plants there are few animals on the higher slopes, with only nine mammals found here: four rodents, two bats,

2646-508: The very small town of Wabag on the Lai River , and containing the large Porgera Gold Mine ; Hela Province ; Southern Highlands Province , with its centre in the small town and airport of Mendi , and containing the Huli wigmen area around the town of Tari ; and parts of West Sepik Province and Western Province . The Highlands Highway connects many of these towns. Larger urban areas in

2700-421: The widespread coconut palm plantations on the coast and cardamum is grown in Madang. The Kulili plantation is the second largest of Kar Kar Island 's twelve plantations with its more than a thousand coconut palms and cocoa trees. 70% of the cocoa and 50% of the copra produced in Madang province comes from Kar Kar . In Madang province 173 regional languages are spoken, some of them being extremely different from

2754-464: The word pinis (< Eng. finish ): Transitive words are expressed through -im (< Eng. him ): Future is expressed through the word " bai " (< Eng. by and by ): Tok Pisin is a language that developed out of regional dialects of the languages of the local inhabitants and English, brought into the country when English speakers arrived. There were four phases in the development of Tok Pisin that were laid out by Loreto Todd. Tok Pisin

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2808-410: The year but a wetter and drier season. April, the wettest month, receives 389.4 millimetres (15.33 in) of rainfall over 23 precipitation days on average. September receives the least rainfall of any month, receiving 82.6 millimetres (3.25 in) of rainfall over 11 precipitation days. Madang receives 2184 hours of sunshine annually on average, with the sunshine being distributed fairly evenly across

2862-479: The year, with a noticeable dip in the wetter months. September receives the most sunshine, while March receives the least. Madang is the home of Divine Word University . Madang Museum is a small museum that features natural science and ethnographic objects from the local area and East Sepik Province more widely. It shares a building with Madang Visitors and Cultural Bureau. Industry and farming are growing constantly in importance, especially for export. There are

2916-508: Was found by H. A. Lorentz in 1909 at 4,461 m (14,635 ft), and whose highest peaks are Puncak Jaya (Mt. Carstensz) at 4,884 m (16,024 feet), Puncak Mandala (Mt. Juliana) at 4,760 m (15,610 ft) and Puncak Trikora (Mt. Wilhelmina) at 4,750 m (15,580 ft). Although some valleys such as the Waghi Valley in the Western Highlands , Papua New Guinea are heavily cultivated and support urban settlements most of

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