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62-527: Port Moresby ( / ˈ m ɔːr z b i / ; Tok Pisin : Pot Mosbi ), also referred to as Pom City or simply Moresby , is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea . It is one of the largest cities in the southwestern Pacific (along with Jayapura ) outside of Australia and New Zealand. It is located on the shores of the Gulf of Papua , on the south-western coast of the Papuan Peninsula of

124-624: A primate city . As of the 2011 census, Port Moresby had 364,145 inhabitants. An unofficial 2020 estimate gives the population as 383,000. The place where the city was founded has been inhabited by the Motu-Koitabu people for centuries. The first Briton to see it was Royal Navy Captain John Moresby in 1873. It was named in honour of his father, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Fairfax Moresby . Although Port Moresby

186-680: A city." Article 22 of the Treaty of Versailles provided for the division of Germany and the Central Powers ' imperial possessions among the victorious Allies of World War I and German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru were assigned to Australia as League of Nations Mandates : territories "formerly governed [by the Central Powers] and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under

248-462: A first language, in particular the children of parents or grandparents who originally spoke different languages (for example, a mother from Madang and a father from Rabaul ). Urban families in particular, and those of police and defence force members, often communicate among themselves in Tok Pisin, either never gaining fluency in a local language ( tok ples ) or learning a local language as

310-637: A pidgin, drawing vocabulary primarily from English, but also from German , Malay , Portuguese and their own Austronesian languages (perhaps especially Kuanua , that of the Tolai people of East New Britain ). This English-based pidgin evolved into Tok Pisin in German New Guinea (where the German-based creole Unserdeutsch was also spoken). It became a widely used lingua franca and language of interaction between rulers and ruled, and among

372-417: A prefix. Although the word is thought to be derived from "he" or "is", it is not itself a pronoun or a verb but a grammatical marker used in particular constructions, e.g., Kar i tambu long hia is "car forbidden here", i.e., "no parking". Past tense: marked by bin (< Eng. been ): Continuative same tense is expressed through: verb + i stap . Completive or perfective aspect expressed through

434-572: A public service, and a system of local government. The House of Assembly replaced the Legislative Council in 1963, and the first House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea opened on 8 June 1964. In 1963, the population was approximately two million, of which about 25,000 were non-indigenous. The economy was based on cash crops including coffee , cocoa , and copra as well as timber mills, wharves and factories. Difficult terrain rendered communication between districts difficult and there

496-471: A second (or third) language, after Tok Pisin (and possibly English ). Over the decades, Tok Pisin has increasingly overtaken Hiri Motu as the dominant lingua franca among town-dwellers. Perhaps one million people now use Tok Pisin as a primary language. Tok Pisin is slowly "crowding out" other languages of Papua New Guinea . Tok originates from English talk , but has a wider application, also meaning 'word, speech, language'. Pisin derives from

558-566: A single Australian administration though several laws remained in two territories and remain so, which can be complicating with provinces sitting on two sides of the otherwise extinct boundary. Port Moresby became the capital of the new combined territory and a focal point for the expansion of public services. Port Moresby was granted city status in 1972, with Oala Oala-Rarua becoming the first Lord Mayor. In September 1975, Papua New Guinea became an independent country with Port Moresby as its capital city. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales , represented

620-623: Is liklik "little". It is also found on numerals and determiners: Pronouns show person , number , and clusivity . The paradigm varies depending on the local languages; dual number is common, while the trial is less so. The largest Tok Pisin pronoun inventory is, Reduplication is very common in Tok Pisin. Sometimes it is used as a method of derivation; sometimes words just have it. Some words are distinguished only by reduplication: sip "ship", sipsip "sheep". There are only two proper prepositions : Some phrases are used as prepositions, such as ' long namel (bilong)' , "in

682-466: Is also known as a "mixed" language. This means that it consists of characteristics of different languages. Tok Pisin obtained most of its vocabulary from the English language (i.e., English is its lexifier ). The origin of the syntax is a matter of debate. Edward Wolfers claimed that the syntax is from the substratum languages—the languages of the local peoples. Derek Bickerton 's analysis of creoles, on

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744-480: Is indicated by the separate words bai Future (< Eng. by and by ) and bin (past) (< Eng. been ). The present progressive tense is indicated by the word stap  – e.g. Hem kaikai stap "He is eating". The noun does not indicate number, though pronouns do. Adjectives usually take the suffix -pela (now often pronounced -pla , though more so for pronouns, and -pela for adjectives; from "fellow") when modifying nouns; an exception

806-579: Is moderately distinct from that of New Ireland and East New Britain but is much closer to that than it is to the Pijin spoken in the rest of the Solomon Islands. There are 4 sociolects of Tok Pisin: The Tok Pisin alphabet contains 21 letters , five of which are vowels , and four digraphs . The letters are (vowels in bold): Three of the digraphs ( ⟨ai⟩ , ⟨au⟩ , and ⟨oi⟩ ) denote diphthongs while

868-599: Is rich in natural resources, which account for two thirds of its export earnings. Though PNG is filled with resources, the lack of development led foreign countries to take over some sites. Continuing foreign demand for PNG's resources led the United States to set up an oil company that began to export in 2004. This was the largest project in PNG's history. The project increased the potential to triple PNG's export revenue. Papua New Guinea gained much assistance from Australia and

930-513: Is served within the city by buses and privately owned taxis. Flights are vital for transport about the country, highways not being widely available. Port Moresby is served by Jacksons International Airport , the biggest international airport and Papua New Guinea Defence Force Air Wing base in the country. As the national highway system is not fully linked, there are many internal flights to other towns, such as Lae and Madang , which have no direct road connection to Port Moresby. Papua New Guinea

992-715: Is surrounded by Central Province , of which it is also the capital, it is not part of that province but forms the National Capital District . The traditional landowners, the Motu and Koitabu people, are represented by the Motu Koita Assembly . Port Moresby hosted the APEC summit in November 2018. However, there were concerns about security given the capital's reputation for violent crime. Prior to

1054-627: Is the main language in the education system, some schools use Tok Pisin in the first three years of elementary education to promote early literacy. There are considerable variations in vocabulary and grammar in various parts of Papua New Guinea, with distinct dialects in the New Guinea Highlands , the north coast of Papua New Guinea, and islands outside of New Guinea. For example, Pidgin speakers from Finschhafen speak rather quickly and often have difficulty making themselves understood elsewhere. The variant spoken on Bougainville and Buka

1116-708: Is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Papua New Guinea . Its headquarters is in Port Moresby. Cricket PNG is Papua New Guinea's representative at the International Cricket Council and is an associate member and has been a member of that body since 1973. It is also a member of the East Asia-Pacific Cricket Council . The city hosted the 2017 FIBA Melanesia Basketball Cup , where

1178-571: Is to be contrasted with Hiri Motu , the lingua franca of Papua , which was derived not from English but from Motu , the vernacular of the indigenous people of the Port Moresby area. Along with English and Hiri Motu , Tok Pisin is one of the three official languages of Papua New Guinea. It is frequently the language of debate in the national parliament . Most government documents are produced in English, but public information campaigns are often partially or entirely in Tok Pisin. While English

1240-912: The Administrative Union of the Territory of Papua and the Territory of New Guinea , was established by an administrative union between the Australian-administered territories of Papua and New Guinea (the latter being a United Nations trust territory administered by Australia) in 1949. In December 1971, the name of the Territory changed to "Papua New Guinea" and in 1975 it became the Independent State of Papua New Guinea . Archeological evidence suggests that humans arrived on New Guinea around 50,000 years ago. These Melanesian people developed stone tools and agriculture. Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in

1302-656: The Papua New Guinea national basketball team won the gold medal. The city is home to the Port Moresby Vipers rugby league team who play in the Papua New Guinea National Rugby League . The National football stadium is also home to the PNG Hunters , a rugby league team that compete in the majority Australian Queensland Cup . The 2015 Pacific Games was held in Port Moresby from 4 to 18 July 2015. In September 2009,

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1364-597: The Queen of Papua New Guinea at the celebrations. New government, intellectual and cultural buildings were constructed in the suburb of Waigani to supplement and replace those of downtown Port Moresby. They included those for government departments, including a National Parliament Building, which was opened in 1984 by Prince Charles and blends traditional design with modern building technology. The Papua New Guinea National Museum and National Library are in Waigani . A mansion

1426-471: The Territory of Papua and the Territory of New Guinea as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. The Act formally approved the placing of New Guinea under the international trusteeship system and confirmed the administrative union of New Guinea and Papua under the title of The Territory of Papua and New Guinea. It also provided for a Legislative Council (which was established in 1951), a judicial system,

1488-443: The dry season covers the remaining six months. This is due to the south easterly trade winds running parallel to the coast, and the city being surrounded by high mountains. The average high temperatures range from 28 to 32 °C (82.4 to 89.6 °F) depending on time of year, while the average low temperature shows very little seasonal variation, hovering around the 23 °C (73.4 °F) mark. It tends to be slightly cooler in

1550-522: The "Pineapple Building") and the Central Government Offices. However, widespread restoration rather than demolition of long-disused office buildings has been highly active since the first decade of the 21st century. The legislative building before independence and the first parliament building is long-gone but the old court house in town Port Moresby remains, bearing its pre-independence label with its previous title. The population of

1612-622: The 1950s. It is an International Education Agency school and is the premier international high school in Port Moresby. It enrolls nearly 1000 students from Grades 7 to 12. Port Moresby Japanese Language School (ポート・モレスビー補習授業校 Pōto Moresubī Hoshū Jugyō Kō ) was a supplementary Japanese school in the city. It closed in August 2009. Port Moresby is twinned with: Tok Pisin Between five and six million people use Tok Pisin to some degree, although not all speak it fluently. Many now learn it as

1674-410: The 2015 South Pacific Games, and further development took place in preparation for the 2016 FIFA Under-20 Women's World Cup. Air Niugini , the national airline of Papua New Guinea, and Airlines PNG , the second biggest airline in the country, have their head offices on the grounds of Jacksons International Airport . The 1969 South Pacific Games , held from 13 to 23 August 1969 at Port Moresby, were

1736-427: The English word pidgin ; the latter, in turn, may originate in the word business , which is descriptive of the typical development and use of pidgins as inter-ethnic trade languages. While Tok Pisin's name in the language is Tok Pisin , it is also called "New Guinea Pidgin" in English. Papua New Guinean anglophones often refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin" when speaking English. This usage of "Pidgin" differs from

1798-830: The Intrust Super Cup which is the Queensland NRL tournament. The National Football Stadium features a permanent main grandstand with seating for 3,000 including a roof and corporate facilities while temporary stands around the ground boost the seating capacity. There are also lights and a video screen. The International Education Agency provides private education via six international schools; Korobosea International School, Boroko International School, Ela Murray International School, Gordon International School, Port Moresby International School and IEA TAFE college. There are approximately three hundred staff. The Port Moresby International School (POMIS) has been operating since

1860-739: The Japanese 18th Army based in New Guinea until the Japanese surrender in 1945. Following the Surrender of Japan in 1945, civil administration of Papua and New Guinea was restored, and under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act (1945–46), Papua and New Guinea were combined in an administrative union. The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 united, for administrative purposes only,

1922-825: The Pacific Games Council, at its meeting coinciding with the 2009 Pacific Mini Games , elected Port Moresby as the host of the 2015 Games. The final vote was 25–22 in favour of Port Moresby over Tonga to host. The 2015 Pacific Games involved 24 countries from the Pacific regions competing in 28 sports events, including: basketball , soccer , touch rugby , table tennis , weightlifting, triathlon , swimming, cricket, squash , shooting, sailing, va'a , rugby 7s, powerlifting, rugby league 9s, volleyball , beach volleyball , athletics, hockey , netball , karate , lawn bowls, bodybuilding, boxing, softball , taekwondo , golf , and canoeing. Papua New Guinea ranked first with

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1984-559: The Port Moresby area expanded rapidly after independence. In 1980, the census return registered a population of 120,000; by 1990, this had increased to 195,000. Moresby has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw ) with relatively constant temperatures throughout the year. Port Moresby's average yearly rainfall is 898.8 millimetres or 35.39 inches, making it the driest place in New Guinea. The wet season starts in December and ends in May;

2046-723: The South Pacific entered New Guinea waters in the early part of the 16th century and in 1526–27, Jorge de Menezes came upon the principal island "Papua". In 1545, the Spaniard Iñigo Ortiz de Retes gave the island the name "New Guinea" because of what he saw as a resemblance between the islands' inhabitants and those found on the African Guinea coast. Knowledge of the interior of the island remained scant for several centuries after these initial European encounters. In 1884, Germany formally took possession of

2108-727: The Tok Pisin language are derived from English (with Australian influences), indigenous Melanesian languages, and German (part of the country was under German rule until 1919). Some examples: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Tok Pisin: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Territory of Papua and New Guinea The Territory of Papua and New Guinea , officially

2170-595: The arrival of Europeans to the region, it was inhabited by the Motu-Koitabu . The Motu were originally coastal dwellers, while the Koitabu lived more inland. There was significant intermarriage between these two groups. They were organized into units called iduhu , which are somewhat similar to clans. In 1883, Queensland attempted to annex the south-eastern corner of the New Guinea Island (subsequently known as Papua), fearing that Germany would take control of

2232-622: The campaign against approximately 7,000 Australian and 7,000 American service personnel. Major battles included the Battle of Kokoda Trail , Battle of Buna-Gona and Battle of Milne Bay . The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces. Bitter fighting continued in New Guinea between the Allies and

2294-453: The city during the dry season. Port Moresby is the single district of the National Capital District , which contains three Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units. The National Capital District machinery of government also incorporates the Motu Koita Assembly , established by an act of parliament to represent

2356-607: The commercial heart of Port Moresby, is very idle, with many former shopping buildings now empty; the west is full of high rises, shopping centres and affluent housing. Other neighbourhoods of Port Moresby include Koki , with its popular fresh produce market, Newtown , Konedobu , Kaevaga , Badili , Gabutu , Kila Kila , Matirogo , Three Mile, Kaugere , Sabama , Korobosea , Four Mile, Hohola , Hohola North , Boroko , Gordons , Gordons North , Erima , Saraga , Waigani , Morata and Gerehu . Villages within Port Moresby include: Al Jazeera describes Port Moresby as "one of

2418-607: The entire eastern half of the island. British authorities refused to approve the annexation following the German annexation of New Guinea in 1884, but four years later it established a protectorate over Papua as British New Guinea . In 1905, the recently federated Australian government passed the Papua Act which came into effect in 1906. The act transferred Papua, with Port Moresby as its capital, to direct Australian rule. From then until 1941 Port Moresby grew slowly. The main growth

2480-508: The fourth, ⟨ng⟩ , is used for both /ŋ/ and /ŋɡ/ . Tok Pisin has a smaller number of phonemes than its lexifier language, English . It has around 24 core phonemes: 5 vowels and around 19 consonants . However, this varies with the local substrate languages and the level of education of the speaker. More educated speakers, and/or those where the substrate language(s) have larger phoneme inventories, may have as many as 10 distinct vowels. Nasal plus plosive offsets lose

2542-625: The island of New Guinea . The city emerged as a trade centre in the second half of the 19th century. During World War II , it was a prime objective for conquest by the Imperial Japanese forces during 1942–43 as a staging point and air base to cut off Australia from Southeast Asia and the Americas . Due to its population and outsized influence compared to other cities in Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby may be regarded as

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2604-458: The main business area, known locally as "Town". Since the 1990s the original town centre has ceased to have restaurants and night life, though it is very successful and prosperous-looking as an office centre. The affluent housing region north of downtown along and up from the coast remains so, though there are now few modest residential houses, most of which are replaced with substantial mansions and apartment buildings. The suburb of Boroko, once

2666-401: The middle of". Several of these features derive from the common grammatical norms of Austronesian languages – although usually in a simplified form. Other features, such as word order , are however closer to English. Sentences which have a 3rd person subject often put the word i immediately before the verb. This may or may not be written separate from the verb, occasionally written as

2728-462: The most dangerous cities in the world". ABC Australia reports that "many homes have big fences covered in metal sheeting, locked gates and internal steel security doors." Travel by foot is not recommended in and about the city and suburbs due to continuing breakdown in law and order. The UN Global Compact Cities Programme, using a method called Circles of Sustainability , has assessed the urban security of Port Moresby as 'critical'. Port Moresby

2790-497: The most medals followed by New Caledonia and Tahiti . The opening ceremony took place on 4 July 2015 involving various traditional dances. The closing ceremony involved singers such as J Boog, Fiji, O-Shen and George Mamua Telek. The venue has hosted the PNG national side since 1975 and has previously hosted Rugby League World Cup matches in 1986 and 1990. It is also home of the Hunters, the local Papua New Guinea team who play in

2852-501: The name of the territory was changed to Papua New Guinea. Under Australian Minister for External Territories Andrew Peacock , the territory adopted self-government in 1972. 1972 elections saw the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare , who pledged to lead PNG to self-government and then to independence. Following the passage of the Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975 , during

2914-660: The neighbouring islands of the Bismarck Archipelago for the Allies in 1914, during the early stages of the First World War . At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference following the war, Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes sought to secure possession of New Guinea from the defeated German Empire: telling the Conference: "Strategically the northern islands (such as New Guinea) encompass Australia like fortresses. They are as necessary to Australia as water to

2976-622: The northeast quarter of the island and it became known as German New Guinea . In 1884, a British protectorate was proclaimed over Papua – the southern coast of New Guinea. The protectorate, called British New Guinea , was annexed outright on 4 September 1888 and possession passed to the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia in 1902 and British New Guinea became the Australian Territory of Papua , with Australian administration beginning in 1906. The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force seized German New Guinea and

3038-486: The other hand, claims that the syntax of creoles is imposed on the grammarless pidgin by its first native speakers: the children who grow up exposed to only a pidgin rather than a more developed language such as one of the local languages or English. In this analysis, the original syntax of creoles is in some sense the default grammar humans are born with. Pidgins are less elaborated than non-Pidgin languages. Their typical characteristics found in Tok Pisin are: Many words in

3100-445: The plosive element in Tok Pisin e.g. English hand becomes Tok Pisin han . Furthermore, voiced plosives become voiceless at the ends of words , so that English pig is rendered as pik in Tok Pisin. Tok Pisin has five pure vowels : The verb has a suffix, -im (< Eng. him ) to indicate transitivity ( luk , "look"; lukim , "see"). But some verbs, such as kaikai "eat", can be transitive without it. Tense

3162-619: The ruled themselves who did not share a common vernacular. Tok Pisin and the closely related Bislama in Vanuatu and Pijin in the Solomon Islands , which developed in parallel, have traditionally been treated as varieties of a single Melanesian Pidgin English or "Neo-Melanesian" language. The flourishing of the mainly English-based Tok Pisin in German New Guinea (despite the language of the metropolitan power being German)

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3224-536: The strenuous conditions of the modern world". Shortly after the start of the Pacific War , the island of New Guinea was invaded by the Japanese. Most of West Papua , at that time known as Dutch New Guinea , was occupied, as were large parts of the Territory of New Guinea. The New Guinea campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War. In all, some 200,000 Japanese soldiers, sailors and airmen died during

3286-649: The term pidgin (language) as used in linguistics. Tok Pisin is not a pidgin in the latter sense, since it has become a first language for many people (rather than simply a lingua franca to facilitate communication with speakers of other languages). As such, it is considered a creole in linguistic terminology. The Tok Pisin language is a result of Pacific Islanders intermixing, when people speaking numerous different languages were sent to work on plantations in Queensland and various islands (see South Sea Islander and blackbirding ). The labourers began to develop

3348-420: The third South Pacific Games to be held. A total of 1,150 athletes participated. The 1991 South Pacific Games held from 7–21 September 1991 at Port Moresby and along Lae were the ninth South Pacific Games to be held. This was the first time that events at one games had been held in two cities. The decision to do so was to allow both locations to benefit from the construction of new facilities. Cricket PNG

3410-591: The traditional landowners of Port Moresby, the Motu and Koitabu people. The Assembly governs the traditional lands and inhabitants of the ten recognised villages, and is the only entity of its kind in Papua New Guinea. The Chair of the Motu Koita Assembly also holds the position of Deputy Governor of the National Capital District. Port Moresby refers to both the urbanised area of the National Capital District and more specifically to

3472-464: The word pinis (< Eng. finish ): Transitive words are expressed through -im (< Eng. him ): Future is expressed through the word " bai " (< Eng. by and by ): Tok Pisin is a language that developed out of regional dialects of the languages of the local inhabitants and English, brought into the country when English speakers arrived. There were four phases in the development of Tok Pisin that were laid out by Loreto Todd. Tok Pisin

3534-620: Was a lack of national unity in the territory. One of the ways in which the territory was administered was through the use of patrol officers. Between 1949 and 1974, more than 2000 Australians served as patrol officers, known locally as " kiaps ". The job of patrol officers involved: facilitating the consolidation of administrative influence, maintaining the rule of law, conducting court cases and presiding as Magistrate, carrying out police work, conducting censuses, encouraging economic development, providing escorts, purchasing land for governmental use and overseeing local elections. On 13 December 1971

3596-520: Was built in Port Moresby just west of the old legislative building but the last pre-independence chief minister and first prime minister of the sovereign state declared it not nearly grand enough; it was made the residence of Australian high commissioners and a mansion suitable to Somare's demands was built in Waigani. Several of the government buildings have been abandoned due to long-term neglect. Chief amongst these are Marea Haus (known to most locals as

3658-557: Was offered two hundred million dollars a year in aid, and many countries such as Singapore, Japan and China have also played a great part in PNG's industry business. The decision to host the 2018 APEC meeting, brought a large number of world leaders to Port Moresby. There has been substantial building of housing, office towers, shopping malls and commercial establishments over much of the city. The waterfront area has been completely redeveloped with apartments, restaurants and shopping centres. Sporting facilities were upgraded significantly for

3720-660: Was on the peninsula, where port facilities and other services were gradually improved. The first butcher's shop and grocery opened in 1909, electricity was introduced in 1925, and piped water supply was provided in 1941. During World War II , some Papuan men enlisted in the Papua Infantry Battalion and others as carriers over trails and rough terrains ( porters ) as supply support to Allied and Japanese armies during long jungle marches. Historian William Manchester outlines in his biography of General Douglas MacArthur , American Caesar , that acting as porters

3782-471: Was the last Allied bastion on the island and, conversely, a key staging and jumping off point as the Allies began conducting offensive warfare themselves, pushing back the Japanese advances. General MacArthur located his headquarters in Port Moresby from November 1942 to October 1944. In 1945, the Territory of Papua and New Guinea was formed when Papua and the former German New Guinea, which had been administered by Australia since 1918, were amalgamated under

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3844-435: Was well down the natives' list of acceptable voluntary activities and that they would fade away without great inducements. Many Papuan residents of Port Moresby either returned to their family villages or were evacuated to camps when the threat of Japanese invasion loomed. By September 1942, the city was an important Allied complex of bases, and thousands of troops were stationed in the area or more often, staged through it, as it

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