Misplaced Pages

#0

101-475: Its 127 members are elected every four years in 42 districts by single non-transferable vote . 23 electoral districts equal the special wards , another 18 districts are made up by the cities, towns and villages in the Western part of the prefecture, one district consists of the outlying islands ( Ogasawara and Izu Islands ). The assembly is responsible for enacting and amending prefectural ordinances, approving

202-627: A mystical experience . The benign-violation theory, endorsed by Peter McGraw , attempts to explain humour's existence. The theory says "humour only occurs when something seems wrong, unsettling, or threatening, but simultaneously seems okay, acceptable or safe." Humour can be used as a method to easily engage in social interaction by taking away that awkward, uncomfortable, or uneasy feeling of social interactions. Others believe that "the appropriate use of humour can facilitate social interactions". Some claim that humour should not be explained. Author E. B. White once said, "Humor can be dissected as

303-503: A Japanese political commentator, pointed out that although heckling has been since past, political leaders get bad at heckling other members, and the number of "vulgar heckles" has increased. There are various arguments on whether or not this is sexism. For example, Tabojin Toshio, who ran for the latest Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election, said that he did not understand why this is considered sexism (2014). On June 30, Shiomura submitted to

404-704: A TV program ( Nippon TV ). Akihiro Suzuki is first elected in Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election in 2007. In the Metropolitan Assembly, it has acted as the Committee on General Affairs vice chairman or the acting Liberal Democratic Party chairman of the Policy Research Council. Suzuki had hung up "a substantial aid for childcare" and "realization of the society in which women is very easy to work" contrary to

505-600: A baby?)", "Kekkon shiro (Get married)". Assemblyman Suzuki claimed the former, but it was not clear who stated the latter. Yōichi Masuzoe , the Governor of Tokyo Metropolis, and other member of the assembly were drawn in by the heckling and took part. Hecklings are variable; sometime a heckling encourages the speaker and another time it injures the speaker. There has been the train of thought that heckling can "give humor " and make discussion smooth since past World War II . Thus, some people think of heckling as good. Morita Minoru,

606-503: A city's seats, a thing common in First past the post elections. The number of wasted votes in an SNTV election is generally lower than in First past the post elections as well. Under SNTV, parties often do not receive representation exactly proportional to their strength, because it is difficult to accurately judge their strength when deciding how many candidates to field ( strategic nomination ) and difficult to direct party supporters as

707-501: A core network of cortical and subcortical structures, including temporo-occipito-parietal areas involved in detecting and resolving incongruity (mismatch between expected and presented stimuli); and the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system and the amygdala , key structures for reward and salience processing." Humour can be verbal, visual, or physical. Non-verbal forms of communication–for example, music or visual art–can also be humorous. Rowan Atkinson explains in his lecture in

808-494: A form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm . Eighteenth-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness." Western humour theory begins with Plato , who attributed to Socrates (as

909-450: A frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." Counter to this argument, protests against "offensive" cartoons invite the dissection of humour or its lack by aggrieved individuals and communities. This process of dissecting humour does not necessarily banish a sense of humour but directs attention towards its politics and assumed universality. Arthur Schopenhauer lamented

1010-517: A hundred years later than Saint-Just's proposal. In 1880s Japan adopted SNTV for provincial politicians and in 1900 for national politicians. SNTV is used for elections in Puerto Rico , Kuwait , Indonesia , Japan , Taiwan , Thailand , Libya , Iraq , Hong Kong and Vanuatu . In Puerto Rico , SNTV is known as at-large representation ("representación por acumulación" in Spanish), SNTV

1111-472: A lighter context, thus ultimately reducing anxiety and allowing more happy, positive emotions to surface. Additionally, humour may be used as a tool to mitigate the authoritative tone by managers when giving directives to subordinates. Managers may use self-deprecating humour as a way to be perceived as more human and "real" by their employees. The attachment to the notion of fun by contemporary companies has resulted in workplace management coming to recognise

SECTION 10

#1732773320000

1212-448: A member of the LDP ruling party apologized publicly was seen as very big deal. Other hecklers never came forward. On June 25, the assembly passed a resolution, aiming to restore the trust, and to finish the problem. Before Shiomura became a broadcast writer, then later becoming a member of Your Party , she was a bikini model. When she was a bikini model , she appeared on Koi no karasawagi,

1313-468: A more mature audience. Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing types of theories attempting to account for the existence of humour include psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a "gift from God"; and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like

1414-526: A one-to-one association. While most previous theories assumed the connection between the two almost to the point of them being synonymous, psychology has been able to scientifically and empirically investigate the supposed connection, its implications, and significance. In 2009, Diana Szameitat conducted a study to examine the differentiation of emotions in laughter. They hired actors and told them to laugh with one of four different emotional associations by using auto-induction, where they would focus exclusively on

1515-429: A result. Others examined results of this movement while focusing around the science of happiness—concerned with mental health , motivation , community building and national well-being—and drew attention to the ability to achieve "flow" through playfulness and stimulate "outside the box" thinking. Parallel to this movement is the " positive " scholarship that has emerged in psychology which seeks to empirically theorise

1616-403: A romantic relationship increases. Recent research suggests expressions of humour in relation to physical attractiveness are two major factors in the desire for future interaction. Women regard physical attractiveness less highly compared to men when it came to dating, a serious relationship, and sexual intercourse. However, women rate humorous men more desirable than nonhumorous individuals for

1717-618: A semi-historical dialogue character) in the Philebus (p. 49b) the view that the essence of the ridiculous is an ignorance in the weak, who are thus unable to retaliate when ridiculed. Later, in Greek philosophy, Aristotle , in the Poetics (1449a, pp. 34–35), suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humour. In ancient Sanskrit drama , Bharata Muni 's Natya Shastra defined humour ( hāsyam ) as one of

1818-697: A sense of humour would likely find the behaviour to be inexplicable, strange, or even irrational. Though ultimately decided by subjective personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables, including geographical location , culture, maturity , level of education, intelligence and context . For example, young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or cartoons such as Tom and Jerry or Looney Tunes , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them. By contrast, more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context, and thus tend to appeal to

1919-403: A sense of satisfaction in their lives. Through the ageing process many changes will occur, such as losing the right to drive a car. This can cause a decrease in satisfaction in the lives of the individual. Humour helps to alleviate this decrease of satisfaction by allowing the humour to release stress and anxiety caused by changes in the individuals life. Laughing and humour can be a substitute for

2020-468: A serious relationship or marriage, but only when these men were physically attractive. Furthermore, humorous people are perceived by others to be more cheerful but less intellectual than nonhumorous people. Self-deprecating humour has been found to increase one's desirability and physical attractiveness to others for committed relationships. The results of a study conducted by McMaster University suggest humour can positively affect one's desirability for

2121-422: A single candidate. Party A has about 35% support among the electorate (with one particularly well-liked candidate), Party B around 25% (with two well-liked candidates) and the remaining voters primarily support independent candidates, but mostly lean towards party B if they have to choose between the two parties. All voters vote sincerely ; there is no tactical voting. Percent of votes under MNTV and Limited Voting

SECTION 20

#1732773320000

2222-572: A specific relationship partner, but this effect is only most likely to occur when men use humour and are evaluated by women. No evidence was found to suggest men prefer women with a sense of humour as partners, nor women preferring other women with a sense of humour as potential partners. When women were given the forced-choice design in the study, they chose funny men as potential relationship partners even though they rated them as being less honest and intelligent. Post-Hoc analysis showed no relationship between humour quality and favourable judgments. It

2323-435: A study that showed the distracting nature of a joke on bereaved individuals. Subjects were presented with a wide range of negative pictures and sentences. Their findings showed that humorous therapy attenuated the negative emotions elicited after negative pictures and sentences were presented. In addition, the humour therapy was more effective in reducing negative affect as the degree of affect increased in intensity. Humour

2424-600: A supplement for cardiovascular exercise and might increase muscle tone. However an early study by Paskind J. showed that laughter can lead to a decrease in skeletal muscle tone because the short intense muscle contractions caused by laughter are followed by longer periods of muscle relaxation. The cardiovascular benefits of laughter also seem to be just a figment of imagination as a study that was designed to test oxygen saturation levels produced by laughter, showed that even though laughter creates sporadic episodes of deep breathing, oxygen saturation levels are not affected. As humour

2525-581: A system of vote allocation which had been adopted by all parties for the 2004 ROC legislative elections . Single Non-transferable Voting was first proposed in solid form by Saint-Just in 1793, in a proposal to the French National Convention . He proposed having the whole country as one multi-seat district; but the idea was not adopted in France at that time. Japan was the first country to adopt SNTV for election of government members

2626-421: A variant of dot voting where each voter has only one point to assign. Unlike block voting or limited voting , where voters can cast multiple votes, under SNTV each voter casts just one. This produces a kind of semi-proportional representation at the district level, meaning small parties, as well as large parties, have a chance to be represented. Under certain assumptions, such as perfect tactical voting SNTV

2727-583: A variety of negative as well as positive emotions. However, if humour is limited to positive emotions and things which cause positive affect, it must be delimited from laughter and their relationship should be further defined. Adaptive Humour use has shown to be effective for increasing resilience in dealing with distress and also effective in buffering against or undoing negative affects. In contrast, maladaptive humour use can magnify potential negative effects. Madelijn Strick, Rob Holland, Rick van Baaren, and Ad van Knippenberg (2009) of Radboud University conducted

2828-409: A whole to spread their votes efficiently. If they field too many, supporters' votes might be split across too many candidates. The party votes might spread their vote numbers to the point where all of a party's candidates lose to a less thinly spread opposing party. If a party fields too few candidates, they might elect all their candidates but not win seats proportional to their level of support, and

2929-490: Is a strong correlation through constant humour in ageing and better health in the individuals. Another way that research indicates that humour helps with the ageing process, is through helping the individual to create and maintain strong social relationship during transitory periods in their lives. One such example is when people are moved into nursing homes or other facilities of care. With this transition certain social interactions with friend and family may be limited forcing

3030-441: Is able to loosen the grip of negative emotions on people's thinking. A distancing of thought leads to a distancing of the unilateral responses people often have to negative arousal. In parallel with the distancing role plays in coping with distress, it supports the broaden and build theory that positive emotions lead to increased multilateral cognitive pathway and social resource building. Humour has been shown to improve and help

3131-429: Is an electoral system used to elect multiple winners. It is a semi-proportional variant of first-past-the-post voting , applied to multi-member districts where each voter casts just one vote. It can also be seen as a variant of STV but with no vote transfers. SNTV generally makes it unlikely that a single party will take all seats in a city, as generally happens with winner-take-all systems . SNTV can be considered

Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly - Misplaced Pages Continue

3232-755: Is common even after STV vote transfers to elect the same as would be elected under SNTV. But not having transfers, SNTV sees more votes wasted than under STV due to votes being placed on un-electable candidate or due to surpluses received by successful candidate over and above the quota used in STV elections that are not able to be transferred under SNTV. SNTV produces representation that is most proportional ( proportional representation ) when political parties have accurate information about their relative levels of electoral support, and nominate candidates in accordance with their respective levels of electoral support or when all parties suffer from poor information of that sort. Knowing

3333-510: Is elected does not mean that another specific candidate will not be. They both can be elected. Because running on issues may lead to a situation in which a candidate becomes too popular and therefore draws votes away from other allied candidates, SNTV may encourage legislators to join factions that consist of patron-client relationships in which a powerful legislator can apportion votes to his or her supporters. In addition, parties will do best if their supporters evenly distribute their votes among

3434-433: Is equivalent to proportional representation by the D'Hondt method . SNTV retains many of the problems of first-past-the-post voting (first-preference plurality voting), and as a result is sometimes viewed skeptically by social choice theorists . However, its extreme simplicity and easy vote-counting makes the system particularly popular for small elections to offices such as city councils , particularly when compared to

3535-448: Is generally known that humour contributes to higher subjective wellbeing (both physical and psychological). Previous research on humour and psychological well-being show that humour is in fact a major factor in achieving, and sustaining, higher psychological wellbeing. This hypothesis is known as general facilitative hypothesis for humour. That is, positive humour leads to positive health. Not all contemporary research, however, supports

3636-497: Is more chance in SNTV than a more orderly system of PR, such as list PR or STV.) If either party had risked trying to win all three seats, causing more vote splitting among supporters of Parties Y and Z, then A of Party X might have won a seat and either party Y or Z would then have taken one fewer seat. For example, 10,000 voters vote to elect three members. Cumulative voting is not used so each voter may not cast more than one vote for

3737-481: Is of negative characteristics. Humour is often used to make light of difficult or stressful situations and to brighten up a social atmosphere in general. It is regarded by many as an enjoyable and positive experience, so it would be reasonable to assume that it might have some positive physiological effects on the body. A study designed to test the positive physiological effects of humour, the relationship between being exposed to humour and pain tolerance in particular,

3838-451: Is often used to ease tension, it might make sense that the same would be true for anxiety. A study by Yovetich N, Dale A, Hudak M. was designed to test the effects humour might have on relieving anxiety. The study subject were told that they would be given to an electric shock after a certain period of time. One group was exposed to humorous content, while the other was not. The anxiety levels were measured through self-report measures as well as

3939-902: Is self-defeating and aggressive humour. Each of these styles can have a different impact on psychological and individuals' overall subjective wellbeing. In the study on humour and psychological well-being, research has concluded that high levels of adaptive type humour (affiliative and self-enhancing) is associated with better self-esteem, positive affect, greater self-competency, as well as anxiety control and social interactions. All of which are constituents of psychological wellbeing. Additionally, adaptive humour styles may enable people to preserve their sense of wellbeing despite psychological problems. In contrast, maladaptive humour types (aggressive and self-defeating) are associated with poorer overall psychological wellbeing, emphasis on higher levels of anxiety and depression. Therefore, humour may have detrimental effects on psychological wellbeing, only if that humour

4040-424: Is the percent of voters who voted for the candidate, not the percent of votes cast. SNTV facilitates minority representation, that is, it produces mixed representation of large and small parties where no party takes all the seats. In fact, SNTV would elect the same people as are elected in STV contests where the vote transfers do not move an initially-lower-placing candidate over an initially-higher-placing one. It

4141-421: Is the time when the importance of parents fades into the background and social interaction with peers becomes increasingly important. Conflict is inherent in these interactions. The use of humour plays an important role in conflict resolution and ultimately in school success and psychological adjustment. The use of humour that is socially acceptable leads to a lower likelihood of being a victim of bullying, whereas

Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly - Misplaced Pages Continue

4242-497: Is therefore decidedly relevant in organisational contexts, such as the workplace. The significant role that laughter and fun play in organisational life has been seen as a sociological phenomenon and has increasingly been recognised as also creating a sense of involvement and possible comradery among workers. Sharing humour at work not only offers a relief from boredom, but can also build relationships, improve camaraderie between colleagues and create positive affect . Humour in

4343-517: Is used to elect the 11 at-large members in each of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Under at-large representation , political parties vary the ballot order of their candidates across electoral divisions, in order to ensure each candidate has a roughly equal chance of success. Since most voters choose the candidates placed at the top of their party lists on their ballots, at-large candidates from

4444-606: The ageing process in three areas. The areas are improving physical health, improving social communications, and helping to achieve a sense of satisfaction in life. Studies have shown that constant humour in the ageing process gives health benefits to individuals. Such benefits as higher self-esteem , lower levels of depression, anxiety , and perceived stress , and a more positive self-concept as well as other health benefits which have been recorded and acknowledged through various studies. Even patients with specific diseases have shown improvement with ageing using humour. Overall there

4545-448: The humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body, known as humours ( Latin : humor , "body fluid"), controlled human health and emotion. People of all ages and cultures respond to humour. Most people are able to experience humour—be amused, smile or laugh at something funny (such as a pun or joke)—and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking

4646-407: The humorist , an audience, and the subject matter of the humour. The two transformations associated with this particular model involves the subject matter of the humour, and the change in the audience's perception of the humorous person, therefore establishing a relationship between the humorous speaker and the audience. The social transformation model views humour as adaptive because it communicates

4747-409: The undoing hypothesis , have shown several positive outcomes of humour as an underlying positive trait in amusement and playfulness. Several studies have shown that positive emotions can restore autonomic quiescence after negative affect. For example, Frederickson and Levinson showed that individuals who expressed Duchenne smiles during the negative arousal of a sad and troubling event recovered from

4848-515: The "art of reprehension" and made no reference to light and cheerful events or troublesome beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century , the term comedy thus gained a new meaning in Medieval literature . Mento star Lord Flea , stated in a 1957 interview that he thought that: " West Indians have the best sense of humour in

4949-572: The 23 special wards that cover the former Tokyo City and comprise the urban core of the Greater Tokyo Area . The 2024 Tokyo gubernatorial election took place on 7 July 2024. As of 12 July 2024, the assembly is composed as follows: Most electoral districts correspond to current municipalities , but several districts correspond to former counties (the counties, abolished as administrative unit in 1921, had initially by definition served as electoral districts for prefectural assemblies in

5050-920: The Cabinet support rate. The support rate of Liberal Democratic Party , which is one of the major political party in Japan and has been in power since 2012, decreased as well. In contrast, the support rate for Your Party rose. After the incident happened, politicians have refrained from hooting during discussions. Some people analyzed that the incident was likely to influence 2020 Summer Olympics . Single non-transferable vote Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results Single non-transferable vote or SNTV

5151-681: The Empire), namely the West Tama ( Nishi-Tama ), North Tama ( Kita-Tama ) and South Tama ( Minimi-Tama ) counties. The towns and villages on the islands have never been subordinate to counties, but to four subprefectures that together form the islands electoral district. On June 18, 2014, an assemblywoman, Ayaka Shiomura , was heckled in the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly meeting when she asked questions about how to save women who have difficulty in pregnancy and childbirth. The Japanese media, along with various members of society both condemned and also excused

SECTION 50

#1732773320000

5252-615: The Party-state's approach towards humour was generally repressive. Social liberalisation in the 1980s, commercialisation of the cultural market in the 1990s, and the advent of the internet have each—despite an invasive state-sponsored censorship apparatus—enabled new forms of humour to flourish in China in recent decades. The social transformation model of humour predicts that specific characteristics, such as physical attractiveness, interact with humour. This model involves linkages between

5353-496: The State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory. The instructions for the three groups were as follows: the cheerfulness group were told to get excited about the movie without laughing or smiling, the exhilaration group was told to laugh and smile excessively, exaggerating their natural reactions, the humour production group was told to make humorous comments about the video clip as they watched. To ensure that

5454-538: The Tokyo chairperson the requisition. The requisition stated the person who took part in the heckling incident should be punished. However, the requisition was rejected due to lack of evidence. Therefore, Your Party ( minna no to ) planned to specify the man who heckled Shiomura by analyzing a voiceprint. When Suzuki was asked about the heckling incident on June 20, Suzuki denied the relationship with heckling completely. The Metropolitan-Assembly Liberal Democratic Party held

5555-464: The ability for colleagues to be able to laugh during work, through banter or other, promotes harmony and a sense of cohesiveness. Humour may also be used to offset negative feelings about a workplace task or to mitigate the use of profanity, or other coping strategies, that may not be otherwise tolerated. Not only can humour in the workplace assist with defusing negative emotions, but it may also be used as an outlet to discuss personal painful events, in

5656-422: The affiliation lawmaker's general meeting on the 23rd and conducted press conference in the afternoon. Metropolitan-Assembly Liberal Democratic Party Secretary-General Osamu Yoshiwara said that the man who heckled Shiomura was Suzuki Akihiro, a member of the Metropolitan Assembly. All of the female members of the Metropolitan Assembly demanded that such hooting should be legislated. Moreover, Your Party claimed that

5757-488: The budget (5.7 billion yen in fiscal 2007) and voting on important administrative appointments made by the governor including the vice governors. Due to the special nature of the Tokyo Metropolis compared to other prefectures, the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly has certain powers that would usually fall into the responsibilities of municipal parliaments. This is to ensure efficient and unified urban administration for

5858-775: The centuries. Local performing arts, storytelling, vernacular fiction, and poetry offer a wide variety of humorous styles and sensibilities. Famous Chinese humourists include the ancient jesters Chunyu Kun and Dongfang Shuo ; writers of the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Feng Menglong , Li Yu, and Wu Jingzi ; and modern comic writers such as Lu Xun , Lin Yutang , Lao She , Qian Zhongshu , Wang Xiaobo , and Wang Shuo , and performers such as Ge You , Guo Degang , and Zhou Libo . Modern Chinese humour has been heavily influenced not only by indigenous traditions, but also by foreign humor, circulated via print culture, cinema, television, and

5959-708: The contents of heckling which he did to her. Moreover, Suzuki approved of the plan to purchase the Senkaku Islands ( Ishigaki city, Okinawa ) in August 2012. For the purpose of investigation of the Senkaku Islands , he swam from the ship, while he had been allowed to, and he landed at Uoturijima island, and he was investigated by the Okinawa Prefectural Police on suspicion of a misdemeanor. The hecklings with which assemblywoman Shiomura were bombarded are as follows; "Umenai no ka (Can't you bear

6060-537: The decrease in satisfaction by allowing individuals to feel better about their situations by alleviating the stress. This, in turn, can help them to maintain a sense of satisfaction towards their new and changing life style. In an article published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience , it is reported that a study's results indicate that humour is rooted in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex . The study states, in part: "Humour seems to engage

6161-443: The four emotional states displayed a full range of high and low sender arousal and valence. This study showed that laughter can be correlated with both positive (joy and tickle) and negative (schadenfreude and taunt) emotions with varying degrees of arousal in the subject. This brings into question the definition of humour, then. If it is to be defined by the cognitive processes which display laughter, then humour itself can encompass

SECTION 60

#1732773320000

6262-418: The heart rate. Subjects which rated high on sense of humour reported less anxiety in both groups, while subjects which rated lower on sense of humour reported less anxiety in the group which was exposed to the humorous material. However, there was not a significant difference in the heart rate between the subjects. Humour is a ubiquitous, highly ingrained, and largely meaningful aspect of human experience and

6363-467: The heckling. Media overseas, such as CNN , BBC , and others, also criticized the heckling and reported on the endemic sexism that made such a thing possible, while the Japanese media tended to present it as a one-time case of sexual harassment. On June 23, assembly member Akihiro Suzuki came forward and made a formal, public apology, admitting he was one of the people who heckled Shiomura. The fact that

6464-419: The humorist when other variables are also favourable. 90% of men and 81% of women, all college students, report having a sense of humour is a crucial characteristic looked for in a romantic partner. Humour and honesty were ranked as the two most important attributes in a significant other. It has since been recorded that humour becomes more evident and significantly more important as the level of commitment in

6565-601: The individual to look elsewhere for these social interactions. Humour has been shown to make transitions easier, as humour is shown reduce stress and facilitate socialisation and serves as a social bonding function. Humour may also help the transition in helping the individual to maintain positive feelings towards those who are enforcing the changes in their lives. These new social interactions can be critical for these transitions in their lives and humour will help these new social interactions to take place making these transitions easier. Humour can also help ageing individuals maintain

6666-445: The information offered in campaigns (polls, reporting, fundraising totals, endorsements, etc.), to rationally decide who the most viable candidates are and then vote for them. SNTV can result in complicated intra-party dynamics because in a SNTV system, a candidate runs against candidates from their own party as well as against candidates from the other party. SNTV elections are not zero-sum contests. Just because one particular candidate

6767-417: The internal emotion and not on the expression of laughter itself. They found an overall recognition rate of 44%, with joy correctly classified at 44%, tickle 45%, schadenfreude 37%, and taunt 50%. Their second experiment tested the behavioural recognition of laughter during an induced emotional state and they found that different laughter types did differ with respect to emotional dimensions. In addition,

6868-412: The internet. During the 1930s, Lin Yutang 's phono-semantic transliteration yōumò ( 幽默 ; humour) caught on as a new term for humour, sparking a fad for humour literature, as well as impassioned debate about what type of humorous sensibility best suited China, a poor, weak country under partial foreign occupation. While some types of comedy were officially sanctioned during the rule of Mao Zedong,

6969-399: The largest numbers of votes would win office. SNTV, like single transferable vote , can be used with non-partisan ballots, in election contests where there are no parties. Three seats are to be filled among five candidates: A, B, C, D and E fielded by 3 parties X, Y and Z. E, D and C are the winning candidates. Thus, Party Z gets two seats and Party Y gets one seat. No one party took all

7070-564: The legislatures of Japan , South Korea and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ), but its use has been discontinued for the most part. It is still used in Japan for some seats in the House of Councillors (Sangi-in), prefectural assemblies and municipal assemblies. Humor Humour ( Commonwealth English ) or humor ( American English ) is the tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from

7171-465: The misuse of humour (a German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy. However, both humour and comic are often used when theorising about the subject. The connotations of humour as opposed to comic are said to be that of response versus stimulus. Additionally, humour was thought to include a combination of ridiculousness and wit in an individual; the paradigmatic case being Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. The French were slow to adopt

7272-401: The more-intricate single transferable vote (STV) system, and has resulted in the method becoming commonly used for ordering open party lists . In any election, each voter casts one vote for one candidate in a multi-candidate race for multiple offices. Posts are filled by the candidates with the most votes ( plurality voting ). Thus, in a three-seat constituency, the three candidates receiving

7373-403: The much smaller Puerto Rican Independence Party runs a single-candidate slate for the at-large members in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The SNTV-elected members are a small part of the chambers compared to the members elected in the sixteen Senate districts, elected by block voting, and the forty House districts, elected by first-past-the-post voting . SNTV was once used to elect

7474-477: The negative affect approximately 20% faster than individuals who did not smile. Using humour judiciously can have a positive influence on cancer treatment. The effectiveness for humour‐based interventions in patients with schizophrenia is uncertain in a Cochrane review. Humour can serve as a strong distancing mechanism in coping with adversity. In 1997, Kelter and Bonanno found that Duchenne laughter correlated with reduced awareness of distress. Positive emotion

7575-764: The nine nava rasas , or principle rasas (emotional responses), which can be inspired in the audience by bhavas , the imitations of emotions that the actors perform. Each rasa was associated with a specific bhavas portrayed on stage. The terms comedy and satire became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world , where it was elaborated upon by Arabic writers and Islamic philosophers such as Abu Bischr , his pupil Al-Farabi , Persian Avicenna , and Averroes . Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation, and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as hija (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply

7676-459: The optimisation of human potential . This happiness movement suggests that investing in fun at the workplace, by allowing for laughter and play, will not only create enjoyment and a greater sense of well-being, but it will also enhance energy, performance and commitment in workers. The use of humour plays an important role in youth development. Studies have shown that humour is especially important in social interactions with peers. School entry

7777-482: The participants actually found the movie humorous and that it produced the desired effects the participants took a survey on the topic which resulted in a mean score of 3.64 out of 5. The results of the Cold Press Test showed that the participants in all three groups experienced a higher pain threshold and a higher pain tolerance than previous to the film. The results did not show a significant difference between

7878-409: The party was not as popular as they thought. If every party does that, all suffer the same inefficiency and the final result is proportional. If one party is more prudent, it may do better than the others. Because votes cannot be transferred, there is more chance of vote wastage than under STV. But in elections that use SNTV, representation is usually mixed. It is rare for one party to make a sweep of

7979-657: The party's candidates. Historically, in Taiwan , the Kuomintang did this by sending members a letter telling them which candidate to vote for. With the Democratic Progressive Party , vote sharing is done informally, as members of a family or small group will coordinate their votes. The New Party had a surprisingly effective system by asking party supporters to vote for the candidate whose identification number corresponded to their birthdate. This led to

8080-614: The people who mocked Shiomura should be identified. More than 1,000 protestations against the hooting were sent to the Metropolitan Assembly. On Twitter , BBS , and so on, many people mentioned the incident. Most of them radically criticized the sexist abuse. This problem has been focused on not only in Japan, but also in other countries. For example, the Guardian , Reuters , and the Wall Street Journal analyzed and criticized this sexist abuse. This incident has influenced

8181-715: The portion of the votes a party can take allows it to avoid vote waste due to lessening the chance of vote splitting and inefficient placement of party support. Under 'perfect' tactical voting and strategic nomination, SNTV would be equivalent to the D'Hondt (Jefferson) method of proportional representation. But under SNTV even inefficient distribution of votes allows more balanced representation than would be elected under either single-member plurality or block voting . Given n {\displaystyle n} candidates to be elected, Candidate A can guarantee success by receiving one more than 1 n + 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n+1}}} of

8282-433: The potentially positive effects of "workplay" and realise that it does not necessarily undermine workers' performance. Laughter and play can unleash creativity, thus raising morale , so in the interest of encouraging employee consent to the rigours of the labour process, management often ignore, tolerate and even actively encourage playful practices, with the purpose of furthering organisational goals. Essentially, fun in

8383-454: The present desire to be humorous as well as future intentions of being humorous. This model is used with deliberate self-deprecating humour where one is communicating with desires to be accepted into someone else's specific social group. Although self-deprecating humour communicates weakness and fallibility in the bid to gain another's affection, it can be concluded from the model that this type of humour can increase romantic attraction towards

8484-614: The previous assertion that humour is in fact a cause for healthier psychological wellbeing. Some of the previous researches' limitations is that they tend to use a unidimensional approach to humour because it was always inferred that humour was deemed positive. They did not consider other types of humour, or humour styles . For example, self-defeating or aggressive humour. Research has proposed 2 types of humour that each consist of 2 styles, making 4 styles in total. The two types are adaptive versus maladaptive humour. Adaptive humour consist of facilitative and self-enhancing humour, and maladaptive

8585-561: The same party usually obtain approximately equal vote totals. When the party's candidates are equally supported, the most-popular party is often able to take six seats of the 11. The two major Puerto Rican political parties, the Popular Democratic Party and the New Progressive Party , usually each run six candidates for the 11 at-large members in each of the House of Representatives and the Senate, while

8686-550: The seats as might have been the result under first past the post or plurality block voting . But counting the votes by party gives these vote tallies: Party Y has more votes than Party Z, but receives fewer seats because of an inefficient spread of votes across the candidates. If Party Y's two candidates had had more equal vote tallies, it would have won two seats and Party Z only one. Or if Party Z's candidates had received less equal vote tallies, Party Y would have won two seats even if its candidates were not equally popular. (There

8787-505: The side of too many candidates, hoping to gain as many seats as possible, perhaps even winning more than its proportion of the electorate if they can edge out candidates from larger parties with just a few votes. As well, a small party running just one candidate would not suffer from vote spitting, while a larger party running four or more may suffer from that. SNTV electoral systems, like STV and proportional electoral systems generally, typically produce more proportional electoral outcomes as

8888-589: The size of the electoral districts (number of seats in each constituency) increases. The potential for tactical voting in a single non-transferable vote system is large. Casting only one vote, a rational voter wanting to maximize the number of seats captured by his party should vote for a candidate of the party that has a chance of winning, but one that will not win by too great a margin and thus take votes away from party colleagues. This creates opportunities for tactical nominations, with parties nominating candidates similar to their opponents' candidates in order to split

8989-518: The term humour ; in French, humeur and humour are still two different words, the former referring to a person's mood or to the archaic concept of the four humours . Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed droll humour or recreational drollery . As with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or incidence of humour depends on sociological factors and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as

9090-475: The three groups. There are also potential relationships between humour and having a healthy immune system. SIgA is a type of antibody that protects the body from infections. In a method similar to the previous experiment, the participants were shown a short humorous video clip and then tested for the effects. The participants showed a significant increase in SIgA levels. There have been claims that laughter can be

9191-484: The use of self-disparaging humour leads to a higher likelihood of being bullied. When students are bullied, the use of self-disparaging humour can lead to an exacerbation of the negative effects on the student's psychological adjustment to school. One of the main focuses of modern psychological humour theory and research is to establish and clarify the correlation between humour and laughter. The major empirical findings here are that laughter and humour do not always have

9292-635: The vote tallies of others, not with a theoretical threshold or quota. In the 2020 Vanuatuan general election , using SNTV, as few as 5 percent of the vote was enough to be elected in a seven-seat district, where about 13 percent is Droop quota. Vote splitting due to poor information on voters' behaviour may deny a popular party its due share of representation. (Single Transferable Voting does not suffer from this handicap as votes are transferable and many are transferred and used that are wasted under SNTV.) Parties organizing slates of multiple candidates may nominate many candidates and then learn on election night that

9393-488: The vote. Like all multiple-winner selections, parties find it advantageous to run a range of candidates in SNTV elections. SNTV has been measured through the lens of such concepts as decision-theoretic analysis . Professor Gary W. Cox , an expert on SNTV, has studied this system's use in Japan. Cox has an explanation of real-world data finding the, "two systems [plurality and semi-proportional] are alike in their strategic voting equilibria." His research found that voters use

9494-511: The votes (the Droop quota ), because n {\displaystyle n} +1 other candidates cannot each receive more than Candidate A (too many would not pass Droop quota) But as SNTV is a plurality system and votes are wasted (not used to elect anyone), it is possible to win with less than Droop quota (but never possible to lose if you have at least Droop). To determine the successful candidates, candidates' vote tallies are compared with

9595-513: The winning candidates would have more support than necessary and thus wasting votes. The risks of poor strategic nomination are not equal for parties of various strengths. A large party would have much more to lose from the split vote effect than to gain from avoiding the wasted vote effect, and so would likely decide to err on the side of fielding fewer candidates (but probably not less than their existing number of seats). A small party with little representation would be more risk-tolerant and err on

9696-527: The workplace is no longer being seen as frivolous. The most current approach of managed fun and laughter in the workplace originated in North America, where it has taken off to such a degree, that it has humour consultants flourishing, as some states have introduced an official "fun at work" day. The results have carried claims of well-being benefits to workers, improved customer experiences and an increase in productivity that organisations can enjoy, as

9797-506: The workplace may also relieve tension and can be used as a coping strategy . In fact, one of the most agreed upon key impacts that workplace humour has on people's well-being, is the use of humour as a coping strategy to aid in dealing with daily stresses, adversity or other difficult situations. Sharing a laugh with a few colleagues may improve moods, which is pleasurable, and people perceive this as positively affecting their ability to cope. Fun and enjoyment are critical in people's lives and

9898-399: The world. Even in the most solemn song, like Las Kean Fine ["Lost and Can Not Be Found"], which tells of a boiler explosion on a sugar plantation that killed several of the workers, their natural wit and humour shine though." Confucianist & Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, with its emphasis on ritual and propriety, have traditionally looked down upon humour as subversive or unseemly. Humour

9999-564: Was conducted in 1994 by Karen Zwyer, Barbara Velker, and Willibald Ruch. To test the effects of humour on pain tolerance the test subjects were first exposed to a short humorous video clip and then exposed to the cold pressor test . To identify the aspects of humour which might contribute to an increase in pain tolerance the study separated its fifty-six female participants into three groups, cheerfulness, exhilaration and humour production. The subjects were further separated into two groups, high Trait-Cheerfulness and high Trait-Seriousness according to

10100-428: Was immediately effective in helping to deal with distress. The escapist nature of humour as a coping mechanism suggests that it is most useful in dealing with momentary stresses. Stronger negative stimuli requires a different therapeutic approach. Humour is an underlying character trait associated with the positive emotions used in the broaden-and-build theory of cognitive development. Studies, such as those testing

10201-558: Was perceived as irony and sarcasm. The Confucian Analects itself, however, depicts the Master as fond of humorous self-deprecation, once comparing his wanderings to the existence of a homeless dog. Early Daoist philosophical texts such as Zhuangzi pointedly make fun of Confucian seriousness and make Confucius himself a slow-witted figure of fun. Joke books containing a mix of wordplay, puns, situational humour, and play with taboo subjects like sex and scatology, remained popular over

#0