Bai Yutang , nicknamed "Sleek Rat" or "Brocade-Coated Rat" ( 錦毛鼠 ), is a fictional Song dynasty knight-errant from the 19th-century Chinese novel The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants .
44-782: Yutang may refer to: Bai Yutang , fictional character from the Chinese novel The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants Li Yutang (1899–1951), Chinese general Lin Yutang (1895–1976), Chinese inventor, linguist, novelist, philosopher, and translator Lin Yutang House , former residence of Lin Yutang in Taipei, Taiwan Yutang, Yunnan , a town in Mojiang Hani Autonomous County , Yunnan, China Topics referred to by
88-422: A 103,835 sq ft residence hall, was dedicated at Cornell in 2022. During his time at Columbia, Hu became a supporter of the school of Pragmatism . Hu translated "Pragmatism" as 實驗主義 ( shíyànzhǔyì ; 'experimental-ism'). Hu's taking to the thinking reflected his own philosophical appeals. Before he encountered Dewey's works, he wrote in his diary that he was in a search of "practical philosophy" for
132-525: A democratic society, the existence of opposition must be tolerated. Minority rights are respected and protected. People must not destroy or silence the opposition. A large portion of Hu Shih's scholarship in his later years is dedicated to finding a Chinese root for democracy and liberalism. Many of his writings, including “Historic Tradition for a Democratic China," "The Right to Doubt in Ancient Chinese Thought," "Authority and Freedom in
176-468: A form of political education. The legitimacy and the competency of people participating in the political process comes from their lived experience. Sun's government also proposed to punish any "anti-revolutionary" without due process. Hu wrote an article in Crescent Moon titled "Human Rights and Law" ( 人權與約法 ). In the article, Hu called for the establishment of a written constitution that protects
220-511: A living literature." The significance of this for Chinese culture was great – as John Fairbank put it, "the tyranny of the classics had been broken." Hu devoted a great deal of energy to rooting his linguistic reforms in China's traditional culture rather than relying on imports from the West. As his biographer Jerome Grieder put it, Hu's approach to China's "distinctive civilization"
264-484: A method is prevalent. Hu Shih avoided using an ill-defined scientific method. He described his own as experiential, inductive, verification-oriented, and evolutionary. Hu quotes Dewey's division of thought into five steps. Hu saw his life work as a consistent project of practising the scientific spirit of Pragmatism as a lifestyle. For Hu Shih, skepticism and pragmatism are inseparable. In his essay "Introducing My Thoughts" ( 介紹我自己的思想 ), he states that Thomas H. Huxley
308-414: A political system that can help cultivate those who participate in it. Hu also equates democracy with freedom, a freedom that is made possible by tolerance. In a democratic system, people should be free from any political persecution as well as any public pressure. In his 1959 essay "Tolerance and Freedom," Hu Shih stressed the importance of tolerance and claimed that "tolerance is the basis of freedom." In
352-607: A pragmatist framework and ignoring all the schools of Chinese philosophy before the Warring States period . Instead of simply laying out the history of Chinese philosophy, Feng claims that Hu made the reader feel as if "the whole Chinese civilization is entirely on the wrong track." As "one of Cornell University ’s most notable Chinese alumni," Hu has several honors there, including the Hu Shih Professorship and Hu Shih Distinguished lecture. Hu Shih Hall ,
396-412: A source of reference, not as rules of religion; they can only be viewed as inspiring tools, not as absolute truth that halts any further critical thinkings. Only in this way can people cultivate creative intelligence, become able to solve specific problems, and emancipate from the superstition of abstract words." Throughout the literary works and other scholarships of Hu Shih, the presence of Pragmatism as
440-405: A trap, but is in turn captured by his sworn brother Jiang Ping, after which he reluctantly submits to the government. The emperor forgives his many crimes and assigns him to assist his sworn brother Judge Yan Chasan ( 顏查散 ) to foil Prince of Xiangyang's ( 襄陽王 ) rebellion. Overconfident in his abilities, Bai heedlessly ventures into the prince's deadly Sky-Scraping Tower and suffers a tragic death in
484-408: A view that differs from the so-called "selfish individualism." In his essay, "Immortality – My Religion," Hu stresses that although individuals eventually perish physically, one's soul and the effect one has on society are immortal. Therefore, Hu's individualism is a lifestyle in which people are independent and yet social. Hu sees individual contributions as crucial and beneficial to
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#1732765509415528-601: A whole, including the political legitimacy of Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party. Specifically, Hu said that the autocratic dictatorship system of the CCP was "un-Chinese" and against history. In the 1950s, Mao and the Chinese Communist Party launched a campaign criticizing Hu Shih's thoughts. After Mao's passing, the reputation of Hu recovered. He is now widely known for his high moral values and influential contribution to Chinese politics and academia. Hu
572-443: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Bai Yutang Handsome, brave, clever and charismatic, Bai Yutang is the youngest sworn brother and the best fighter of the "Five Rats", whose other members are Lu Fang , Han Zhang , Xu Qing , and Jiang Ping . Though very righteous, he is also cruel, arrogant, reckless and stubborn. After fellow knight-errant Zhan Zhao receives
616-469: Is the one person who most heavily influenced his thoughts. Huxley's agnosticism is the negative precondition to the practical, active problem-solving of Dewey's pragmatism. Huxley's " genetic method " in Hu's writing becomes a "historical attitude," an attitude that ensures one's intellectual independence which also leads to individual emancipation and political freedom. Hu Shih brought the scientific method and
660-620: The Academia Sinica campus. That December, Hu Shih Memorial Hall was established in his memory. It is an affiliate of the Institute of Modern History at the Academia Sinica, and includes a museum, his residence, and the park. Hu Shih Memorial Hall offers audio tour guides in Chinese and English for visitors. Hu Shih's work fell into disrepute in mainland China until a 1986 article, written by Ji Xianlin , "A Few Words for Hu Shih" ( 为胡适说几句话 ), acknowledged Hu Shih's mistakes. This article
704-615: The Ancient Asian World" make a similar claim that the democratic spirit is always present within the Chinese tradition. He claimed that Chinese tradition included: In 1928, Hu along with Wen Yiduo , Chen Yuan , Liang Shih-chiu , and Xu Zhimo founded the monthly journal Crescent Moon , named after Tagore 's prose verse. In March 1929, he learned from Shanghai Special Representatives of National Party Chen De. Hu criticized and rejected Sun Yat-sen 's claim that people are incapable of self-rule and considered democracy itself
748-520: The Brass Net Trap. Bai Yutang's older brother Bai Jintang ( 白錦堂 ) was a generous man but died early. Bai Yutang then wandered to Lu Fang 's village at Hollow Island and became sworn brothers with Lu and 3 other talented men. Together they call themselves "Five Rats" and perform chivalric deeds, at times traveling around the country. Bai Yutang becomes outraged with jealousy upon hearing that Zhan Zhao has been honored by Emperor Renzong with
792-559: The Socialist camp, liberalism and democracy had been Hu's political beliefs throughout his life. He firmly believed that the world as a whole was heading toward democracy, despite the changing political landscape. Hu defines democracy as a lifestyle in which everyone's value is recognized, and everyone has the freedom to develop a lifestyle of individualism. For Hu, individual achievement does not contradict societal good. In fact, individual achievement contributes to overall social progress,
836-522: The attitude and spirit of an ideology could be universally applied. Therefore, Hu criticized any dogmatic application of ideologies. After Hu took over as the chief editor at Weekly Commentary ( 每周評論 ) in 1919, he criticized Li Dazhao and engaged in a heated debate regarding ideology and problem ( 問題與主義論戰 ). Hu writes in "A Third Discussion of Problems and Isms" ( 三問題與主義 ): "Every isms and every theory should be studied, but they can only be viewed as hypothesis, not dogmatic credo; they can only be viewed as
880-467: The author of A History of Chinese Philosophy , criticizes Hu for adopting a pragmatist framework in Outline . Instead of simply laying out the history of Chinese philosophy, Feng claims that Hu criticizes these schools from a pragmatist perspective which makes the reader feel as if "the whole Chinese civilization is entirely on the wrong track." Feng also disagrees with Hu's extensive effort on researching
924-409: The characterization of Bai Yutang without reserve, calling him "the most lively figure in the novel". Bai's many personality defects, Hu argued, made him a "believable chivalric hero" that surpassed the "fully virtuous heroes". Similarly, Cao Zhengwen wrote "the lifelike portrayal of this character indicates that the author is already good at handling the dual features of fictitious images. Bai Yutang
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#1732765509415968-788: The importance of birth control. Periodicals The Ladies' Journal and The Women's Review published Hu's translation. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1932 and the American Philosophical Society in 1936. Hu was the Republic of China's ambassador to the United States between 1938 and 1942. He was recalled in September 1942 and was replaced by Wei Tao-ming . Hu then served as chancellor of Peking University, at
1012-455: The influence of textual study since the time of the Qing dynasty is still present. Especially for the second point, "cutting off the many schools" is a result of the continuous effort of Qing scholarship around ancient textual studies. Since the validity of the ancient texts is questionable and the content of them obscure, Hu decided to leave them out. In fact, before the publication of Outline , Hu
1056-609: The leading and influential intellectuals during the May Fourth Movement and later the New Culture Movement . He quit New Youth in the 1920s and published several political newspapers and journals with his friends. His most important contribution was the promotion of vernacular Chinese in literature to replace Classical Chinese , which was intended to make it easier for the ordinary person to read. Hu Shih once said, "A dead language can never produce
1100-679: The outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War , his wife Feng and the young Hu Shih left Taiwan for their ancestral home in Anhui . In January 1904, when Hu was 11 years old, his mother arranged his marriage to Chiang Tung-hsiu ( 江冬秀 ). In the same year, Hu and an elder brother moved to Shanghai seeking a "modern" education. Hu became a "national scholar" through funds appropriated from the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program . On 16 August 1910, he
1144-523: The rights of citizens, especially from the ruling government. The government must be held accountable to the constitution. Later in "When Can We Have Constitution – A Question for The Outline of National Reconstruction " ( 我們什麼時候才可有憲法?—對於《建國大綱》的疑問 ), Hu criticized the Nationalist government for betraying the ideal of Constitutionalism in The Outline of National Reconstruction . In
1188-503: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Yutang . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yutang&oldid=1187639098 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
1232-549: The spirit of Skepticism into traditional Chinese textual study ( kaozheng ), laying the groundwork for contemporary studies of Chinese intellectual history. In 1919, Hu Shih published the first volume of An Outline History of Chinese Philosophy. The later portion was never finished. Cai Yuanpei , president of Peking University where Hu was teaching at the time, wrote the preface for Outline and pointed out four key features of Hu's work: Hu's organization of classical Chinese philosophy imitated Western philosophical history, but
1276-429: The survival of the Chinese people, rather than deep and obscure systems. He was interested in 'methodologies' ( 術 ). Hu viewed Pragmatism as a scientific methodology for the study of philosophy. He appreciated the universality of such a scientific approach because he believed that such a methodology transcends the boundary of culture and therefore can be applied anywhere, including China during his time. Hu Shih
1320-468: The system of democracy. In "A Second Discussion on Nation-Building and Autocracy" ( 再談建國與專治 ), Hu comments that an autocratic system needs professionals to manage it while democracy relies on the wisdom of the people. When different people's lived experiences come together, no elite politician is needed for coordination, and therefore democracy is, in fact, easy to practice with people who lack political experience. He calls democracy "naive politics" ( 幼稚政治 ),
1364-661: The time called National Peking University, between 1946 and 1948. In 1957, he became the third president of the Academia Sinica in Taipei, a post he retained until his death. He was also chief executive of the Free China Journal , which was eventually shut down for criticizing Chiang Kai-shek . He died of a heart attack in Nankang, Taipei at the age of 70, and was entombed in Hu Shih Park, adjacent to
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1408-410: The title "Imperial Cat" from the emperor , Bai Yutang becomes jealous and hurries off to the capital Kaifeng to challenge him. Using his extraordinary martial arts skills to intrude into respectively the government headquarters of Prefect Bao , the residence of Imperial Tutor Pang , and even the imperial palace, he performs a number of spectacular acts and crimes. He also succeeds in capturing Zhan in
1452-514: The title "Imperial Cat". To prove himself, he goes to the palace to create trouble in order to have Zhan Zhao pursue him. Significantly younger than all the other heroes and gallants in the book except for Ai Hu, Bai is the first one to die when he falls in the Brass Net Trap of the Sky-Scraping Tower. During his explorations of the Sky-Scraping Tower, Bai Yutang kills the following rascals under Prince of Xiangyang: Hu Shih praised
1496-595: The validity of the resource text. Feng believes that as long as the work itself is philosophically valuable, its validity is not as significant. Hong Kong (pro-democracy) Hong Kong (centrist) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Hong Kong (localist) Macau Republic of China (Taiwan) (groups of pro-Chinese identity) Hong Kong (pro-democracy) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Hong Kong (localist) Republic of China (Taiwan) (groups of pro-Chinese identity) Current Former Eastward spread of Western learning Unlike many of his contemporaries who later joined
1540-696: Was "thoroughly critical but by no means contemptuous." For instance, he studied Chinese classical novels, especially the 18th century novel Dream of the Red Chamber , as a way of establishing the vocabulary for a modern standardized language. His Peking University colleague Wen Yuan-ning dubbed Hu a philosophe for his humanistic interests and expertise. Hu was among the New Culture Movement reformers who welcomed Margaret Sanger 's 1922 visit to China. He personally translated her speech delivered at Beijing National University which stressed
1584-455: Was a Chinese diplomat, essayist and fiction writer, literary scholar, philosopher, and politician. Hu contributed to Chinese liberalism and language reform and advocated for the use of written vernacular Chinese . He participated in the May Fourth Movement and China's New Culture Movement . He was a president of Peking University . He had a wide range of interests such as literature, philosophy, history, textual criticism, and pedagogy. He
1628-496: Was also a redology scholar. Hu was editor of the Free China Journal , which was shut down for criticizing Chiang Kai-shek . In 1919, he also criticized Li Dazhao . Hu advocated that the world adopt Western-style democracy. Moreover, Hu criticized Sun Yat-sen 's claim that people are incapable of self-rule. Hu criticized the Nationalist government for betraying the ideal of Constitutionalism in The Outline of National Reconstruction . Hu wrote many essays attacking communism as
1672-634: Was appointed to be the lecturer of History of Classical Chinese Philosophy. His decision of leaving out pre-Warring States philosophy almost caused a riot among students. In Outline , other philosophical schools of the Warring States were first treated as equal. Hu did not hold Confucianism as the paradigm while treating other schools as heresy. Rather, Hu saw philosophical values within other schools, even those considered to be anti-Confucian, like Mohism. Yu Yingshi commented how this paradigm followed Thomas Kuhn 's Enlightenment theory. Feng Youlan,
1716-568: Was born on 17 December 1891, in Shanghai to Hu Chuan ( 胡傳 ), and his third wife Feng Shundi ( 馮順弟 ). Hu Chuan was a tea merchant who became a public servant, serving in Manchuria , Hainan , and Taiwan . During their marriage, Feng Shun-di was younger than some of Hu Chuan's children. After Hu Shih's birth, Hu Chuan moved to Taiwan to work in 1892, where his wife and Hu Shih joined him in 1893. Shortly before Hu Chuan's death in 1895, right after
1760-521: Was influenced by his professor, John Dewey and started literary experiments. Hu became Dewey's translator and a lifelong advocate of pragmatic evolutionary change , helping Dewey in his 1919–1921 lectures series in China. Hu returned to lecture in Peking University . During his tenure there, he received support from Chen Duxiu , editor of the influential journal New Youth , quickly gaining much attention and influence. Hu soon became one of
1804-434: Was not so interested in the content of Dewey's philosophy, caring rather about the method, the attitude, and the scientific spirit. Hu saw all ideologies and abstract theories only as hypotheses waiting to be tested. The content of ideologies, Hu believed, was shaped by the background, political environment, and even the personality of the theorist. Thus these theories were confined within their temporality. Hu felt that only
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1848-480: Was portrayed by more than 2 dozen actors in different films and TV series, the more notable actors being Alexander Fu Sheng , Chin Siu-ho , Sun Xing , Vincent Chiao , Michael Tong , Benny Chan and Chen Xiao . In the 2003 comedy film Cat and Mouse , actress Cecilia Cheung portrayed a "female" Bai Yutang. Hu Shih Hu Shih ( Chinese : 胡適 ; 17 December 1891 – 24 February 1962)
1892-794: Was sent to study agriculture at Cornell University in the United States. In 1912, he changed his major to philosophy and literature, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . He was also a member and later a president of the Cosmopolitan Club, an international student organization. While at Cornell, Hu led a campaign to promote the newer, easier to learn Modern Written Chinese which helped spread literacy in China. He also helped found Cornell's extensive library collections of East Asian books and materials. After receiving his undergraduate degree, he went to study philosophy at Teachers College, Columbia University , in New York City, where he
1936-573: Was sufficiently convincing to many scholars that it led to a re-evaluation of the development of modern Chinese literature. Selection 15 of the Putonghua Proficiency Test is a story about Hu Shih debating the merits of written vernacular Chinese over Literary Chinese . Hu also claimed that India conquered China culturally for 2000 years via religion. At the same time, Hu criticized Indian religions for holding China back scientifically. Feng Youlan criticized Hu for adopting
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