ToolBook was a Microsoft Windows based e-learning content authoring application, initially released in 1990 by Asymetrix Corporation , now SumTotal Systems . ToolBook uses a book metaphor — a project file is thought of as a book containing pages of content. This is very similar to Microsoft PowerPoint ’s use of the metaphor where presentations contain various slides . ToolBook was often compared to HyperCard and Visual Basic .
55-577: The first version of ToolBook was demonstrated in 1990 episode of The Computer Chronicles , in an episode about Windows 3.0 . The final version of ToolBook, 11.5, was released in December 2012. SumTotal Systems ended all sales and support of Toolbook on December 31, 2021. ToolBook allows for the creation of applications and training materials for Windows and/or the web. To support these two distribution models, ToolBook contains two different programming environments: ToolBook’s key features are: Below
110-837: A WARC file . A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards. Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive. As of March 2014 , Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including
165-583: A free and open Internet . Its mission is committing to provide "universal access to all knowledge". The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers , which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive , the Wayback Machine , contains hundreds of billions of web captures. The Archive also oversees numerous book digitization projects , collectively one of
220-568: A backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump . Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat . Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes of digitized materials. Over
275-472: A comparison with the 2023 British Library cyberattack , which affected the UK Web Archive . Beginning October 9, 2024, the Internet Archive's team, including archivist Jason Scott and security researcher Scott Helme, confirmed DDoS attacks, site defacement, and a data breach. The purported hacktivist group SN_BLACKMETA again claimed responsibility. A pop-up on the defaced site claimed that there
330-550: A database. As of September 5, 2024 , the Internet Archive held over 866 billion web pages, more than 42.5 million print materials, 13 million videos, 3 million TV news, 1.2 million software programs, 14 million audio files, 5 million images, and 272,660 concerts in its Wayback Machine. Created in early 2006, Archive-It is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows
385-550: A description and tags which make them more searchable. Some file types can be previewed directly on the site, where as others have to be downloaded in order to be opened. If multiple multimedia files exist in an item, the website generates a playlist for video or audio files, or a slide show for pictures. If an item contains at least one video or picture, the Archive generates a preview thumbnail that can be seen on collection pages and in searches. Items can contain mixed data such as music files with an album cover picture, in which case
440-426: A donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018, and the entire collection of Marygrove College 's library after it closed in 2020. All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of
495-431: A national series on PBS in 1983, running until 2002, with Cheifet as host. Gary Kildall , founder of the software company Digital Research , served as Cheifet's co-host from 1983 to 1990, providing insights and commentary on products, as well as discussions on the future of the ever-expanding personal computer sphere. After Kildall left the show, Cheifet would serve as solo host from 1991 onward. After his death in 1994,
550-401: A two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub . The Open Library faces objections from some authors and
605-592: Is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $ 37 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation . The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $ 6 million in donations. It uses Ubuntu as its choice of operating system for
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#1732780228437660-410: Is an historical list of English versions of ToolBook: Computer Chronicles Computer Chronicles (also titled as The Computer Chronicles from 1983 to 1989) was an American half-hour television series broadcast from 1983 to 2002 on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television and which documented various issues from the rise of the personal computer from its infancy to
715-498: Is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection ), as well as in-print and in-copyright books, many of which are fully readable, downloadable and full-text searchable ; it offers
770-522: Is back to normal: 1,500 requests per second". On October 20, threat actors stole unrotated API tokens and breached Internet Archive on its Zendesk email support platform; they also claimed responsibility for the other breaches yet stated that SN_BLACKMETA was behind just the DDoS attacks. On October 21, Internet Archive went back online in a read-only manner. On October 22, all Internet Archive services temporarily went offline, but later that same day, only
825-492: Is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it had added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files. This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve
880-560: The ARChive of Contemporary Music . A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation. The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as
935-563: The Arcadia Fund . A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books". The Library of Congress created numerous Handle System identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive. The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on
990-624: The Electronic Literature Organization , North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University , Columbia University , American University in Cairo , Georgetown Law Library, and many others. In September 2020, Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar . Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in
1045-461: The Google Cache yet. During the week of May 27, 2024, the Internet Archive suffered a series of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks that made its services unavailable intermittently, sometimes for hours at a time, over a period of several days. The attack was claimed on May 28 by a hacker group called SN_BLACKMETA , with possible links to Anonymous Sudan . The incident drew
1100-578: The Grateful Dead , and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins . Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon 's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs. The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with
1155-615: The Internet Archive . There is also an unofficial YouTube channel with episodes. Many episodes of the show have been dubbed into other languages, including Arabic, French and Spanish. Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American non-profit organization founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that runs a digital library website, archive.org. It provides free access to collections of digitized media including websites , software applications , music , audiovisual , and print materials. The Archive also advocates
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#17327802284371210-645: The Society of Authors , who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws, and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project. Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items). Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include
1265-621: The United States Federal Courts ' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013. The Archive's BookReader web app , built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation. In October 2024,
1320-634: The first-sale doctrine . On June 1, 2020, four large publishing houses – Hachette Book Group , Penguin Random House , HarperCollins , and John Wiley – filed a lawsuit against the Internet Archive before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , claiming that the Internet Archive's practice of controlled digital lending constituted copyright infringement . On March 25, 2023,
1375-444: The public domain . The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people. In addition to books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from
1430-557: The Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format. According to its website: Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission
1485-517: The Archive's collection; the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download. Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz , who, with a "bunch of friends", downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to
1540-478: The Internet Archive before the same United States District Court for the Southern District of New York over the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project for $ 621 million in damages from alleged copyright infringement. In September 2024, Google and the Internet Archive signed a partnership to allow people to see previous versions of websites on Google Search that uses the Wayback Machine, without linking
1595-630: The Internet Archive struck a deal with the Leiden University Library to accept the paper copies of 400,000 uncatalogued foreign dissertations held at the Library that were to be pulped – with a view to digitising them and making them accessible online. The collection includes theses by Niels Bohr , Marie Curie , Émile Durkheim , Albert Einstein , Otto Hahn , Carl Jung , J. Robert Oppenheimer , Max Planck , Luigi Pirandello , Gustav Stresemann and Max Weber . The Open Library
1650-473: The Internet Archive was operating 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, in a total collection of 4.4 million books – including material digitized by others and fed into the Internet Archive; at that time, users were performing more than 15 million downloads per month. The material digitized by others includes more than 300,000 books that were contributed to
1705-678: The Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web. In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index , a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles . The Archive stores files inside so-called items, which are similar to directories in that they can contain multiple files, but can have additional metadata such as
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1760-476: The Library of Congress website as a source of e-books. In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of
1815-518: The University of Toronto's Robarts Library , University of Alberta Libraries , University of Ottawa , Library of Congress , Boston Library Consortium member libraries, Boston Public Library , Princeton Theological Seminary Library , and many others. In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist , with financial support from
1870-404: The Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and blog.archive.org were resumed. On October 23, archive.org, the Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and the Open Library services all resumed but with some features, such as logging in, still unavailable until the staff announced it back available in the next day or two. On October 25, the login feature is now back available for now and the site is active. The Archive
1925-411: The World Wide Web to be searched and accessed. It can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com ) and the Internet Archive. Hundreds of billions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in
1980-580: The collection, between about 2006 and 2008, by Microsoft through its Live Search Books project, which also included financial support and scanning equipment directly donated to the Internet Archive. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending its Live Book Search project and would no longer be scanning books, donating its remaining scanning equipment to its former partners. Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search . As of November 2013 , there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in
2035-485: The course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off. Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand , Whitney Lynn , and Jenny Odell . The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations, such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,
2090-408: The court found in favor of the publishers. The negotiated judgment of August 11, 2023, barred the Internet Archive from digitally lending books for which electronic copies are on sale. Also on August 11, 2023, the music industry giants Universal Music Group , Sony Music and Concord (together with their respective labels Capitol Records , Arista Records and CMGI Recorded Music Assets) sued
2145-570: The estimated $ 600,000 in damage. An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016. In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada . The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build
2200-573: The files. On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable". The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover
2255-597: The general public in 2001, through the Wayback Machine . In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives . Now, the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software . It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library . Soon after that,
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2310-626: The global market at the turn of the 21st century. The series was created by Stewart Cheifet (later the show's co-host), who was then the station manager of the College of San Mateo 's KCSM-TV (now independent non-commercial KPJK ). The show was initially broadcast as a local weekly series beginning in 1981. The show was, at various points in its run, produced by KCSM-TV , WITF-TV in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and KTEH in San Jose. It became
2365-552: The main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored. The Audio Archive includes music, audiobooks , news broadcasts, old time radio shows, podcasts , and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023 , there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others. The sound collections are curated by B. George , director of
2420-530: The picture is used as thumbnail. Staff members of the Internet Archive organize items by placing them into so-called collections, which are pages listing multiple items. The scanning performed by the Internet Archive is financially supported by libraries and foundations. As of November 2008 , when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 500 terabytes, which included raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs , and raw OCR data. As of July 2013 ,
2475-564: The professional workplace in the early 1980s, it evolved by the 1990s into a more relaxed, casual style, with Cheifet and guests adopting the " business casual " style of dress that the Silicon Valley computer industry arguably helped pioneer. Beginning in 1984, the last five minutes or so featured Random Access , a segment that gave the viewer the latest computer news from the home and business markets. Stewart Cheifet, Janelle Stelson, Maria Gabriel and various other individuals presented
2530-701: The risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam . The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007. The Wayback Machine is a service that allows archives of
2585-476: The segment. Random Access was discontinued in 1997. The Online Minute , introduced in 1995 and lasting until 1997, gave the viewers certain Web sites that dealt with the episode's topic. It featured Giles Bateman, who designed the show's "Web page" opening sequence that was used from that period up until the show's end. The opening graphics were changed in 1989, and the show was renamed "Computer Chronicles", omitting
2640-403: The show paid tribute to Kildall in a special episode. Computer Chronicles had several supporting presenters appearing alongside Cheifet, including: The Computer Chronicles format remained relatively unchanged throughout its run, except perhaps with the noticeable difference in presenting style; originally formal, with Cheifet and the guests wearing business suits (with neckties) customary in
2695-648: The show was Stewart's "Pick of the Week", in which he detailed a popular piece of software or gadget on the market that appealed to him and might appeal to the home audience. From 1994 to 1997, the show was produced by PCTV, based in New Hampshire in cooperation with KCSM-TV. Starting in the fall of 1997 and continuing to its end, the show was produced by KTEH San Jose and Stewart Cheifet Productions. The show ended its run in 2002. Almost all episodes of Computer Chronicles have been made available for free download at
2750-418: The user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections. In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture. Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as
2805-684: The website servers. The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco , California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco , a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church . At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide. The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City , and Richmond . To reduce
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#17327802284372860-484: The website was still mostly offline for "prioritizing keeping data safe at the expense of service availability." On October 11, Kahle said that the data is safe, and will bring the service back to normal "in days, not weeks." On October 13, the Wayback Machine was restored in a read-only format, while archiving web pages was temporarily disabled. On October 14, Brewster Kahle said "[the Wayback Machine] volume
2915-504: The word "The". The graphics were redesigned again in 1995, with the "Web page" graphics designed by Giles Bateman, and redesigned again in 1998 to show clips from the show in a "multiple window" format. The theme tune from 1983 to 1989 was "Byte by Byte" by Craig Palmer for the Network Music Library. From 1990 until the show's end, the theme song was Zenith , composed for OmniMusic by John Manchester. Another feature on
2970-596: The world's largest book digitization efforts. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996, around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet . The earliest known archived page on the site was saved on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 pm UTC (7:42 am PDT ). By October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large amounts. The archived content became more easily available to
3025-481: Was a "catastrophic" security breach , stating "Have you ever felt like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on HIBP !" It was reported that about 31 million user accounts were affected, and compromised in a file called "ia_users.sql", dated September 28, 2024. The attackers stole users' email addresses and Bcrypt -hashed passwords. As of October 15, 2024,
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