36-462: [REDACTED] Look up tat or TAT in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tat or TAT may refer to: Geography [ edit ] Tát , a Hungarian village Tat Ali , an Ethiopian volcano People [ edit ] Tat, a son and disciple of Hermes Trismegistus Tiffani Amber Thiessen , initials T.A.T. Tat Wood ,
72-484: A British author Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] TAT (band) , a punk/rock band from London, England Die Tat , a former magazine Aviation [ edit ] TAT, the IATA Airport code of Poprad-Tatry Airport TAT European Airlines , a former French regional airline Total air temperature , sometimes referred to as Stagnation Temperature Transcontinental Air Transport ,
108-582: A Northwestern Iranian language The Three Affiliated Tribes (TAT), a Northern Plains Native American tribe also known as the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation Science, medicine and psychology [ edit ] Tat (HIV) , Trans-Activator of Transcription, HIV protein Tapas Acupressure Technique , an alternative medicine therapy Targeted alpha-particle therapy , radiation therapy for cancer Thematic apperception test ,
144-569: A branch of Persian language Tat people (Iran) , an Iranian ethnic group from Iran Tati language (Iran) , a Northwestern Iranian language The Three Affiliated Tribes (TAT), a Northern Plains Native American tribe also known as the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation Science, medicine and psychology [ edit ] Tat (HIV) , Trans-Activator of Transcription, HIV protein Tapas Acupressure Technique , an alternative medicine therapy Targeted alpha-particle therapy , radiation therapy for cancer Thematic apperception test ,
180-658: A branch of Persian language Juhuri language , the Jewish Tat language Mountain Tats (Crimea) , a mountain-dwelling subethnos of the Crimean Tatars Tat people (Caucasus) , an Iranian people of Persian origin from the Caucasus Tat language (Caucasus) , a Southwestern Iranian language, a branch of Persian language Tat people (Iran) , an Iranian ethnic group from Iran Tati language (Iran) ,
216-522: A former US airline Enterprises and organizations [ edit ] Takraw Association of Thailand (TAT), a sport governing body of Thailand . Tat Bank , a bank based in Tehran, Iran The Astonishing Tribe (or TAT), the former name of the Swedish company Research In Motion Truckers Against Trafficking (or TAT), a nonprofit organization Ethnology [ edit ] Armeno-Tats ,
252-569: A projective psychological test Thrombin–antithrombin complex , a protein complex Tropine acyltransferase , an enzyme Twin-arginine translocation pathway , cellular protein export pathway Tyrosine aminotransferase , an enzyme encoded by the TAT gene TAT, a codon for the amino acid Tyrosine Transport [ edit ] Talbot railway station , Australia Tattenham Corner railway station (National Rail station code), Surrey, England Other uses [ edit ] Tat, verb for
288-520: A projective psychological test Thrombin–antithrombin complex , a protein complex Tropine acyltransferase , an enzyme Twin-arginine translocation pathway , cellular protein export pathway Tyrosine aminotransferase , an enzyme encoded by the TAT gene TAT, a codon for the amino acid Tyrosine Transport [ edit ] Talbot railway station , Australia Tattenham Corner railway station (National Rail station code), Surrey, England Other uses [ edit ] Tat, verb for
324-451: A punk/rock band from London, England Die Tat , a former magazine Aviation [ edit ] TAT, the IATA Airport code of Poprad-Tatry Airport TAT European Airlines , a former French regional airline Total air temperature , sometimes referred to as Stagnation Temperature Transcontinental Air Transport , a former US airline Enterprises and organizations [ edit ] Takraw Association of Thailand (TAT),
360-518: A sport governing body of Thailand . Tat Bank , a bank based in Tehran, Iran The Astonishing Tribe (or TAT), the former name of the Swedish company Research In Motion Truckers Against Trafficking (or TAT), a nonprofit organization Ethnology [ edit ] Armeno-Tats , a subgroup of Armenians in the South Caucasus that speak the Tat language, a Southwestern Iranian language,
396-409: A subgroup of Armenians in the South Caucasus that speak the Tat language, a Southwestern Iranian language, a branch of Persian language Juhuri language , the Jewish Tat language Mountain Tats (Crimea) , a mountain-dwelling subethnos of the Crimean Tatars Tat people (Caucasus) , an Iranian people of Persian origin from the Caucasus Tat language (Caucasus) , a Southwestern Iranian language,
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#1732765276406432-617: A urinary metabolite of tyrosine in rats. Three structural isomers of L-tyrosine are known. In addition to the common amino acid L-tyrosine, which is the para isomer ( para -tyr, p -tyr or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine), there are two additional regioisomers, namely meta -tyrosine (also known as 3-hydroxyphenylalanine , L- m -tyrosine , and m -tyr) and ortho -tyrosine ( o -tyr or 2-hydroxyphenylalanine), that occur in nature. The m -tyr and o -tyr isomers, which are rare, arise through non-enzymatic free-radical hydroxylation of phenylalanine under conditions of oxidative stress . Tyrosine
468-408: Is transaminated using glutamate as the nitrogen source to give tyrosine and α-ketoglutarate . Mammals synthesize tyrosine from the essential amino acid phenylalanine (Phe), which is derived from food. The conversion of Phe to Tyr is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase , a monooxygenase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction causing the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of
504-535: Is a precursor to neurotransmitters and increases plasma neurotransmitter levels (particularly dopamine and norepinephrine), but has little if any effect on mood in normal subjects. A 2015 systematic review found that "tyrosine loading acutely counteracts decrements in working memory and information processing that are induced by demanding situational conditions such as extreme weather or cognitive load " and therefore "tyrosine may benefit healthy individuals exposed to demanding situational conditions". L-tyrosine
540-430: Is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine . It is encoded by the codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA . The one-letter symbol Y was assigned to tyrosine for being alphabetically nearest of those letters available. Note that T was assigned to the structurally simpler threonine, U was avoided for its similarity with V for valine, W was assigned to tryptophan, while X
576-488: Is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins . It is a conditionally essential amino acid with a polar side group . The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyrós , meaning cheese , as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese. It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain. While tyrosine
612-414: Is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine . Dopamine can then be converted into other catecholamines , such as norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) in the colloid of the thyroid are also derived from tyrosine. The latex of Papaver somniferum ,
648-406: Is used in pharmaceuticals , dietary supplements , and food additives . Two methods were formerly used to manufacture L-tyrosine. The first involves the extraction of the desired amino acid from protein hydrolysates using a chemical approach. The second utilizes enzymatic synthesis from phenolics, pyruvate, and ammonia through the use of tyrosine phenol-lyase . Advances in genetic engineering and
684-399: The post-translational modifications . Phosphorylated tyrosine occurs in proteins that are part of signal transduction processes. Similar functionality is also presented in serine and threonine , whose side chains have a hydroxy group, but are alcohols . Phosphorylation of these three amino acids' moieties (including tyrosine) creates a negative charge on their ends, that is greater than
720-513: The 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine , such that it becomes tyrosine. Some of the tyrosine residues can be tagged (at the hydroxyl group) with a phosphate group ( phosphorylated ) by protein kinases . In its phosphorylated form, tyrosine is called phosphotyrosine . Tyrosine phosphorylation is considered to be one of the key steps in signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity. Phosphotyrosine can be detected through specific antibodies . Tyrosine residues may also be modified by
756-448: The action of making lace, see Tatting Tat, informal for cheap, tasteless, useless goods; trinkets; tatty articles or a tatty condition Tat, short for tattoo Tat Tvam Asi , a Hindu philosophical concept Transatlantic telephone cable Turnaround time See also [ edit ] Tati (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
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#1732765276406792-448: The action of making lace, see Tatting Tat, informal for cheap, tasteless, useless goods; trinkets; tatty articles or a tatty condition Tat, short for tattoo Tat Tvam Asi , a Hindu philosophical concept Transatlantic telephone cable Turnaround time See also [ edit ] Tati (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
828-420: The activity of the target protein, or may form part of a signaling cascade via SH2 domain binding. A tyrosine residue also plays an important role in photosynthesis . In chloroplasts ( photosystem II ), it acts as an electron donor in the reduction of oxidized chlorophyll . In this process, it loses the hydrogen atom of its phenolic OH-group. This radical is subsequently reduced in the photosystem II by
864-411: The addition of a sulfate group, a process known as tyrosine sulfation . Tyrosine sulfation is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). Like the phosphotyrosine antibodies mentioned above, antibodies have recently been described that specifically detect sulfotyrosine. In dopaminergic cells in the brain , tyrosine is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH
900-400: The addition of a water molecule. Thereby fumarate (also a metabolite of the citric acid cycle) and acetoacetate (3-ketobutyroate) are liberated. Acetoacetate is a ketone body , which is activated with succinyl-CoA, and thereafter it can be converted into acetyl-CoA , which in turn can be oxidized by the citric acid cycle or be used for fatty acid synthesis . Phloretic acid is also
936-611: The four core manganese clusters . The Dietary Reference Intake for tyrosine is usually estimated together with phenylalanine . It varies depending on an estimate method, however the ideal proportion of these two amino acids is considered to be 60:40 (phenylalanine:tyrosine) as a human body has such composition. Tyrosine, which can also be synthesized in the body from phenylalanine, is found in many high- protein food products such as meat , fish , cheese , cottage cheese , milk , yogurt , peanuts , almonds , pumpkin seeds , sesame seeds , soy protein and lima beans . For example,
972-476: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up tat or TAT in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tat or TAT may refer to: Geography [ edit ] Tát , a Hungarian village Tat Ali , an Ethiopian volcano People [ edit ] Tat, a son and disciple of Hermes Trismegistus Tiffani Amber Thiessen , initials T.A.T. Tat Wood , a British author Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] TAT (band) ,
1008-405: The hydroxyl group and side chain on the phenyl ring are across from each other (see the illustration below). The next oxidation step catalyzes by p -hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and splitting off CO 2 homogentisate (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl-1-acetate). In order to split the aromatic ring of homogentisate, a further dioxygenase, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase is required. Thereby, through
1044-409: The incorporation of a further O 2 molecule, maleylacetoacetate is created. Fumarylacetoacetate is created by maleylacetoacetate cis - trans -isomerase through rotation of the carboxyl group created from the hydroxyl group via oxidation. This cis-trans -isomerase contains glutathione as a coenzyme . Fumarylacetoacetate is finally split by the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase through
1080-408: The negative charge of the only negatively charged aspartic and glutamic acids. Phosphorylated proteins keep these same properties—which are useful for more reliable protein-protein interactions—by means of phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Binding sites for a signalling phosphoprotein may be diverse in their chemical structure. Phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group can change
1116-412: The opium poppy, has been shown to convert tyrosine into the alkaloid morphine and the bio-synthetic pathway has been established from tyrosine to morphine by using Carbon-14 radio-labelled tyrosine to trace the in-vivo synthetic route. Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) is an enzyme in the natural phenols biosynthesis pathway. It transforms L-tyrosine into p-coumaric acid . Tyrosine is also the precursor to
Tat - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-420: The pigment melanin . Tyrosine (or its precursor phenylalanine) is needed to synthesize the benzoquinone structure which forms part of coenzyme Q10 . The decomposition of L-tyrosine (syn. para -hydroxyphenylalanine) begins with an α-ketoglutarate dependent transamination through the tyrosine transaminase to para -hydroxyphenylpyruvate . The positional description para , abbreviated p , mean that
1188-533: The title Tat . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tat&oldid=1224102644 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages tat From Misplaced Pages,
1224-600: The title Tat . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tat&oldid=1224102644 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Tyrosine L -Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y ) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine
1260-420: The white of an egg has about 250 mg per egg, while beef, lamb, pork, tuna, salmon, chicken, and turkey contain about 500–1000 mg per 3 ounces (85 g) portion. In plants and most microorganisms, tyrosine is produced via prephenate , an intermediate on the shikimate pathway . Prephenate is oxidatively decarboxylated with retention of the hydroxyl group to give p -hydroxyphenylpyruvate, which
1296-400: Was reserved for undetermined or atypical amino acids. The mnemonic t Y rosine was also proposed. Aside from being a proteinogenic amino acid , tyrosine has a special role by virtue of the phenol functionality. Its hydroxy group is able to form the ester linkage , with phosphate in particular. Phosphate groups are transferred to tyrosine residues by way of protein kinases . This is one of
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