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24-480: It is some 130 km (80 mi) wide and 75 km (46 mi) deep, and is enclosed by the Koni Peninsula with Odyan Bay and Zavyalov Island on its eastern side and by Spafaryev Island on its southwestern end. Ice occurs in the bay from the middle of October to the middle of June. Tides are semidiurnal. Springs rise about 4.5 m (14.75 ft), while neaps rise 1.8 to 2.1 m (5.9 to 6.9 ft). The enclosed area

48-592: A favorable mannuronic/guluronic acid residues ratio (M/G ratio) for heavy metal absorption in its alginate. This M/G ratio is the ratio between the L-guluronate (G) and D-mannuronate (M) in the alginate, a natural anionic polymer that is found in all brown algae. This alginate is able to form a gel that contains carboxyl groups that can bind heavy metal cations such as Cu , Cd , and Pb , thereby allowing these metals to be removed from wastewater. Coelopa frigida and related flies from

72-399: A habitat for many fish and invertebrates. The life cycle of Laminaria has heteromorphic alternation of generations which differs from Fucus . At meiosis the male and female zoospores are produced separately, then germinate into male and female gametophytes. The female egg matures in the oogonium until the male sperm fertilizes it. Life-Cycle: The most apparent form of Laminaria

96-399: A macroscopic thallic sporophyte structure, consisting of the holdfast, a stipe, and the blades, to a filamentous, microscopic gametophyte . The sporophyte structure of laminaria can grow to 7 metres (23 ft), which is large in comparison to other algae, but still smaller than the giant kelps such as Macrocystis and Nereocystis , which can grow up to 40–50 metres (130–160 ft). On

120-431: Is Mount Skalistaya, 1,548 meters. The rivers are small and rapid. In the central part there are small volcanic lakes. Its westernmost promontory is Cape Taran  [ ru ] ("Cape Ram "). There is a lighthouse (international code M 8015) on its slope. 59°03′N 151°31′E  /  59.05°N 151.52°E  / 59.05; 151.52 Laminaria ca. 30 species; see text Laminaria

144-436: Is a genus of brown seaweed in the order Laminariales (kelp), comprising 31 species native to the north Atlantic and northern Pacific Oceans. This economically important genus is characterized by long, leathery laminae and relatively large size. Some species are called Devil's apron, due to their shape, or sea colander, due to the perforations present on the lamina . Others are referred to as tangle . Laminaria form

168-417: Is also canned for preservation for deliverу and selling purposes in other regions. Many countries produce and consume laminaria products, the largest being China . Due to their ability to grow underwater and in salt water, algae are being looked into as a source of biofuel . Laminaria is one of the five macroalgae farmed for products such as food, chemicals and power. Those five genera contribute to 76% of

192-654: Is ca. 10 000 km, and the average depth 50–60 m (165-196 ft). The Arman , Ola , Yana and Taui rivers drain into the bay. The city of Magadan is situated the centrally at the end of the bay, on the isthmus of the Staritsky Peninsula separated from the mainland by the smaller Nagayev Bay on the west and Gertner Bay  [ ru ] on the east. Taui Bay was frequented by American , French , and Russian whaleships hunting bowhead and gray whales between 1849 and 1885. The bark Isabella , of New Bedford , reported as many as thirty ships in

216-466: Is found in colder ocean waters, such as arctic regions. Preferring to stay in regions where there are rocky shores, this allows the laminaria to attach. Due to the height of the Laminaria , they provide protection for creatures that the open ocean does not often give. Invertebrates are just one of the organisms that live among the algae. Sea snails and other invertebrates feed on the blades (leaves) of

240-527: Is its sporophyte phase, a structure composed of the holdfast , the stipe , and the blades . While it spends its time predominately in the sporophyte phase, it alternates between the sporophyte and its microscopic gametophyte phase. Laminaria japonica (J. E. Areschoug – Japón) is now regarded as a synonym of Saccharina japonica and Laminaria saccharina is now classified as Saccharina latissima . Laminaria arrived in China from Hokkaido, Japan in

264-414: Is the most promising practice to extract energy from Laminaria . There are still barriers to overcome before moving forward with anaerobic digestion, such as its cost per kwh .  The ability of laminaria, along with other brown algae , to absorb heavy metals is a current area of interest regarding their use to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Laminaria has been shown by recent research to have

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288-880: The Sea of Okhotsk in Magadan Oblast , in the Russian Far East , and has an area of 103,434 hectares. Its north-western shores are on the Taui Bay . Its north-eastern shores are on the Odyan Bay ; the latter one resolves into the Nerpichya Bay  [ ru ] (" Pusa Bay"). The Peninsula's south-eastern shore is on the Zabiyaka Bay  [ ru ] . From the Zabiyaka Bay northwards

312-606: The Siglan Bay  [ ru ] makes a notch into the isthmus between the peninsula and the mainland, into the valley of the Siglan River . The Ola sector of the Magadan Nature Reserve is situated on the peninsula, in its western part. Its eastern border runs from Cape Ploskiy  [ ru ] (Плоский, "Flat") in the north approximately south-eastwards along several watersheds down to

336-525: The laminaria . Other organisms, such as sea urchins, feed on the holdfasts, which can kill the algae. Red sea urchins , found on the North America Pacific Coast, can decimate kelp, including Laminaria, if the urchins are not managed by sea otters . Species such as Coelopa pilipes feed and lay eggs on Laminaria when it is washed up on beaches. Laminaria expresses a haplo-diplophasic life history, in which it alternates from

360-531: The Chinese started to commercially grow laminaria as a crop. This increased the production of dry weight to 6,200 metric tons. Farming laminaria is still a large production for China. However, since the 1980s production has dropped due to new mariculture technology . Laminaria is generally farmed using the floating raft method, in which young laminaria sporophytes are attached to submerged ropes. These ropes are then attached to floating rafts. Laminaria

384-401: The bay during a squall . Her crew were rescued by nearby vessels. A ship found casks with provisions and pieces of the wreck to the west of the bay about ten days later. There are a number of large colonies of common murre in the bay. Beluga whales are also occasionally sighted in the bay – they were formerly seen here regularly. Koni Peninsula The Koni Peninsula projects into

408-473: The bay, all whaling. These ships usually sought shelter to obtain wood and water, flense whales, or boil oil in Fabius Harbor , between the mainland and Fabius Island ( Ostrov Nedorazumeniya ), or Jeannette Harbor (Nagayeva Bay), under Jeannette Point (Mys Chirikova). Some traded calico for fresh salmon from the natives. On 12 August 1852, the whaleship Liancourt , of Havre , was wrecked in

432-493: The cervix to induce labor, or for surgical procedures including abortions or to facilitate the placement of an intrauterine device . The stick is made up of a bundle of dried and compressed laminaria that expands as water is absorbed. Laminaria is a source of the relatively rare element, iodine , which is commonly used to promote thyroid health. Various species of Laminaria have been used for food purposes since ancient times wherever humans have encountered them. Typically,

456-479: The late 1920s. Once in China, Laminaria was cultivated on a much larger industrial scale. The rocky shores at Dalian, the northern coast of the Yellow Sea , along with its cold waters provided excellent growing conditions for these species. Laminaria was harvested for food and 1949 yielded 40.3 metric tons of dry weight. Laminaria need cold water to survive and can only live above 36° N latitude. In 1949,

480-531: The mouth of the Antara River (about 9 kilometers east of Cape Bligan  [ ru ] (Блиган). ) The shores of the reserve are surrounded by the buffer zone, a 2-kilometer wide strip of the sea from Cape Ploskiy to two nameless streams 9km to the east of the Antara River. Like in the Reserve, any human activities (such as hunting, fishing, Laminaria harvesting, etc.) are prohibited. The Ola sector

504-473: The other hand, the gametophyte structure is no more than a few millimeters in length. In opposition to the gametophyte phase, which only consists of one type of tissue, the more complex sporophyte phase is made up of different types of tissue. One of these tissues includes a sieve-like element which translocates photoassimilates . These structures are very similar to mesophyll cells found in higher plant leaves. A laminaria stick may be used to slowly dilate

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528-414: The prepared parts, usually the blade, are consumed either immediately after boiling in broth or water, or consumed after drying. The greater proportion of commercial cultivation is for algin , iodine , and mannitol , which are used in a range of industrial applications. In South Korea it is processed into a sweetmeat known as laminaria jelly , in other countries it is also used in fresh salad form, which

552-402: The total tonnage for farmed macroalgae. Laminaria is less desired as a renewable energy source due to its high ash content when burned. Laminaria has an ash content of 33%, while wood has about a 2% ash content when burned. Algae have a high water content requiring much energy to dry the algae before being able to properly use it. More research is being done with anaerobic digestion , which

576-592: Was the first part of the Reserve, established in 1947 after the research carried out following the February 19, 1941 directive of Dalstroy directorate. The peninsula adjoins the territory of the regional hunting reserve in the continental part of the Magadan Oblast. The relief of the Koni Peninsula is mostly mountainous, with peaks rising to 1,300-1,500 meters above sea level. The highest of them

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