74-716: Tavistock Square is a public square in Bloomsbury , in the London Borough of Camden near Euston Station . Tavistock Square was built shortly after 1806 by the property developer James Burton and the master builder Thomas Cubitt for Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford , and formed part of the Bedford Estate in London, owned by the Dukes of Bedford . The square takes its name from Marquess of Tavistock ,
148-695: A Stone of Remembrance , designed by him. The best known of these monuments are The Cenotaph in Whitehall , Westminster , and the Memorial to the Missing of the Somme , Thiepval . The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by David Lloyd George as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a catafalque , a low empty platform, but it
222-796: A courtesy title given to the eldest sons of the Dukes of Bedford. In 1920 the Tavistock Clinic was founded in the square, a pioneering psychiatric clinic whose patients included shell-shock victims of the First World War . In 1946 the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations separated from the Tavistock Clinic. The Tavistock Clinic has since moved to Swiss Cottage . Richard Lydekker , naturalist , geologist and writer of numerous books on natural history ,
296-504: A "square" has a wider meaning. There are public squares of the type described above but the term is also used for formal open spaces surrounded by houses with private gardens at the centre, sometimes known as garden squares . Most of these were built in the 18th and 19th centuries. In some cases the gardens are now open to the public. See the Squares in London category. Additionally, many public squares were created in towns and cities across
370-491: A bridge over the River Liffey (unbuilt) and two tiered sunken gardens; Heywood House Gardens , County Laois (open to the public), consisting of a hedge garden, lawns, tiered sunken garden and a belvedere; extensive changes and extensions to Lambay Castle, Lambay Island , near Dublin, consisting of a circular battlement enclosing the restored and extended castle and farm building complex, upgraded cottages and stores near
444-476: A central public square, Victoria Square , and four public squares in the centre of each quarter of the city. North Adelaide has two public squares. The city was also designed to be surrounded by park lands , and all of these features still exist today, with the squares maintained as mostly green spaces. In Mainland China, People's Square is a common designation for the central town square of modern Chinese cities, established as part of urban modernization within
518-625: A change of direction which had a profound influence on wider British architectural practice. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new Hampstead Garden Suburb in London to Julius Drewe 's Castle Drogo near Drewsteignton in Devon and on to his contributions to India's new imperial capital , New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanisation scheme on Mughal water gardens. He also designed
592-678: A member of the newly created Royal Fine Art Commission , a position he held until his death. While work continued in New Delhi, Lutyens received other commissions including several commercial buildings in London and the Embassy of the United Kingdom in Washington, D.C. . In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: Queen Mary's Dolls' House . This four-storey Palladian villa
666-472: A memorial to the surgeon Dame Louisa Aldrich-Blake (1865 –1925), with a bust of Aldrich-Blake by Arthur George Walker on a plinth designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . The following buildings are on Tavistock Square: 51°31′30″N 0°07′45″W / 51.5250°N 0.1291°W / 51.5250; -0.1291 Town square A town square (also a plaza , public square or urban square )
740-628: A particle in a proper noun. Like the Italian piazza and the Portuguese praça , the plaza remains a center of community life that is only equaled by the market-place. A plaza de toros is a bullring . Shopping centers may incorporate 'plaza' into their names, and plaza comercial is used in some countries as a synonym for centro comercial i.e. "shopping center". In the United Kingdom, and especially in London and Edinburgh ,
814-479: A plaza can mean one of several things: Today's metropolitan landscapes often incorporate the plaza as a design element, or as an outcome of zoning regulations, building budgetary constraints, and the like. Sociologist William H. Whyte conducted an extensive study of plazas in New York City : his study humanized the way modern urban plazas are conceptualized, and helped usher in significant design changes in
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#1732772659904888-415: A private house at Crooksbury, Farnham, Surrey . During this work, he met the garden designer and horticulturalist Gertrude Jekyll . In 1896 he began work on a house for Jekyll at Munstead Wood near Godalming , Surrey. It was the beginning of a professional partnership that would define the look of many Lutyens country houses. The "Lutyens–Jekyll" garden had hardy shrubbery and herbaceous plantings within
962-446: A structural architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, herbaceous borders, and with plants such as lilies, lupins, delphiniums and lavender, was in contrast to the formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the 19th century. This "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times. Lutyens's fame grew largely through
1036-400: A true geometric square . Being centrally located, town squares are usually surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores, and clothing stores. At their center is often a well , monument , statue or other feature. Those with fountains are sometimes called fountain squares . The term "town square" (especially via the term "public square") is synonymous with
1110-729: Is Platz , which also means "Place", and is a common term for central squares in German-speaking countries. These have been focal points of public life in towns and cities from the Middle Ages to today. Squares located opposite a Palace or Castle ( German : Schloss ) are commonly named Schlossplatz . Prominent Plätze include the Alexanderplatz , Pariser Platz and Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Heldenplatz in Vienna, and
1184-565: Is The Salutation , a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a 3.7-acre (1.5 ha) garden, it was commissioned by Henry Farrer , one of three sons of Sir William Farrer . Lutyens heavily influenced Sigurd Frosterus when he designed Vanajanlinna Manor in Finland . He was knighted in 1918 and elected a Royal Academician in March 1920. In 1924, he was appointed
1258-460: Is a back formation, since krásnaja (the term for "red") also means "beautiful" in archaic and poetic Russian, with many cities and towns throughout the region having locations with the name "Red Square." Gwanghwamun Plaza ( Korean : 광화문광장) also known as Gwanghwamun Square) is a public open space on Sejongno , Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It against the background of A Gwanghwamun Gate(Korean: 광화문). In 2009, Restoration of Gwanghwamun Gate made
1332-675: Is a cognate of Italian piazza and French place (which has also been borrowed into English). The term is used across Spanish-speaking territories in Spain and the Americas, as well as in the Philippines . In addition to smaller plazas, the Plaza Mayor (sometimes called in the Americas as Plaza de Armas , "armament square" where troops could be mustered) of each center of administration held three closely related institutions:
1406-470: Is a common term for an open area in the heart of the town . In a number of cities, the square has no individual name and is officially designated Central Square , for example Central Square (Tolyatti) . The most famous central square is the monumentally-proportioned Red Square which became a synecdoche for the Soviet Union during the 20th century; nevertheless, the association with "red communism"
1480-418: Is an open public space commonly found in the heart of a traditional town , and which is used for community gatherings. A square in a city may be called a city square . Related concepts are the civic center , the market square and the village green . Most squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets , concerts , political rallies, and other events that require firm ground. They are not necessarily
1554-512: Is built on an area of some 330 acres (130 ha) and incorporates a private garden also designed by Lutyens. The building was designed as the official residence of the Viceroy of India and is now the official residence of the President of India . The Delhi Order columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them, which, it has been suggested, Lutyens had designed with
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#17327726599041628-509: Is considered one of the essential features in urban planning and they are often adjacent to bazaars, large mosques and other public buildings. Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan and Azadi Square in Tehran are examples of classic and modern squares. Several countries use the term "maidan" across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, including Ukraine, in which the term became well-known globally during
1702-601: Is known in the Southwestern United States , is a common feature within the boundaries of the former provincial kingdom of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . They are a blend of Hispano and Pueblo design styles, several of which continue to be hubs for cities and towns in New Mexico , including Santa Fe Plaza , Old Town Albuquerque , Acoma Pueblo 's plaza, Taos Downtown Historic District , Mesilla Plaza , Mora , and Las Vegas Plaza . In U.S. English ,
1776-574: The Buildings of England series , while noting that; "the genius and the charlatan were very close together in Lutyens". In the introduction to the catalogue for the 1981 Lutyens exhibition at the Hayward Gallery , the architectural writer Colin Amery described Lutyens as "the builder of some of our finest country houses and gardens". In 2015 a memorial to Lutyens by the sculptor Stephen Cox
1850-568: The British Medical Association building, many of whose staff came out to give what help they could. The explosion killed 13 passengers, plus Hussain himself. Many others were injured. In September 2018, a memorial honouring the victims and the efforts of those who gave assistance was unveiled in Tavistock Square Gardens, replacing a plaque that had been fixed to the railings outside BMA House, opposite to
1924-542: The Conscientious Objectors Commemorative Stone commemorating "men and women conscientious objectors all over the world and in every age" by Hugh Court was unveiled. These three features have led to the square unofficially being regarded by some as a peace park or garden, and annual ceremonies are held at each of these memorials. A bust of the writer Virginia Woolf , cast from a 1931 sculpture by Stephen Tomlin (1901–1937),
1998-525: The Court of St. James's . Between 1915 and 1928, Lutyens also produced designs for a new palace for the Duke of Alba's younger brother, Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duke of Peñaranda . The palace of El Guadalperal, as it was to be called, would have been, if built, Edwin Lutyens's largest country house. Lutyens married Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton (1874–1964) on 4 August 1897 at Knebworth , Hertfordshire. She
2072-552: The Delhi Order and was used by him for several designs in England, such as Campion Hall, Oxford . Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian architecture—something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of Viceroy's House, now Rashtrapati Bhavan . This palatial building, containing 340 rooms,
2146-728: The Euromaidan . A piazza ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈpjattsa] ) is a city square in Italy , Malta , along the Dalmatian coast and in surrounding regions. Possibly influenced by the centrality of the Forum (Roman) to ancient Mediterranean culture, the piazze of Italy are central to most towns and cities. Shops, businesses, metro stations, and bus stops are commonly found on piazzas, and in multiple locations also feature Roman Catholic Churches , such as in places known as
2220-758: The Grand-Place in Brussels and the Grote Markt in Antwerp ). The Grote Markt or Grand-Place is often the location of the town hall , hence also the political centre of the town. The Dutch word for square is plein , which is another common name for squares in Dutch-speaking regions (for example Het Plein in The Hague ). In the 17th and 18th centuries, another type of square emerged,
2294-613: The Hyderabad House for the last Nizam of Hyderabad , as his Delhi palace and planned the layout for the Janpath and Rajpath roads. Before the end of World War I , he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) and was involved with the creation of many monuments to commemorate the dead . Larger cemeteries have
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2368-595: The Königsplatz in Munich. A large open square common in villages, towns and cities of Indonesia is known as alun-alun . It is a Javanese term which in modern-day Indonesia refers to the two large open squares of kraton compounds. It is typically located adjacent a mosque or a palace. It is a place for public spectacles, court celebrations and general non-court entertainments. In traditional Persian architecture, town squares are known as maydan or meydan. A maydan
2442-596: The Liria Palace , a neoclassical building which was severely damaged during the Spanish Civil War . The palace was originally built in the 18th century for James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick , and still belongs to his descendants. Lutyens's reconstruction was commissioned by Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba . The Duke had been in contact with Lutyens while serving as the Spanish ambassador to
2516-863: The Parliament Building and the City Hall officially named John Mackintosh Square is referred to as The Piazza. In the Low Countries , squares are often called "markets" because of their usage as marketplaces . Most towns and cities in Belgium and the southern part of the Netherlands have in their historical centre a Grote Markt (literally "Big Market") in Dutch or Grand-Place (literally "Grand Square") in French (for example
2590-673: The Piazza del Duomo , with the most famous perhaps being at Duomo di Milan , or government buildings, such as the Piazza del Quirinale adjacent from the Quirinal Palace of the Italian president. The Piazza San Marco in Venice and Piazza del Popolo in Rome are among the world's best known. The Italian piazzas historically played a major role in the political developments of Italy in both
2664-449: The cathedral , the cantabile or administrative center, which might be incorporated in a wing of a governor's palace , and the audiencia or law court. The plaza might be large enough to serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiestas , it serves as the gathering space for large crowds. Diminutives of plaza include plazuela and the latter's double diminutive plazoleta , which can be occasionally used as
2738-618: The vernacular styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood, Tigbourne Court , Orchards and Goddards in Surrey , Deanery Garden and Folly Farm in Berkshire, Overstrand Hall in Norfolk and Le Bois des Moutiers in France. After about 1900 this style gave way to a more conventional Classicism ,
2812-559: The "youth of Ireland", and it has been a hostel ever since. Largely designed by Lutyens over 20 or so years (1912 to 1930), New Delhi, situated within the metropolis of Delhi , popularly known as ' Lutyens' Delhi ', was chosen to replace Calcutta as the seat of the British Indian government in 1911; the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, Lutyens invented his own new order of classical architecture, which has become known as
2886-774: The British Raj, Lutyens was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) on 1 January 1930. As a chivalric order, the KCIE knighthood held precedence over his earlier bachelor knighthood . A bust of Lutyens in the former Viceroy's House is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi. Lutyens's work in New Delhi is the focus of Robert Grant Irving 's book Indian Summer . In spite of his monumental work in India, Lutyens held views on
2960-624: The Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the D-shaped market seen today. Many of the garden-ringed villas in the Lutyens' Bungalow Zone (LBZ)—also known as Lutyens' Delhi—that were part of Lutyens's original scheme for New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi. The LBZ
3034-448: The Italian Medieval Era and the Italian Renaissance. For example, the Piazza della Signoria in Florence remains synonymous with the return of the Medici from their exile in 1530 as well as the burning at the stake of Savonarola during the Italian Inquisition . The Italian term is roughly equivalent to the Spanish plaza , the French term place, the Portuguese praça, and the German Platz. Not to be confused, other countries use
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3108-436: The RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1921, and the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1925. In November 2015 the British government announced that all 44 of Lutyens's surviving First World War memorials in Britain had now been listed on the advice of Historic England , and were therefore all protected by law. This involved the one remaining memorial—the Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in Buckinghamshire —being added to
3182-414: The Royal Academy's planning for post-war London, an endeavour dismissed by Osbert Lancaster as "... not unlike what the new Nuremberg might have been had the Führer enjoyed the inestimable advantage of the advice and guidance of the late Sir Aston Webb ". Works in Ireland include the Irish National War Memorial Gardens in Islandbridge in Dublin , which consists of a bridge over the railway and
3256-666: The UK as part of urban redevelopment following the Blitz . Squares can also be quite small and resemble courtyards, especially in the City of London . In some cities, especially in New England , the term "square" (as its Spanish equivalent, plaza ) is applied to a commercial area (like Central Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts ), usually formed around the intersection of three or more streets, and which originally consisted of some open area (many of which have been filled in with traffic islands and other traffic calming features). Many of these intersections are irregular rather than square. The placita (Spanish for "little plaza"), as it
3330-411: The architecture of the Empire – Hardinge wanted elements of the Indian vernacular for political reasons. An unapologetic spokesman of British imperialism he built the Viceroy's Palace as a symbol of glory of the Raj, and considered Indians to be primitive as yet on the verge of civilization who deserved to be ruled in perpetuity by the British. In Madrid , Lutyens's work can be seen in the interiors of
3404-494: The gate's front space as a public plaza. The square has been renovated to modern style has new waterways & rest Areas, exhibition Hall for Excavated Cultural Assets in 2022 Aug. The Spanish-language term for a public square is plaza ( [ˈplasa] or [ˈplaθa] depending on the dialectal variety). It comes from Latin platea , with the meaning of 'broad street' or 'public square'. Ultimately coming from Greek πλατεῖα (ὁδός) plateia (hodos) , it
3478-420: The harbour, a real tennis court, a large guest house (The White House), a boathouse and a chapel; alterations and extensions to Howth Castle , County Dublin ; the unbuilt Hugh Lane gallery straddling the River Liffey on the site of the Ha'penny Bridge and the unbuilt Hugh Lane Gallery on the west side of St Stephen's Green ; and Costelloe Lodge at Casla (also known as Costelloe), County Galway (that
3552-417: The idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end. At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to care for the building and serve the Viceroy's household. The new city contains both the Parliament buildings and government offices (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was built distinctively of the local red sandstone using the traditional Mughal style. When composing
3626-429: The last few decades. These squares are the site of government buildings, museums and other public buildings. One such square, Tiananmen Square , is a famous site in Chinese history due to it being the site of the May Fourth Movement , the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China , the 1976 Tiananmen Incident , the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests , and all Chinese National Day Parades . The German word for square
3700-435: The later years of his life, Lutyens suffered with several bouts of pneumonia . In the early 1940s he was diagnosed with cancer . He died on 1 January 1944 and was cremated at East Finchley Crematorium in north London, also known as St Marylebone Crematorium. His ashes were interred in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral , beneath a memorial designed by his friend and fellow architect William Curtis Green . Lutyens received
3774-414: The list, plus a further fourteen having their statuses upgraded. For the Imperial Tobacco Company 's First World War memorial, installed in 1921 at its Bedminster Head Office, this protection arrived too late to prevent its destruction following the company's take-over in 1986 by Hanson Trust plc . The architectural critic Ian Nairn wrote of Lutyen's Surrey "masterpieces" in the 1971 Surrey volume of
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#17327726599043848-451: The making of plazas. They can be used to open spaces for low-income neighborhoods, and can also the overall aesthetic of the surrounding area boosting economic vitality, pedestrian mobility and safety for pedestrians. Most plazas are created out of a collaboration between local non-profit applicants and city officials which requires approval from the city. Throughout North America, words like place , square , or plaza frequently appear in
3922-480: The names of commercial developments such as shopping centers and hotels. Edwin Lutyens Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens OM KCIE PRA FRIBA ( / ˈ l ʌ t j ə n z / LUT -yənz ; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944 ) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses , war memorials and public buildings. In his biography,
3996-472: The new site. The centre-piece of the gardens is a statue of Mahatma Gandhi , sculpted by Fredda Brilliant and installed in 1968. The hollow pedestal was intended, and is used, for people to leave floral tributes to the peace campaigner and nonviolent resister to oppression in South Africa and British rule in India . A cherry tree was planted in 1967 in memory of the victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A generation later, in 1994,
4070-405: The peoples of the Indian sub-continent which would now be considered racist, although they were common at the time among many of his contemporaries. He thought the Indian Indo-Saracenic style was "formless, not of carved decoration, an anathema...hardly qualified as architecture at all." Endless battles were fought between him and Viceroy Hardinge over architectural style: Lutyens wanted classical,
4144-495: The phrase to refer to an unrelated feature of architectural or urban design, such as the "piazza" at King's Cross station in London or piazza as used by some in the United States, to refer to a verandah or front porch of a house or apartment, such as at George Washington's historic home Mount Vernon . Several countries, especially around the Mediterranean Sea, feature Italian-style town squares. In Gibraltar, one such town square just off Gibraltar 's Main Street , between
4218-404: The plans for New Delhi, Lutyens planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of Shahjahanbad . His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues. Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the place where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market. It was there that Lutyens imagined
4292-409: The politics of many cultures, and the names of a certain town squares, such as the Euromaidan or Red Square , have become symbolic of specific political events throughout history. The city centre of Adelaide and the adjacent suburb of North Adelaide , in South Australia, were planned by Colonel William Light in 1837. The city streets were laid out in a grid plan , with the city centre including
4366-403: The popularity of the new lifestyle magazine Country Life created by Edward Hudson , which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a great admirer of Lutyens's style and commissioned Lutyens for a number of projects, including Lindisfarne Castle and the Country Life headquarters building in London, at 8 Tavistock Street . One of his assistants in the 1890s was Maxwell Ayrton . By
4440-403: The seat of the Government of India . In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as " Lutyens' Delhi ". In collaboration with Sir Herbert Baker , he was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the India Gate ; he also designed the Viceroy's House, which is now known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan . Many of his works were inspired by Indian architecture. He
4514-563: The so-called royal square (French: Place royale , Dutch: Koningsplein ). Such squares did not serve as a marketplace but were built in front of large palaces or public buildings to emphasise their grandeur, as well as to accommodate military parades and ceremonies, among others (for example the Place Royale in Brussels and the Koningsplein in Amsterdam ). Palace squares are usually more symmetrical than their older market counterparts. In Russia, central square ( Russian : центра́льная пло́щадь , romanised : tsentráĺnaya plóshchad́ )
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#17327726599044588-522: The turn of the century, Lutyens was recognised as one of architecture's coming men. In his major study of English domestic buildings, Das englische Haus , published in 1904, Hermann Muthesius wrote of Lutyens, "He is a young man who has come increasingly to the forefront of domestic architects and who may soon become the accepted leader among English builders of houses". The bulk of Lutyens's early work consisted of private houses in an Arts and Crafts style, strongly influenced by Tudor architecture and
4662-415: The writer Christopher Hussey wrote, "In his lifetime (Lutyens) was widely held to be our greatest architect since Wren if not, as many maintained, his superior". The architectural historian Gavin Stamp described him as "surely the greatest British architect of the twentieth (or of any other) century". Lutyens played an instrumental role in the construction of New Delhi , which would later on serve as
4736-538: Was Lutyens's idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Lutyens also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by Lutyens's designs. Examples of Lutyens's other war memorials include the War Memorial Gardens in Dublin, the Tower Hill memorial , the Manchester Cenotaph and the Arch of Remembrance memorial in Leicester. Lutyens also refurbished Lindisfarne Castle for its wealthy owner. One of Lutyens's smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces,
4810-406: Was Sir Frederick Gibberd . In 1945, a year after his death, A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull was published. Lutyens worked on the plan with Sir Patrick Abercrombie and they are credited as its co-authors. Abercrombie's introduction in the plan makes special reference to Lutyens's contribution. The plan was, however, rejected by Hull City Council . He was also involved in
4884-407: Was born at Tavistock Square in 1849. Tavistock Square was the scene of one of the four suicide bombings on 7 July 2005 . The bomb was detonated by 18-year-old Hasib Hussain on a double-decker bus bearing route number 30 ; it had been diverted from its normal route along Euston Road because of traffic disruption by the other three bombings at tube stations . The bomb exploded immediately outside
4958-547: Was built in 1/12 scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of Windsor Castle . It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children; its goal was to exhibit the finest British craftsmanship of the period. Lutyens was commissioned in 1929 to design a new Roman Catholic cathedral in Liverpool . He planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a 510-foot (160 m) dome, with commissioned sculpture work by Charles Sargeant Jagger and W. C. H. King . Work on this building started in 1933, but
5032-441: Was elected Master of the Art Workers' Guild in 1933. Lutyens was born in Kensington , London, the tenth of thirteen children of Mary Theresa Gallwey (1832/33–1906) from Killarney , Ireland, and Captain Charles Augustus Henry Lutyens (1829–1915), a soldier and painter. His sister, Mary Constance Elphinstone Lutyens (1868–1951), wrote novels under her married name of Mrs George Wemyss. He grew up in Thursley , Surrey. He
5106-412: Was halted during World War II . After the war, the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of Lutyens's unrealised building was given to and restored by the Walker Art Gallery in 1975 and is now on display in the Museum of Liverpool . The architect of the present Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , which was built over part of the crypt and consecrated in 1967,
5180-455: Was named after a friend of his father, the painter and sculptor Edwin Henry Landseer . Lutyens studied architecture at South Kensington School of Art , London, from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the Ernest George and Harold Peto architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir Herbert Baker . For many years he worked from offices at 29 Bloomsbury Square , London. He began his own practice in 1888, his first commission being
5254-487: Was placed on the 2002 World Monuments Fund Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. None of the bungalows in the LBZ were designed by Lutyens—he only designed the four bungalows in the Presidential Estate surrounding Rashtrapati Bhavan at Willingdon Crescent, now known as Mother Teresa Crescent. Other buildings in Delhi that Lutyens designed include Baroda House , Bikaner House , Hyderabad House , and Patiala House . In recognition of his architectural accomplishments for
5328-469: Was third daughter of Edith (née Villiers) and the 1st Earl of Lytton , a former Viceroy of India . Lady Emily had proposed to Lutyens two years before the wedding, and her parents disapproved of the marriage. Their marriage was largely unsatisfactory, practically from the start, with Lady Emily developing interests in theosophy , Eastern religions, and being drawn both emotionally and philosophically to Jiddu Krishnamurti . They had five children: During
5402-513: Was unveiled in 2004 at the southwest corner of the square. Woolf lived at 52 Tavistock Square between 1924 and 1939. From there she and her husband Leonard Woolf ran the Hogarth Press , which became a prominent and influential publisher at the forefront of modernist fiction and poetry (publishing T.S. Eliot , E.M. Forster and Katherine Mansfield among others) and translating the works of Sigmund Freud into English. The square contains
5476-707: Was used for refuge by J. Bruce Ismay , the Chairman of the White Star Line , following the sinking of the RMS Titanic ). In 1907, Lutyens designed Tranarossan House , located just north of Downings on the Rosguill Peninsula on the north coast of County Donegal . The house was built of local granite for Mr and Mrs Phillimore, from London, as a holiday home. In 1937, Mrs Phillimore donated it to An Óige (Irish Youth Hostels Association) for
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