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44-480: During the early development of Sybase SQL Server, the developers at Sybase perceived the lack of a commonly accepted application level protocol to transfer data between a database server and its client . In order to encourage the use of its products, Sybase promoted the use of a flexible pair of libraries , called netlib and db-lib , to implement standard SQL . A further library was included in order to implement "Bulk Copy" called blk . While netlib 's job

88-411: A commonly used database management system (DBMS), mainly in data center operations at universities and other public bodies. For a while, it was still able to resist Oracle's dominance due to low licensing costs. In addition to the low license fees, Ingres II had the advantage of lower resource requirements over Oracle, for example, which is why it could also be used on smaller machines. Disadvantages were

132-402: A database server either through a " front end " running on the user's computer – which displays requested data – or through the " back end ", which runs on the server and handles tasks such as data analysis and storage. In a master–slave model, database master servers are central and primary locations of data while database slave servers are synchronized backups of

176-866: A development release of SQL UDFs with development-only support. Check the New Features section, on the official documentation, for a complete list. With the announcement of Ingres 9.1 (Ingres 2006 release 2) on the VMS platform the support dates for VMS will now follow the normal Actian release dates as listed above with the following exceptions; dropping of the Alpha VMS 2.0 release has been announced and Enterprise Support ended on December 31, 2009 with Extended Support offered through December 31, 2013. All support for VAX VMS ended on December 31, 2008. Major features as available in Actian Ingres 11.2: Ingres

220-414: A geographic database system for Berkeley's economics group, which they called Ingres , for IN teractive G raphics RE trieval S ystem. They decided to use this money to fund their relational project instead, and used this as a seed for a new and much larger project. They decided to re-use the original project name, and the new project became University INGRES . For further funding, Stonebraker approached

264-429: A lack of IT technicians who master this system and who could be called on when necessary were partly responsible for a decline in marketshare. As a result, Ingres installations were increasingly replaced by Oracle implementations (only about 15,000 installations worldwide in 2004). In 2004, Computer Associates (CA) released Ingres R3 under CA Trusted Open Source License (CATOSL), an open source license . The code includes

308-598: A means to graphically represent data. DSDs provided a means to represent the relationships between different data entities. In 1970, Codd introduced the concept that users of a database should be ignorant of the "inner workings" of the database. Codd proposed the "relational view" of data which later evolved into the Relational Model which most databases use today. In 1971, the Database Task Report Group of CODASYL (the driving force behind

352-491: A query language instead of SQL. QUEL was considered at the time to run truer to Edgar F. Codd 's relational algebra (especially concerning composability), but SQL was easier to parse and less intimidating for those without a formal background in mathematics. When ANSI preferred SQL over QUEL as part of the 1986 SQL standard (SQL-86), Ingres became less competitive against rival products such as Oracle until future Ingres versions also provided SQL. Many companies spun off of

396-595: A small user community, and project members rewrote the prototype repeatedly to incorporate accumulated experience, feedback from users, and new ideas. The research project ended in 1985. Ingres remained largely similar to IBM's System R in concept, but it was based largely on DEC machines, both under UNIX . Unlike System R, the Ingres source code was available (on tape) for a nominal fee. By 1980 some 1,000 copies had been distributed, primarily to universities. Many students from U.C. Berkeley and other universities who used

440-678: A technology-sharing agreement with Microsoft which resulted in Microsoft marketing its own SQL Server — Microsoft SQL Server — based on Sybase's code. Microsoft kept the db-lib API and added ODBC . (Microsoft has since added additional APIs.) At about the same time, Sybase introduced a more powerful successor to db-lib , called ct-lib , and called the pair Open Client . db-lib , though officially deprecated, remains in widespread use. The TDS protocol comes in several varieties, most of which had not been openly documented because they were regarded as proprietary technology . The exception

484-471: Is a server which uses a database application that provides database services to other computer programs or to computers , as defined by the client–server model . Database management systems (DBMSs) frequently provide database-server functionality, and some database management systems (such as MySQL ) rely exclusively on the client–server model for database access (while others, like SQLite , are meant for use as an embedded database ). Users access

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528-416: Is a single-node relational database management system, and therefore it is "Share-Everything". Ingres is a disk-oriented DBMS, and by default employ the n-ary storage model (NSM), also known as a row-store. However, Actian has incorporated columnar storage into its latest version of Ingres (Actian X) to improve its performance on OLAP tasks. Actian X has two storage engines, the traditional Ingres and X100,

572-554: Is part of the Lisog open-source stack initiative. In 1973 when the System R project was getting started at IBM , the research team released a series of papers describing the system they were building. Two scientists at Berkeley, Michael Stonebraker and Eugene Wong , became interested in the concept after reading the papers, and started a relational database research project of their own. They had already raised money for researching

616-468: Is the default isolation level and it provides the strongest consistency guarantee. Ingres supports joins with hash join, sort-merge join, and nested loop join algorithms. The query optimizer determines which type of join algorithm to use based on its analysis of the query. Nested-loop joins are most often seen on disjoint queries, where correlation variables and table names are arbitrarily used in random order. When there are no restrictions on either table in

660-443: Is to ferry data between the two computers through the underlying network protocol , db-lib provides an API to the client program, and communicates with the server via netlib . db-lib sends to the server a structured stream of bytes meant for tables of data, hence a Tabular Data Stream. blk provides, like db-lib , an API to the client programs and communicates with the server via netlib . In 1990 Sybase entered into

704-626: The Air Force Office of Scientific Research , the Army Research Office , and the Naval Electronic Systems Command . Thus funded, Ingres was developed during the mid-1970s by a rotating team of students and staff. Ingres went through an evolution similar to that of System R, with an early prototype in 1974 followed by major revisions to make the code maintainable. Ingres was then disseminated to

748-604: The DARPA , the obvious funding source for computing research and development at the time, but both the DARPA and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) turned them down as they were already funding database research elsewhere. Stonebraker then introduced his idea to other agencies, and, with help from his colleagues he eventually obtained modest support from the NSF and three military agencies:

792-654: The GNU General Public Licence include Ingres and MySQL . Every server uses its own query logic and structure. The SQL (Structured Query Language) query language is more or less the same on all relational database applications. For clarification, a database server is simply a server that maintains services related to clients via database applications. DB-Engines lists over 300 DBMSs in its ranking. The foundations for modeling large sets of data were first introduced by Charles Bachman in 1969. Bachman introduced Data Structure Diagrams (DSDs) as

836-559: The DARPA network. The company was purchased by ASK Corporation in November 1990. The founders left the company over the next several months. In 1994, ASK/Ingres was purchased by Computer Associates . In February 2000, Computer Associates announced the general availability of Ingres II 2.0 for Linux. Besides the components found in the SDK, the full edition contains more modules, such as: Ingres versions 6.4 and Ingres II have long been

880-515: The DBMS server and utilities and the character-based front-end and application-development tools. In essence, it shipped everything except OpenROAD , the Windows 4GL GUI-based development environment. In November 2005, Garnett & Helfrich Capital, in partnership with Computer Associates , created a new company called Ingres Corporation, which provided support and services for Ingres, OpenROAD, and

924-498: The Ingres Project, Paula Hawthorn and Michael Ubell; they were joined later by Eric Allman . Later, Epstein founded Sybase . Sybase had been the #2 product (behind Oracle ) for some time through the 1980s and into the 1990s, before Informix came "out of nowhere" and took over in 1997. Sybase's product line had also been licensed to Microsoft in 1992, who rebranded it as Microsoft SQL Server . This relationship soured in

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968-488: The Ingres database. Actian was acquired by HCL Technologies and Sumeru Equity Partners for $ 330 million. In 2021, HCL Technologies became the sole owner of Actian, which became the Data and Analytics division of HCLSoftware. On 18 April 2017, Actian X was announced as the first natively integrated hybrid database, designed to manage transactional, analytic and hybrid data workloads from a single database. Actian X combines

1012-538: The Ingres source code worked on various commercial database software systems. Berkeley students Jerry Held and later Karel Youseffi moved to Tandem Computers , where they built a database system that evolved into NonStop SQL . The Tandem database system was a re-implementation of the Ingres technology. It evolved into a system that ran effectively on parallel computers ; that is, it included functionality for distributed data, distributed execution, and distributed transactions (the last being fairly difficult). Components of

1056-458: The connectivity products. In February 2006, Ingres Corporation released Ingres 2006 under the GNU General Public Licence . Ingres 9.3 was released on October 7, 2009. It was a limited release targeted at new application development on Linux and Windows only. The company focused on the open-source community, with the following initiatives: Ingres 10 was released on October 12, 2010, as a full release, supporting upgrade from earlier versions of

1100-411: The data structure set were similar and "congruent" ways of structuring data while working for Honeywell . The entity–relationship model was first proposed in its current form by Peter Chen in 1976 while he was conducting research at MIT . This model became the most frequently used model to describe relational databases. Chen was able to propose a model that was superior to the navigational model and

1144-410: The development of the programming language COBOL ) first proposed a "data description language for describing a database, a data description language for describing that part of the data base known to a program, and a data manipulation language." Most of the research and development of databases focused on the relational model during the 1970s. In 1975, Bachman demonstrated how the relational model and

1188-622: The features and capabilities of Ingres and Vector, including column-based storage, vector processing, multi-core parallelism (and more): In 2024, Actian decided to withdraw the Actian X brand, making all it's features and capabilities available to Ingres 12.0. Ingres 11 also contains many new geospatial, performance, ease-of-use and security features. A few of the highlights are: ArcGIS plug-in, query optimizer reuse heuristics, automatic log file rotation, IANA timezones, Y2K38 fix, blob encryption and AES password encryption. Ingres 11.2 also contains

1232-487: The index data structure by default, but also offers B+ Tree, Hash Table, and R-Tree as options. On Actian X, there is also two other options available only for X100 tables: Ingres uses multiversion concurrency control (MVCC), deterministic concurrency control, and two-phase locking (deadlock detection). Ingres supports four isolation levels, from favoring consistency to maximizing concurrency: Serializable, Repeatable Read, Read Committed. and Read Uncommitted, Serializable

1276-401: The join clause, and the rows being joined are spatially continuous, then the query optimizer is likely to choose sort-merge join or hash join. Ingres can be installed as a client (Client Installation) or as a server (Server Installation), the client does not have a database associated with it, but it allows you to access the database created in the server installation. A typical site installs

1320-414: The late 1990s, and today SQL Server outsells Sybase by a wide margin. Several companies used the Ingres source code to produce products. The most successful was a company named Relational Technology, Inc. (RTI), founded in 1980 by Stonebraker and Wong, and another Berkeley professor, Lawrence A. Rowe. RTI was renamed Ingres Corporation in the late 1980s. The company ported the code to DEC VAX/VMS , which

1364-430: The master acting as proxies . Most database applications respond to a query language . Each database understands its query language and converts each submitted query to server-readable form and executes it to retrieve results. Examples of proprietary database applications include Oracle , IBM Db2 , Informix , and Microsoft SQL Server . Examples of free software database applications include PostgreSQL ; and under

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1408-401: The more difficult usability, the lower number of platforms on which this system ran and fewer Ingres-capable applications. On the grounds that the performance of Ingres was comparable to that of other large DBMS, Computer Associates raised the license fees sharply, thereby losing a key advantage over Oracle. Insufficient marketing by Computer Associates and the resulting lack of sales as well as

1452-539: The original Ingres technology, including Actian itself, originally known as Relational Technology Inc. , and the NonStop SQL database originally developed by Tandem Computers but now offered by Hewlett Packard Enterprise . Ingres began as a research project at the University of California, Berkeley , starting in the early 1970s and ending in 1985. The original code, like that from other projects at Berkeley,

1496-460: The product is at Hewlett-Packard Enterprise . In the early 1980s, Ingres competed head-to-head with Oracle . The two products were widely regarded as the leading hardware-independent relational database implementations; they had comparable functionality, performance, market share, and pricing, and many commentators considered Ingres to be a (perhaps marginally) superior product. From around 1985, however, Ingres steadily lost market share. One reason

1540-487: The product. It was available on 32-bit and 64-bit Linux , and 32-bit Microsoft Windows . In November 2010 Garnett & Helfrich Capital acquired the last 20% of equity in Ingres Corp that it did not already own. On September 22, 2011, Ingres Corporation became Actian Corporation, focusing on data management and integration technologies, including Vectorwise /Vector, Btrieve / Pervasive PSQL /Zen, OpenROAD and

1584-451: The same engine from Actian Vector . Although it is currently branded as the "Actian X Hybrid Database", the term "Hybrid" refers to its capability of performing both OLTP and OLAP tasks by employing a hybrid storage model (i.e. both row and column), not that it has a hybrid storage architecture. Regarding the storage organization, Ingres supports Heap , Hash , ISAM and B-tree . Ingres chooses ISAM (Index Sequential Access Method) as

1628-423: The system were first released in the late 1970s. By 1989, the system could run queries in parallel and the product became fairly famous for being one of the few systems that scales almost linearly with the number of processors in the machine: adding a second CPU to an existing NonStop SQL server will almost exactly double its performance. Tandem was later purchased by Compaq , which started a re-write in 2000, and now

1672-440: Was Oracle's aggressive marketing; another was the increasing recognition of SQL as the preferred relational query language. Ingres originally had provided a different language, QUEL , and the conversion to SQL (delivered in Ingres version 6) took about three years, losing valuable time in the race. Robert Epstein, the chief programmer on the project while he was at Berkeley, formed Britton Lee, Inc. along with other students from

1716-685: Was TDS 5.0, used exclusively by Sybase, for which documentation is available from Sybase. This situation changed when Microsoft published the TDS specification in 2008, as part of the Open Specification Promise . The FreeTDS team has developed a free native-library implementation of the TDS protocol, licensed under the LGPL license. WireShark has a protocol decoder for TDS. Oracle Corporation provides Oracle Net - software analogous to TDS. Database server A database server

1760-556: Was an early prototype of abstract data types. Ingres was the first database to be certified as a "Rainbow Book" B2 certified database, as such it was adopted by the US National Laboratories (Los Alamos, Livermore, Sandia) for storage for the design of Nuclear weapons. It was also deployed by the CIA. Support needs for highly classified air gapped systems led to the creation of an Expert System for problem resolution hosted on

1804-617: Was an open source release of Ingres but it is no longer available for download from Actian. However, there is a version of the source code still available on GitHub . In its early years, Ingres was an important milestone in the history of database development. Ingres began as a research project at UC Berkeley , starting in the early 1970s and ending in 1985. During this time Ingres remained largely similar to IBM's seminal System R in concept; it differed in more permissive licensing of source code, in being based largely on DEC machines, both under UNIX and VAX/VMS , and in providing QUEL as

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1848-453: Was available at minimal cost under a version of the BSD license . Ingres spawned a number of commercial database applications, including Sybase , Microsoft SQL Server , NonStop SQL and a number of others. Postgres ( Post In gres ), a project which started in the mid-1980s, later evolved into PostgreSQL . It is ACID compatible and is fully transactional (including all DDL statements) and

1892-471: Was more applicable to the "real world" than the relational model proposed by Codd. Ingres (database) Ingres Database ( / ɪ ŋ ˈ ɡ r ɛ s / ing- GRESS ) is a proprietary SQL relational database management system intended to support large commercial and government applications. Actian Corporation controls the development of Ingres and makes certified binaries available for download, as well as providing worldwide support. There

1936-504: Was the commercial operating system for DEC VAX computers. They also developed a collection of front-end tools for creating and manipulating databases (e.g., reporterwriters, forms entry and update, etc.) and application development tools. Over time, much of the source was rewritten to add functionality (for example, multiple-statement transactions, SQL, B-tree access method, date/time datatypes, etc.) and improve performance (for example, compiled queries, multithreaded server). Project Jewel

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