Taepodong-1 ( Korean : 대포동-1 ) was a three-stage technology demonstrator developed by North Korea , a development step toward an intermediate-range ballistic missile . The missile was derived originally from the Scud rocket and was tested once in 1998 as a space launch vehicle. As a space launch vehicle, it was sometimes called the Paektusan 1 .
41-525: On August 31, 1998, North Korea announced that they had used this rocket to launch their first satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 from a pad on the Musudan-ri peninsula. However, the satellite failed to achieve orbit; outside observers conjecture that the additional third stage either failed to fire or malfunctioned. This is contrary to official statements of the North Korean state media, which stated that
82-511: A 72-faced polyhedral shape, similar to Dong Fang Hong I , the first Chinese satellite. The mass of the satellite is unclear, with estimates ranging from 6 kilograms (13 lb) to 170 kilograms (370 lb). The names "Paektusan" and "Kwangmyŏngsŏng" are richly symbolic for Korean nationalism and the Kim family cult . Paektusan (Mount Paektu) is the highest mountain in Korea (North and South) and
123-431: A bear prayed to Hwanung that they might become human. Upon hearing their prayers, Hwanung gave them twenty cloves of garlic and a bundle of mugwort , ordering them to eat only this sacred food and remain out of the sunlight for 100 days. The tiger gave up after about twenty days and left the cave. However, the bear persevered and was transformed into a woman. The bear and the tiger are said to represent two tribes that sought
164-409: A crude reconnaissance satellite . Thus, the photographs published after the launch showed a satellite similar in shape with a 72-faced polyhedron, to the first Chinese satellite, Dong Fang Hong I , itself very similar to Telstar 1 , though estimations of the mass and therefore the size of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 differed according to the various sources, ranging from 6 kg to 170 kg (as compared to
205-593: A frequency of 27 MHz. It also claimed that the spacecraft returned data on the temperature and pressure in space, and the conditions of its power source. China stated that it had no prior knowledge of the launch and has promised the United States that it will help keep "nuclear missiles out of North Korea". However, the Chinese government had expressed concern over the proposed joint US-Japanese Theater Missile Defense (TMD) plan and warned that, "Japan and
246-421: A near full duration burn and the spin up of the stage and satellite along its longitudinal axis. However, the third stage solid motor ruptured, de-orbiting the satellite almost immediately after orbital insertion while achieving orbital velocity. U.S. officials said the launching represented North Korea's interests to build longer-range missiles. Despite the launch failure, North Korea reported Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 as
287-613: A shrine dedicated to Dangun of Gojoseon and King Chumo of Goguryeo was built in Pyongyang, and the Samseongdang ( 삼성당 ; 三聖堂 ), dedicated to the gods of Hwanin, Hwanung, and Dangun, was built. In Korea at the end of the 19th century, it was greatly emphasized to highlight the resistance of the Joseon people against Imperialist invasion, and it developed into a religion, Dangunkyo ( 단군교 ; 檀君敎 ). Dangun, who emerged as
328-619: A total success,. with the government counting its supposed orbital passes and publishing statements of praise from international supporters. The 31 August 1998, Paektusan-1 launch was significant for North Korean domestic politics. North Korean media did not announce the test until 4 September, one day before the Supreme People's Assembly amended the DPRK Constitution to usher in the Kim Jong-il era. On 2 September,
369-411: Is a national holiday and is called Gaecheonjeol . It is a religious anniversary started by Daejongism ( 대종교 ; 大倧教 ), worshipping Dangun. Many Korean historians regard Dangun and Tengri as being etymologically identical. Dangun's ancestry legend begins with his grandfather Hwanin ( 환인 ; 桓因 ), the "Lord of Heaven". Hwanin had a son, Hwanung , who yearned to live on the earth among
410-476: Is followed by the depletion and separation of the second stage, 266 seconds into the flight, resulting in an impact about 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi) downrange. The third stage, which is spin-stabilised, then burns for 27 seconds to insert the payload into low Earth orbit . The payload is estimated at 6 kg mass. Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-1 Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 or Gwangmyeongseong-1 ( Korean : 광명성 1호 , Hanja : 光明星 1號 , meaning Bright Star 1 )
451-436: Is located on the border with China. According to Korean nationalist mythology, Tangun , the mythical founder of Korea, was born on the mountain in 2333 BC. And according to DPRK hagiographic propaganda, the mountain is sacred as the home of Kim Il-sŏng's anti-Japanese guerrilla base, as well as the birthplace of Kim Jong il. Even though Kim Jong-il was born in the former Soviet Far East near Khabarovsk , DPRK sources claim Kim
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#1732775501822492-537: The Tongguk t'onggam (1485) contrary to the 40th year of the reign of the legendary Chinese Emperor Yao . Other sources vary somewhat, but also put it during Yao's reign (traditional dates: 2357 BC-2256 BC). The Samguk yusa states Dangun ascended to the throne in the 50th year of Yao's reign, while Annals of the Joseon Dynasty says the first year and Tongguk t'onggam says the 25th year. Until 1961,
533-588: The 173 kg and 100 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm of the DFH-1). On 7 August 1998, scientific personnel began to arrive at the Musudan-ri test site to prepare for a satellite launch. Two weeks later, Korean People's Navy vessels were deployed into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea) to track the rocket during its ascent to orbit. The launch was originally scheduled for an evening launch window on 30 August, in order to provide favorable conditions for observing
574-700: The 1994 Agreed Framework . On 10 September, the United States announced a package of agreements aimed at defusing tensions and resuming the stalled Four Party Talks on the Korean Peninsula U.S President Bill Clinton used his executive authority to circumvent congressional opposition to the 1994 Agreed Framework by shifting $ 15 million to fund the purchase of 150,000 tons of heavy fuel oil for North Korea. Dangun Dangun or Tangun ( Korean : 단군 ; Hanja : 檀君 ; [tan.ɡun] ), also known as Dangun Wanggeom ( 단군왕검 ; 檀君王儉 ; [tan.ɡun waŋ.ɡʌm] ),
615-537: The DPRK" and elevated the status of the National Defense Commission , which is chaired by Kim Jong-il. In the days before and after the attempted satellite launch, DPRK media often made references to the doctrine of Kangsŏngdaeguk (national strength and prosperity) since satellite launches and missiles represent the highest levels of technology. On 13 September, the North Korean media reported that
656-618: The Dangun legend appears in the 13th century Samguk yusa , which cites China's Book of Wei and Korea's lost history text Gogi ( 고기 ; 古記 ). This is the best known and most studied version, but similar versions are recorded in the Jewang Un-gi by the late Goryeo scholar Yi Seunghyu ( 이승휴 ; 李承休 , 1224–1300), as well as the Eungje Siju ( 응제시주 ; 應製詩註 ) and Sejong Sillok ( 세종실록 ; commonly known as " Annals of
697-556: The Joseon Dynasty" , Sejong Jang-heon Dae-wang Shil-lok ; 세종장헌대왕실록 ; 世宗莊憲大王實錄 ) of the early Joseon. Dangun is worshipped today as a deity by the followers of Cheondoism and Daejongism. Dangun is the second pattern or hyeong in the International Taekwon-Do Federation form of the Korean martial art taekwondo . Students learn that the hyeong represents "the holy legendary founder of Korea in
738-644: The Taepo Dong 1 (TD-1) as a surface-to-surface missile in North Korea. We believe instead that the vehicle was a test bed for multi-stage missile technologies." In 2009, the US National Air and Space Intelligence Center assessed that the Taepodong-1 was a technology demonstrator, a development step toward longer-range missile development. The Taepodong-2 , or Unha-2 , was the successor to
779-462: The Taepodong-1 technology demonstrator, with a first (unsuccessful) test launch in 2006. The rocket's first stage is a Rodong-1 MRBM , and the second stage uses a single engine from the Rodong-1. In a nominal space launch, the first stage burns for 95 seconds, before separating, and landing about 250 kilometres (160 mi) downrange. The payload fairing separates 144 seconds after launch. This
820-410: The United States should exercise restraint and refrain from doing anything that may cause tensions in the region". According to the head of Strategic Missile Troops Vladimir Yakovlev "in accordance with international agreements" North Korea warned Russia of the rocket launch. Yakovlev also reported that an accident during the launch caused the rocket to change its trajectory and therefore not enter
861-540: The central figure of nationalism, played a large role in the spiritual foundation of the independence movement during the Japanese colonial period. In addition, the history of the Dangun era was compiled by followers of Daejongism , such as 'Daedong Sagang' ( 대동사강 ) and 'Gyuwon Sahwa' ( 규원사화 ) and the independence movement, emphasizing the history of the Dangun period. The study of Dangun in South Korea focused on
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#1732775501822902-519: The excavation of the Mausoleum of Tangun in 1994, North Korea changed its position and claimed that the Dangun myth reflects historical facts and that Dangun is a real person. Also, Dangun claims that the first king of Gojoseon, founded by the Korean people, had all of his birth, founding, and tombs in Pyongyang. There is a tomb of Dangun that North Korea excavated and reconstructed near the city directly under Pyongyang. The earliest recorded version of
943-402: The favor of the heavenly prince. The bear-woman, Ungnyeo , was grateful and made offerings to Hwanung. However, she lacked a husband, and soon became sad and prayed beneath a "divine birch " tree ( 신단수 ; 神檀樹 ; shindansu ) to be blessed with a child. Hwanung, moved by her prayers, took her for his wife and soon she gave birth to a son named Dangun Wanggeom. Dangun ascended to
984-478: The historical significance of the Gojoseon society. In South Korea, Dangun Wanggeom is regarded as the head of the Gojoseon society, with many characteristics of the role of high priest. Wanggeom has the meaning of an overlord who governs the country. In North Korea, the Dangun and Dangun myths were previously established as the founding myth to justify the process of establishing the Gojoseon regime. However, after
1025-546: The launch vehicle, debris from the third stage fell as far as 4,000 kilometers from the launch pad. Some analysts believe that a three-stage space booster variant of the Taepodong-1 could be capable of travelling as far as 5,900 kilometers with a very small payload. In 2003, the US Defense Intelligence Agency reported to the Congress: "We have no information to suggest Pyongyang intends to deploy
1066-479: The launch. Due to adverse weather, the window was extended, and launch occurred at 03:07 GMT (12:07 local time), by which time the weather had improved. By mid-August, U.S. intelligence had detected activity consistent with preparation and support of a missile flight test, and on 31 August, North Korea launched the Paektusan-1 in an attempt to place a small satellite into earth orbit. U.S. intelligence observed
1107-576: The official South Korean era (for numbering years) was called the Dangi ( 단기 ; 檀紀 ), which began in 2333 BC. Followers of Daejongism considered 3 October in the Korean calendar as Gaecheonjeol . This day is now a public holiday in South Korea in the Gregorian calendar called "National Foundation Day". North Korea dates Dangun's founding of Gojoseon to the early 30th century BC. 15 March in
1148-552: The official spokesman of the consulate general of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in Nakhodka has refused to comment to Russian news agency ITAR-TASS on the launching of a medium-range missile from the territory of his country. What is more, he said that at the consulate general itself they had learned of the launching from the media. The DPRK Socialist Constitution declared Kim Il-sŏng "eternal president of
1189-460: The preparations for the launch, so the timing was not a surprise; however, most analysts did not expect the missile to be configured as a space launch vehicle with a third stage. The United States initially considered the launch a test of intercontinental ballistic missile technology, but it later noted that the rocket's trajectory indicated an orbital launch attempt. It is thought that the Paektusan-1 solid propellant third stage both demonstrated
1230-490: The satellite achieved orbit about 5 minutes after launch. On this single launch, the main two-stage booster flew for 1,646 km without any significant problems. The rocket was launched eastward, passing over Japan at an altitude of over 200 km. The second stage came down into the Pacific Ocean about 60 km past Japan, and the third stage about 600 km beyond Japan. According to post-launch analysis of
1271-436: The satellite had completed its 100th orbit, and that it was in an elliptical medium Earth orbit with a perigee of 218.82 kilometres (135.97 mi) and apogee of 6,978.2 kilometres (4,336.1 mi) with a period of 165 minutes and 6 seconds. North Korea stated that the satellite carried transmitters which broadcast the " Song of General Kim Il-sung ", the " Song of General Kim Jong-il " and " Juche Korea" in morse code , on
Taepodong-1 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-434: The throne, built the walled city of Asadal situated near Pyongyang (the location is disputed), and called the kingdom Joseon—referred to today as Gojoseon so as not to be confused with the later kingdom of Joseon that was established roughly 2000 years later. He then moved his capital to Asadal on Mount Paegak or Mount Gunghol. Dangun's biography reflected the interest of the people of Dangun Joseon ( Gojoseon ) at
1353-406: The time in establishing the legitimacy of the kingship of Gojoseon and the dignity of the country. The king of Gojoseon conducted a ritual in honor of his ancestral god every year. Soon, the myth of Dangun was the political ideology of the Gojoseon period, and the ritual had a function of political assembly. Emperor Dangun's rule is usually calculated to begin in 2333 BCE, based on the description of
1394-651: The tracking zone of Russian monitoring systems. However, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs contradicted Yakovlev's report. Ministry sources said that no agreements on missile launch warnings exist between Russian and North Korea, and that no one was notified about the test ahead of time. A spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that although North Korea's missile launch concerned Moscow, Russia would like to have normal, friendly relations with North Korea. South Korea's response
1435-411: The valleys and the mountains. Hwanin permitted Hwanung and 3,000 followers to descend onto Myohyang-san , where Hwanung founded Sinsi ( 신시 ; 神市 , "City of God"). Along with his ministers of clouds, rain and wind, he instituted laws and moral codes and taught humans various arts, medicine, and agriculture. Legend attributes the development of acupuncture and moxibustion to Dangun. A tiger and
1476-589: The year 4340 of the Dangun Era is called "Royal Day Festival" ( 어천절 ; 御天節 ; Eocheonjeol ), the day that the semi-legendary founder Dangun returned to the heavens. Dangun began to attract attention during the late Goryeo dynasty , when Koreans fought wars against the Mongolian Yuan dynasty . During the Joseon period they were worshiped as the ancestors of the nation. In the Joseon dynasty,
1517-478: Was a satellite allegedly launched by North Korea on 31 August 1998. While the North Korean government claimed that the launch was successful, no objects were ever tracked in orbit from the launch, and outside North Korea it is considered to have been a failure. It was the first satellite to be launched as part of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng program , and the first satellite that North Korea attempted to launch. It
1558-600: Was born on Mount Paektu , and on that day a bright lode star (kwangmyŏngsŏng) appeared in the sky, so everyone knew a new general had been born. In designing the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 , North Korea received considerable assistance from the China 's Academy of Launch Technology . This assistance has continued with the development of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite project. It may also extend to additional satellites, including
1599-490: Was launched from Musudan-ri using a Paektusan rocket, at 03:07 GMT on 31 August 1998, a few days before the 50th anniversary of North Korea's independence from Japan . On 4 September, the Korean Central News Agency announced that the satellite had successfully been placed into low Earth orbit . The China National Space Administration was involved in the development of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1, which had
1640-464: Was relatively muted. In his U.N speech on 25 September 1998, South Korean Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Hong Soon-young called on the global community to make a concerted effort to deter North Korea from developing, testing, and exporting missiles. He also released a joint press statement with Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura and US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright condemning North Korea's missile launch, but reaffirming support for
1681-600: Was the legendary founder and first king of Gojoseon , the first Korean kingdom. He founded the first kingdom around the northern part of the Korean Peninsula . He is said to be the "grandson of heaven", "son of a bear", and to have founded the first kingdom in 2333 BC . The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th-century Samguk yusa , which cites Korea's lost historical record, Gogi ( 고기 ; 古記 ; lit. 'Ancient Record') and China's Book of Wei . Koreans celebrate Dangun's founding of Gojoseon , Korea's first dynasty, on 3 October. That day