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61-468: Dangun or Tangun ( Korean :  단군 ; Hanja :  檀君 ; [tan.ɡun] ), also known as Dangun Wanggeom ( 단군왕검 ; 檀君王儉 ; [tan.ɡun waŋ.ɡʌm] ), was the legendary founder and first king of Gojoseon , the first Korean kingdom. He founded the first kingdom around the northern part of the Korean Peninsula . He is said to be the "grandson of heaven", "son of

122-479: A spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and

183-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with

244-721: A Korean one. In fact, criticism of Christianity has continued in Daejongism. In 1994, Han Ch'angbôm presented the Daejongism "case against Christianity," claiming that the God of the Bible was "jealous and violent" and thus inherently "immoral." The text also accused Christians of having been collaborators with the Japanese during the occupation. The importance of Dangun was influenced by Shin Chaeho 's A New Reading of History , and Dangun

305-462: A North Korean publication, the Mausoleum of Dangun is the alleged burial site of the legendary Dangun. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language

366-460: A bear", and to have founded the first kingdom in 2333 BC . The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th-century Samguk yusa , which cites Korea's lost historical record, Gogi ( 고기 ; 古記 ; lit. 'Ancient Record') and China's Book of Wei . Koreans celebrate Dangun's founding of Gojoseon , Korea's first dynasty, on 3 October. That day is a national holiday and

427-429: A bundle of mugwort , ordering them to eat only this sacred food and remain out of the sunlight for 100 days. The tiger gave up after about twenty days and left the cave. However, the bear persevered and was transformed into a woman. The bear and the tiger are said to represent two tribes that sought the favor of the heavenly prince. The bear-woman, Ungnyeo , was grateful and made offerings to Hwanung. However, she lacked

488-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this

549-488: A form of internal alchemy based on the techniques Daejongism popularized. According to American scholar of Korean religion Don Baker, "not only-did Dahn claim that its techniques were the same practices that Tàn'gun [Dangun] taught when he ruled over the first Korean kingdom; it also heralded the three Tàn'gun-era sacred texts of Taejonggyo [Daejongism] as authentic scripture." Only when the movement became international, references to Dangun and Daejongism were downplayed, although

610-465: A husband, and soon became sad and prayed beneath a "divine birch " tree ( 신단수 ; 神檀樹 ; shindansu ) to be blessed with a child. Hwanung, moved by her prayers, took her for his wife and soon she gave birth to a son named Dangun Wanggeom. Dangun ascended to the throne, built the walled city of Asadal situated near Pyongyang (the location is disputed), and called the kingdom Joseon—referred to today as Gojoseon so as not to be confused with

671-455: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding

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732-581: Is a Dangunist sect. Its headquarters are in Pyeongchang County . The current leader is Bae Sun-moon, and the religion promotes the Korean reunification . Na Cheol, known for his role as a leader of the Korean independence movement from Japanese rule, founded the religion in 1909 as its "great teacher" ( tosagyo ) and named it first "Dangunism" ( Dangungyo , Dangun religion) and then a year later "Daejongism" ( Daejonggyo ). He said that it

793-462: Is a tomb of Dangun that North Korea excavated and reconstructed near the city directly under Pyongyang. The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th century Samguk yusa , which cites China's Book of Wei and Korea's lost history text Gogi ( 고기 ; 古記 ). This is the best known and most studied version, but similar versions are recorded in the Jewang Un-gi by

854-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to

915-400: Is called Gaecheonjeol . It is a religious anniversary started by Daejongism ( 대종교 ; 大倧教 ), worshipping Dangun. Many Korean historians regard Dangun and Tengri as being etymologically identical. Dangun's ancestry legend begins with his grandfather Hwanin ( 환인 ; 桓因 ), the "Lord of Heaven". Hwanin had a son, Hwanung , who yearned to live on the earth among the valleys and

976-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean

1037-631: Is embodied in three sacred texts. Believers claim that they date back to the time of Dangun, or even earlier, and this claim, although disputed by scholars, is also accepted by many Koreans who do not belong to Daejongism. The three texts are the Ch'ónbugong (The Classic of the Seal of Heaven), a narrative of the origins of the world, the Samil sin'go (The Teachings of the Triune God), a theological statement, and

1098-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be

1159-599: Is more definable as a creed or a faith system rather than an organized religion. In the decade of 1910 to 1920, it had its major growth, reaching an estimated following of 400,000. Its popularity was largely due to its efforts on behalf of Korean independence. Once this aim was achieved, its membership declined, although Daejongism acquired a reputation for its educational and scholarly institutions, which published in particular monumental works about Korea's struggle for independence and Daejongism's contribution to it. A 1995 census found that fewer than 10,000 Koreans claimed to follow

1220-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with

1281-646: Is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form

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1342-413: Is thought to be the third, and human, manifestation of Haneullim ("God of Heaven") or Haneul ("Heaven"). His physical mother was Ungnyeo (熊女) a bear transformed into a woman. After his earthly reign, Dangun ascended to Heaven. Semantically, Haneul connotes three Gods: God-Father as the creator of the universe, God-Teacher as the mentor of universal nature and God-King as ruler of creation. The faith

1403-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on

1464-520: Is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only

1525-635: The Ch'amjóngyóng (The Classic of the Wise One), a manual of ethics. A number of scholars believe that these books were compiled in the first two decades of the 20th century, based on visions and revelation the founder of Daejongism, Na Cheol (1863–1916), claimed to have received. Daejongism is also well known for its teaching of breathing techniques, known in the West as part of the so-called internal alchemy ( Neidan in Taoism ). Daejongism's techniques focus on

1586-547: The Gregorian calendar called "National Foundation Day". North Korea dates Dangun's founding of Gojoseon to the early 30th century BC. 15 March in the year 4340 of the Dangun Era is called "Royal Day Festival" ( 어천절 ; 御天節 ; Eocheonjeol ), the day that the semi-legendary founder Dangun returned to the heavens. Dangun began to attract attention during the late Goryeo dynasty , when Koreans fought wars against

1647-518: The International Taekwon-Do Federation form of the Korean martial art taekwondo . Students learn that the hyeong represents "the holy legendary founder of Korea in the year 2333 BC." North Korea's leader Kim Il Sung insisted that Dangun was not merely a legend but a real historical person. As a consequence, North Korean archaeologists were compelled to locate the purported remains and grave of Dangun. According to

1708-703: The Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that

1769-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to

1830-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,

1891-648: The sin gyo , but that these beliefs had been suppressed under the Mongols , Buddhism , and Confucianism . The main task of the religion was chunggwang ("lighting anew"), meaning reviving the memory of Dangun. A particularly controversial issue concerns the roots in Daejongism of the global physical exercise and spirituality system known as Body & Brain , Dahnhak, or Dahn Yoga, founded by Korean master of martial arts and author Ilchi Lee . While "Body and Brain" does not normally emphasize its connection with Daejongism, scholars see it as one of many schools teaching

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1952-491: The '"sea of energy," which is also often referred to as the cinnabar field or the elixir field ( tanjón ).The tanjon is a field rich in the vital energy Qi and the religion offers techniques to draw on this field and circulate the energy through the human body. These techniques became extremely popular in the 1970s and generated a new interest in Daejongism and its school of internal alchemy, known as Kich'ónmun. Samsin Sinang

2013-968: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea

2074-582: The Korean independence movement. Na committed suicide at a shrine on Kuwolsan in 1916, saying that he had guilt over his failures and was martyring himself for the sake of his religion, God and people. Leaders of the religion after Na include his successor Kim Kyohong, and An Ho-Sang. The teachings of Dangun were said by Kim in his "History of the Divine Dangun's People" to be the sin gyo or "divine teaching", and he said that various Korean religions, such as that of Wang Kon , were continuations of

2135-651: The Mongolian Yuan dynasty . During the Joseon period they were worshiped as the ancestors of the nation. In the Joseon dynasty, a shrine dedicated to Dangun of Gojoseon and King Chumo of Goguryeo was built in Pyongyang, and the Samseongdang ( 삼성당 ; 三聖堂 ), dedicated to the gods of Hwanin, Hwanung, and Dangun, was built. In Korea at the end of the 19th century, it was greatly emphasized to highlight

2196-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,

2257-414: The compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean

2318-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in

2379-472: The founding myth to justify the process of establishing the Gojoseon regime. However, after the excavation of the Mausoleum of Tangun in 1994, North Korea changed its position and claimed that the Dangun myth reflects historical facts and that Dangun is a real person. Also, Dangun claims that the first king of Gojoseon, founded by the Korean people, had all of his birth, founding, and tombs in Pyongyang. There

2440-456: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it

2501-450: The independence movement, emphasizing the history of the Dangun period. The study of Dangun in South Korea focused on the historical significance of the Gojoseon society. In South Korea, Dangun Wanggeom is regarded as the head of the Gojoseon society, with many characteristics of the role of high priest. Wanggeom has the meaning of an overlord who governs the country. In North Korea, the Dangun and Dangun myths were previously established as

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2562-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains

2623-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it

2684-587: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or

2745-455: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to

2806-549: The late Goryeo scholar Yi Seunghyu ( 이승휴 ; 李承休 , 1224–1300), as well as the Eungje Siju ( 응제시주 ; 應製詩註 ) and Sejong Sillok ( 세종실록 ; commonly known as " Annals of the Joseon Dynasty" , Sejong Jang-heon Dae-wang Shil-lok ; 세종장헌대왕실록 ; 世宗莊憲大王實錄 ) of the early Joseon. Dangun is worshipped today as a deity by the followers of Cheondoism and Daejongism. Dangun is the second pattern or hyeong in

2867-429: The later kingdom of Joseon that was established roughly 2000 years later. He then moved his capital to Asadal on Mount Paegak or Mount Gunghol. Dangun's biography reflected the interest of the people of Dangun Joseon ( Gojoseon ) at the time in establishing the legitimacy of the kingship of Gojoseon and the dignity of the country. The king of Gojoseon conducted a ritual in honor of his ancestral god every year. Soon,

2928-522: The mountains. Hwanin permitted Hwanung and 3,000 followers to descend onto Myohyang-san , where Hwanung founded Sinsi ( 신시 ; 神市 , "City of God"). Along with his ministers of clouds, rain and wind, he instituted laws and moral codes and taught humans various arts, medicine, and agriculture. Legend attributes the development of acupuncture and moxibustion to Dangun. A tiger and a bear prayed to Hwanung that they might become human. Upon hearing their prayers, Hwanung gave them twenty cloves of garlic and

2989-530: The myth of Dangun was the political ideology of the Gojoseon period, and the ritual had a function of political assembly. Emperor Dangun's rule is usually calculated to begin in 2333 BCE, based on the description of the Tongguk t'onggam (1485) contrary to the 40th year of the reign of the legendary Chinese Emperor Yao . Other sources vary somewhat, but also put it during Yao's reign (traditional dates: 2357 BC-2256 BC). The Samguk yusa states Dangun ascended to

3050-638: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of

3111-466: The religion, although Korean census figures systematically underestimate the number of followers of new religions, who are often reluctant to indicate their religious affiliation. Central to the faith is the belief in Haneullim , the triad of Gods of Korean culture: the creator (Hanim/ Hwanin ), the teacher (Hanung/ Hwanung ) and the ruler (Dangun/Hanbaegŏm). Dangun, the leader of the Korean nation,

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3172-460: The resistance of the Joseon people against Imperialist invasion, and it developed into a religion, Dangunkyo ( 단군교 ; 檀君敎 ). Dangun, who emerged as the central figure of nationalism, played a large role in the spiritual foundation of the independence movement during the Japanese colonial period. In addition, the history of the Dangun era was compiled by followers of Daejongism , such as 'Daedong Sagang' ( 대동사강 ) and 'Gyuwon Sahwa' ( 규원사화 ) and

3233-669: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting

3294-533: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Daejongism Dangunists believe their mythos to be the authentic Korean native religion , that was already around as Gosindo (古神道, "way of the Ancestral God" or "ancient way of God") at the time of the first Mongol invasions of Korea , and that was revived as "Daejongism" ( Daejonggyo ) just at the start of the Japanese occupation . The religion

3355-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at

3416-475: The throne in the 50th year of Yao's reign, while Annals of the Joseon Dynasty says the first year and Tongguk t'onggam says the 25th year. Until 1961, the official South Korean era (for numbering years) was called the Dangi ( 단기 ; 檀紀 ), which began in 2333 BC. Followers of Daejongism considered 3 October in the Korean calendar as Gaecheonjeol . This day is now a public holiday in South Korea in

3477-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ

3538-472: Was a revival of Goshindo (古神道, "way of the Ancestral God"), the belief in the trinitarian god that was worshipped in ancient Korea. Some scholars have suggested the affinity to Christianity , though the ethical basis of the religion is similar to Confucianism . Others believe that early Dajeongism tried to counter the growing influence of Christianity by replacing the Christian Trinity with

3599-585: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as

3660-464: Was emphasised over another legendary figure, Jizi (Kija), who was said to not be Korean in origin. Na claimed that the Goshindo religion was approximately 4300 years of age, which would make it Korea's oldest religion. After the annexation of Korea in 1910 by the Empire of Japan , the new religion was spread in Manchuria by Na, where it set up schools and social centers, and became a focus of

3721-646: Was suppressed during the Japanese rule. The religion believes in one God manifested in three persons, whose earthly incarnation was the legendary king Dangun , who ruled over a Korean empire around 5000 years ago. Its main tenet is that the Koreans have their own God and they have no need to worship foreign gods. Its emphasis is on the national identity and unity of the Korean people (known as minjok ) and as such has been associated with Korean nationalism (and sometimes ultranationalism). Daejongism does not focus so much on institutions or rituals but rather on central doctrines and associated mythologies, so that it

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