A passing loop (UK usage) or passing siding (North America) (also called a crossing loop , crossing place , refuge loop or, colloquially, a hole ) is a place on a single line railway or tramway , often located at or near a station , where trains or trams travelling in opposite directions can pass each other. Trains / trams going in the same direction can also overtake, provided that the signalling arrangement allows it. A passing loop is double-ended and connected to the main track at both ends, though a dead end siding known as a refuge siding , which is much less convenient, can be used. A similar arrangement is used on the gauntlet track of cable railways and funiculars , and in passing places on single-track roads .
33-582: Takapau is a small rural community in the Central Hawkes Bay in New Zealand. It is located 20 kilometres west of Waipukurau , off State Highway 2 , and has a population of more than 500. The original township was founded in 1876 by farmer Sydney Johnston from Oruawharo station. Johnston's family donated land for a school and churches, and built the local library, public hall and, later, Plunket rooms. Many streets are named after members of
66-438: A cart approach, loading bank, cattle yards, stationmaster's house, urinals and a passing loop for 24 wagons, extended to 55 in 1911 and further extended in 1940. In 1905 a verandah was added and the platform extended. Electric lights were installed in 1921. Railway houses were built in 1928 and 1946. On 27 September 1981 the old station closed and a new station and loop line opened near Oruawharo, 3.78 km (2.35 mi) to
99-434: A population of 16,600 (June 2024), up from 14,142 in the 2018 census and 12,717 in the 2013 census. The two main towns are Waipukurau (population 4,850) and Waipawa (2,540), which are just 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) apart. Smaller townships include Ōtāne , Takapau , Tikokino and Ongaonga . There are also several small beach communities, including Kairakau, Pourerere, Aramoana, Blackhead and Pōrangahau. There
132-633: A population of 597 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 72 people (13.7%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 81 people (15.7%) since the 2006 census . There were 216 households, comprising 309 males and 288 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female, with 126 people (21.1%) aged under 15 years, 102 (17.1%) aged 15 to 29, 261 (43.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 99 (16.6%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 71.9% European/ Pākehā , 41.7% Māori , 2.5% Pacific peoples , 3.0% Asian , and 1.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. Although some people chose not to answer
165-408: A radio system to set the points from a distance. The design of crossing loops may have to be modified where there are severe gradients that make it difficult for a train to restart from a stationary position, or where the terrain is unsuitable for a normal loop. A crossing loop on steep gradient may have catch points on the downhill end to reduce the impact of runaways. Since central operation of
198-586: A £14,100 contract to build the 14 mi (23 km) extension of the Napier to Waipukurau railway south to Takapau. They built a 5th class station in 1875 and Donald McLeod, a Waipukurau carpenter, built a goods shed and platform in 1877. Initially, only one train a day ran from Takapau. In 1890 there were two trains a day. There was a post office at the station from 1887 to 1911. By 1896 there were 30 ft (9.1 m) x 20 ft (6.1 m) and 40 ft (12 m) x 30 ft (9.1 m) goods sheds and also
231-545: Is a marae in each of the four corners of the district, at Pukehou , Kairakau , Pōrangahau and Takapau . The district is administered by the Central Hawke's Bay District Council , which was formed through the 1989 local government reforms by amalgamating Waipukurau District Council and the Waipawa District Council. The district is divided into two wards: Ruataniwha is an urban ward based on
264-493: Is a co-educational state Kura Kaupapa Māori school, with a roll of 29 as of August 2024. The school opened in 1994. Takapau had a railway station from 12 March 1877 to 27 September 1981. It was the terminus of the line from Spit for 10 months, until 25 January 1878, when the extension to Kopua opened. Takapau at that time was on the northern edge of the Seventy Mile Bush . Edmund Allan and Samuel Kingstreet had
297-551: Is also based in the town. There are two schools in Takapau. The Trappist monastery, the Southern Star Abbey , is also located nearby. Statistics New Zealand describes Takapau as a rural settlement, which covers 3.18 km (1.23 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 700 as of June 2024, with a population density of 220 people per km. It is part of the larger Makaretu statistical area . Takapau had
330-478: Is referred to as a dynamic loop. For example, the Windermere branch line will be getting one to permit a 2tph service pattern. Some railways fit catch points at the ends of crossing loops so that if a train overruns the loop, it is derailed rather than collide with an opposing train. Since the available space for crossing loops is usually limited, they do not normally have an overlap (safety margin) between
363-481: Is too long for the loop it must wait for the opposing train to enter the loop before proceeding, taking a few minutes. Ideally, the shorter train should arrive first and leave second. If both trains are too long for the loop, time-consuming "see-sawing" (or "double saw-by") operations are required for the trains to cross (see Tawa railway station ). On railway systems that use platforms , especially high-level platforms, for passengers to board and disembark from trains,
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#1732801700122396-793: The 2018 census , and an increase of 2,763 people (21.7%) since the 2013 census . There were 7,560 males, 7,881 females and 39 people of other genders in 5,949 dwellings. 1.9% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 43.5 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 3,150 people (20.3%) aged under 15 years, 2,181 (14.1%) aged 15 to 29, 6,861 (44.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 3,288 (21.2%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 83.9% European ( Pākehā ); 25.2% Māori ; 3.1% Pasifika ; 2.9% Asian ; 0.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.6% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
429-418: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 1,518 (12.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 7,218 (58.5%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 3,117 (25.3%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 38,800, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 804 people (6.5%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
462-472: The census's question about religious affiliation, 54.8% had no religion, 29.1% were Christian , 4.5% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.5% were Hindu , 0.5% were Muslim , 1.5% were Buddhist and 2.5% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 33 (7.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 150 (31.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 24 people (5.1%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
495-484: The curve. This layout is mostly used at local stations where many passenger trains do not stop. Since there is only one passenger platform, it is not convenient to cross two passenger trains if both stop. This type of passing loop is common in Russia and post-Soviet states. A disadvantage of the platform and through arrangement is the speed limits through the turnouts at each end. In the example layout shown, trains take
528-568: The district, with one station at Waipukurau. This line connects to the Wairarapa Line at Woodville , and continues through the Manawatū Gorge to Palmerston North. Passing loop Ideally, the loop should be longer than all trains needing to cross at that point. Unless the loop is of sufficient length to be dynamic , the first train to arrive must stop or move very slowly, while the second to arrive may pass at speed. If one train
561-485: The east. The loop is still in use, with sidings linking to the Silver Fern Farms works and a platform and shelter remain, which appear weed-grown in a 2015 photo. There has been no regular passenger train since at least 1995. There is now only a single line passing through the original Takapau station site. There was also a passing loop at Whenuahou , 4 mi 42 ch (7.3 km) south of Takapau, which
594-569: The family. Takapau was once the centre of a large flax milling industry, and the community takes its name from the flax that grew in the expansive Takapau plains. The Māori word translates literally as "mat" or "carpet". The largest business in Takapau is now the Silverfern Farms meat-processing plant, founded by the Hawke's Bay Farmers’ Meat Company in 1981. Kintail Honey, one of country's largest honey-packing and beekeeping operations,
627-529: The left-hand track in their direction of running. Low-speed turnouts restrict the speed in one direction. Two platform faces are needed, and they can be provided either at a single island platform or two side platforms (as shown). Overtaking is not normally possible at this kind of up-and-down loop as some of the necessary signals are absent. Crossing loops using up-and-down working are very common in British practice. For one thing, fewer signals are required if
660-450: The longer and heavier high-speed turnouts may be beyond the capability of manual lever operation. Refuge sidings are used at locations with gradients too steep for heavy freight trains or steam haulage to depart from conventional passing loops, or confined spaces where a passing loop cannot be built. An extra parallel siding is often built at stations on refuge sidings so that two stopping trains can pass, and an extended catch point opposite
693-485: The loop line may be omitted. If the passenger train from one direction always arrives first, the platform on the loop line may also be omitted by extending the platform past the loop in that direction. The through road has straight track, while the platform road has low-speed turnouts at either end. A possible advantage of this layout is that trains scheduled to pass straight through the station can do so uninterrupted; they do not have to reduce their speed to pass through
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#1732801700122726-411: The platforms may be provided on both the main and loop tracks or possibly on only one of them. The main line has straight track, while the loop line has low-speed turnouts at either end. If the station has only one platform, then it is usually located on the main line. If passenger trains are relatively few in number, and the likelihood of two passenger trains crossing each other low, the platform on
759-454: The points and signals from a single signal box is convenient, and since there are practical limits for the distance to these points and signals, crossing loops can have a system-wide effect on train sizes. Line capacity is partly determined by the distance between individual crossing loops. Ideally these should be located at inverse -integer intervals along the track by travel time. The longest section between successive crossing loops will, like
792-401: The points in and out of the loop operated manually, albeit more recent examples have so-called self-restoring switches that allow trains to exit a loop without needing to change the points. Other forms of remote operation included centralized traffic control , in which a train controller changes points and signals from a remote office; and driver-operated points, which enable train crews to use
825-419: The refuge siding may be added so as not to interfere with passing trains. If a crossing loop is several times the length of the trains using it, and is suitably signalled, then trains proceeding in opposite directions can pass (cross) each other without having to stop or even slow down. This greatly reduces the time lost by the first train to arrive at the crossing loop for the opposing train to go by. This system
858-503: The starting signals and the end of the double line. In Australia, the Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC) policy provides for overlaps of about 500 m and 200 m respectively in an effort to avoid derailment or collision. Many crossing loops are designed to operate automatically in an unattended mode. Such loops may be track-circuited with home signals cleared by the approaching train. Some loops have
891-491: The towns of Waipukurau and Waipawa; Aramoana-Ruahine is a largely rural ward. The council seat is in Waipawa. Central Hawke's Bay District covers 3,332.91 km (1,286.84 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 16,600 as of June 2024, with a population density of 5.0 people per km . Central Hawke's Bay District had a population of 15,480 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 1,338 people (9.5%) since
924-425: The tracks in the station are signaled for one direction only; also, there is less likelihood of a collision caused by signalling a train onto the track reserved for trains in the opposing direction. In France, they often use spring switches and the speed is equally restricted in both directions. The speed restriction in one direction can be eliminated with higher-speed turnouts, but this may require power operation, as
957-420: The weakest link in a chain, determine the overall line capacity. Long and short trains can cross at a short loop if the long train arrives second but leaves first. It is best if all crossing loops are longer than the longest train. Two long trains can cross at a short loop using a slow so-called see-saw process, which wastes time. Countries generally have a principle on which side trains shall meet, either on
990-569: Was originally used for construction of the viaduct to the south. Central Hawke%27s Bay (district) Central Hawke's Bay District is in the Hawke's Bay Region in the North Island of New Zealand. Formed in 1989, it covers an area of 3,333 square kilometres, from Pukehou in the north to Takapau in the south, and from the western Ruahine Range to the Pacific coast in the east. It has
1023-541: Was spoken by 97.6%, Māori language by 5.2%, Samoan by 0.6% and other languages by 4.5%. No language could be spoken by 2.0% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 12.9, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 32.1% Christian , 0.3% Hindu , 0.2% Islam , 2.0% Māori religious beliefs , 0.3% Buddhist , 0.6% New Age , and 1.0% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 56.7%, and 7.3% of people did not answer
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1056-458: Was that 234 (49.7%) people were employed full-time, 51 (10.8%) were part-time, and 18 (3.8%) were unemployed. The local Rongo o Tahu Marae is a tribal meeting ground for the Ngāti Kahungunu hapū of Ngāi Toroiwaho . Takapau School is a Year 1–8 co-educational state primary school, with a roll of 135 as of August 2024. The school opened in 1879. Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Takapau is a Year 1–8
1089-494: Was that 6,273 (50.9%) people were employed full-time, 1,725 (14.0%) were part-time, and 279 (2.3%) were unemployed. State Highway 2 runs through the centre of Central Hawke's Bay, leading south to Palmerston North (108 km) and the Wairarapa and north to Hastings (50 km) and Napier . It is 70 kilometres to Napier Port and 75 kilometres to Napier Airport. The Palmerston North – Gisborne railway line runs through
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