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41-778: Download coordinates as: Despite their presence in Yukon, all Taku River Tlingit Indian Reserves are located in British Columbia : This First Nations in Canada –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This British Columbia politics–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Yukon is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Indian Reserves In Canada, an Indian reserve ( French : réserve indienne ) or First Nations reserve ( French : réserve des premières nations )

82-584: A colony in 1858, also worked to establish many reserves on the mainland during his tenure, though most of these were overturned by successor colonial governments and later royal commissions once the province joined Confederation in 1871. In 1867, legislative jurisdiction over "Indians and Lands reserved for the Indians" was assigned to the Parliament of Canada through the Constitution Act, 1867 ,

123-420: A fact which has led many to be abandoned, or used only seasonally (as a trapping territory , for example). Statistics Canada counts only those reserves which are populated (or potentially populated) as "subdivisions" for the purpose of the national census . For the 2011 census, of the more than 3,100 Indian reserves across Canada, there were only 961 Indian reserves classified as census subdivisions (including

164-659: A major part of Canada's Constitution (originally known as the British North America Act ), which acknowledged that First Nations had special status. Separate powers covered "status and civil rights on the one hand and Indian lands on the other." In 1870, the newly formed Dominion government acquired Rupert's Land , a vast territory in British North America consisting mostly of the Hudson Bay drainage basin that had been controlled by

205-559: A result of the construction of the western division of the Great Western Railroad from London to Windsor, Ontario , at the point where it crossed the existing road from Delaware, Ontario to Strathroy. This crossing happened to be at the point of greatest elevation on this division, the railroad having just climbed out of the valley of the Thames River from London. The station was named for Charles John Brydges ,

246-405: A single government is responsible for more than one reserve. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves. Of the 637,660 First Nations people who reported being Registered Indians, nearly one-half (49.3%) lived on an Indian reserve. This proportion varies across the country. Many reserves have no resident population; typically they are small, remote, non-contiguous pieces of land,

287-429: A small commercial "downtown" featuring mostly local businesses and shops. Local agriculture includes corn, tobacco, soybeans and ginseng . The soil composition of the region is largely sandy (a phenomenon referred to locally as the " Caradoc Sand Plains ") as a result of deposits created on the bottom of the glacial Lake Whittlesey which covered the area approximately 13,000 years ago. The village came into existence as

328-426: A trust agreement with CMHC, and lenders can receive loans to build or repair houses. In other programs, loans to residents of reserves are guaranteed by the federal government. Provinces and municipalities may expropriate reserve land if specifically authorized by a provincial or federal law. Few reserves have any economic advantages, such as resource revenues. The revenues of those reserves that do are held in trust by

369-845: A very important role in public policy stakeholder consultations, particularly when reserves are located in areas that have valuable natural resources with potential for economic development. Beginning in the 1970s, First Nations gained "recognition of their constitutionally protected rights." First Nations' rights are protected by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 . By 2002, (Valiente) First Nations had already "finalised 14 comprehensive land claims and self-government agreements, with numerous others, primarily in northern Canada and British Columbia, at different stages of negotiations." Land claims and self-government agreements are "modern treaties" and therefore hold constitutional status. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), "places aboriginal participation on par with federal ministers and

410-557: A village in 1860 and became a town in 1872 under the motto "We Advance". Buchanan named the settlement after his hometown of Strathroy in Ireland, now a suburb of Omagh in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland . In 1866, The Age newspaper was established to compete with the already-established Western Dispatch newspaper. The Western Dispatch was purchased by The Age in 1923, which later became The Age Dispatch . The newspaper

451-521: A year. These are "public water systems managed by the federal government". There were also 18 communities that had "water issues for between two and 12 months." According to statistics gathered by Health Canada and the First Nations Health Authority , in 2015, there were "162 drinking water advisories in 118 First Nation communities". In October 2015, Neskantaga First Nation reported that its "20-year boil-water advisory"

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492-567: Is 35 kilometres west of London, Ontario, and is the largest community in Middlesex County outside London. The community is situated next to Highway 402 between London and the border to Port Huron, Michigan , U.S. at Sarnia , Ontario. Strathroy's economy is diverse, and major industries include automotive manufacturing, agriculture and food processing. The township's administrative offices are located in Strathroy. Mount Brydges has

533-515: Is a primarily rural municipality. Industries include turkey and chicken hatching and processing, corn, tobacco, automotive, and pharmaceutical. Some industrial products are manufactured in Strathroy, the township's largest locality and its commercial, cultural and industrial centre. Strathroy's hatcheries have seen it referred to as the turkey capital of Canada and even the world. Settlements within Strathroy-Caradoc largely grew up around

574-939: Is an example of a reserve created in modern times. Another multi-band reserve of the Sto:lo peoples is Grass Indian Reserve No. 15 , which is located in the City of Chilliwack and is shared by nine bands. After the Royal Proclamation of 1763 but before Confederation in 1867, the Upper Canada Treaties (1764–1862 Ontario) and the Douglas Treaties (1850–1854 British Columbia) were signed. "Some of these pre-confederation and post-confederation treaties addressed reserve lands, hunting, fishing, trapping rights, annuities and other benefits." Governor James Douglas of British Columbia, which formally became

615-831: Is defined by the Indian Act as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty , that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band ." Reserves are areas set aside for First Nations , one of the major groupings of Indigenous peoples in Canada , after a contract with the Canadian state (" the Crown "), and are not to be confused with Indigenous peoples' claims to ancestral lands under Aboriginal title . A single "band" (First Nations government) may control one reserve or several, while other reserves are shared between multiple bands. In 2003,

656-771: Is otherwise served by media from London . Strathroy's largest annual event is the Strathroy Hometown Turkey Festival, also known as Turkeyfest, run in June. The town is home to the headquarters of Cuddy Farms , the world's top turkey-hatching company. Strathroy is home to the Strathroy Rockets of the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League and the Strathroy Royals baseball team. Mount Brydges

697-612: Is still published weekly. From 1867 to 1945 the Mount Elgin Indian Residential School operated in Muncey. Sir Arthur Currie , who would later become the commander of Canadian forces in Europe during World War I, was born here on December 5, 1875. In the fall of 1876, Bixel Brewery opened in Strathroy, producing lager beer for a century before its closing. Other breweries in the town have included

738-568: Is within Middlesex County . At the federal and provincial levels of government it is represented by the riding of Lambton—Kent—Middlesex . It is part of the London census metropolitan area . Strathroy-Caradoc's two largest communities are Strathroy and Mount Brydges . The township also contains the smaller communities of Cairngorm, Campbellvale, Caradoc, Christina, Falconbridge, Glen Oak, Longwood, Melbourne (part) and Muncey. Strathroy

779-744: The Anishinaabe and the Swampy Cree tribes. Treaty 1 First Nations comprise the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation , Fort Alexander ( Sagkeeng First Nation ), Long Plain First Nation , Peguis First Nation , Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation , Sandy Bay First Nation and Swan Lake First Nation . The rights and freedoms of Canada's First Nations people have been governed by the Indian Act since its enactment in 1876 by

820-688: The Department of Indian and Northern Affairs stated there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising 28,000 km (11,000 sq mi). According to Statistics Canada in 2011, there are more than 600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada and 3,100 Indian reserves/First Nations reserves across Canada. Examples include the Driftpile First Nation , which like many bands, has only one reserve, Driftpile River 150 . The Bear River First Nation , who govern Bear River 6 , Bear River 6A and Bear River 6B , are one of many examples where

861-555: The Hudson's Bay Company under its Charter with the British Crown from 1670 to 1870. Numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The Dominion of Canada promised Britain to honour the provisions of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 to "negotiate with its Amerindians for the extinguishment of their title and the setting aside of reserves for their exclusive use." This promise led to

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902-586: The Kashechewan First Nation reserve's drinking water and chlorine levels had to be increased to 'shock' levels, causing skin problems and eventually resulting in an evacuation of hundreds of people from the reserve and costing approximately $ 16 million." Strathroy-Caradoc Strathroy-Caradoc is a municipality located in Southwestern Ontario , Canada. It is 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of London . Strathroy-Caradoc

943-543: The Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations the right to "determine whether any purpose for which lands in a reserve are used is for the use and benefit of the band." Title to land within the reserve may be transferred to only the band or to individual band members. Reserve lands may not be seized legally, nor is the personal property of a band or a band member living on a reserve subject to "charge, pledge, mortgage, attachment, levy, seizure distress or execution in favour or at

984-721: The Numbered Treaties . Between 1871 and 1921, through Numbered Treaties with First Nations, the Canadian government gained large areas of land for settlers and for industry in Northwestern Ontario , Northern Canada and in the Prairies . The treaties were also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties. Treaty 1 is an agreement established August 3, 1871, between the Crown and various First Nations in southeastern Manitoba , including

1025-658: The Sydenham River and the southwestern Ontario railways. Three major railway lines pass through the municipality: the CN ( Canadian National Railway ) Chatham Subdivision (connecting Windsor and London, Ontario), the CP ( Canadian Pacific Railway ) Windsor Subdivision (also connecting Windsor and London), and the CN Strathroy Subdivision (connecting London and Sarnia , Ontario ). Municipally, Strathroy-Caradoc

1066-573: The "Western Steam Brewery", "Strathroy Brewing and Malting" and "West End Brewery". In 1896, the Strathroy Furniture Company opened its doors, and was renowned for nearly a century for making residential furniture. On July 15, 1992, the company declared bankruptcy and a liquidation sale was held in October 1992. On February 14, 1914, the first patients were admitted to what would become Strathroy Middlesex General Hospital . At

1107-663: The Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42 near Muncey, Ontario , which was formerly shared between them and the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation as a single parcel of land. Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as Pekw'Xe:yles , a reserve on the Fraser River used by 21 Indian bands that was formerly St. Mary's Indian Residential School and

1148-482: The Parliament of Canada. The provisions of Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 , provided Canada's federal government exclusive authority to legislate in relation to "Indians and Lands Reserved for Indians". Wikwemikong Unceded Reserve on Manitoulin Island is subject to the Indian Act provisions governing reserves even though its lands were never ceded to the Crown by treaty. The Indian Act gives

1189-531: The fire. In 2005, Strathroy was connected to the Lake Huron Water Pipeline. This ended the town's existing reliance on groundwater and wells. On August 10, 2016, an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant supporter from Strathroy, Aaron Driver, was killed in a taxi outside his home, after being shot by Royal Canadian Mounted Police and detonating one of two homemade bombs. The taxi driver

1230-464: The instance of any person other than an Indian or a band". While the act was intended to protect the Indian holdings, the limitations make it difficult for the reserves and their residents to obtain financing for development and construction, or renovation. To answer this need, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has created an on-reserve housing loan program. Members of bands may enter into

1271-479: The managing director of the Grand Trunk Railway from 1861 to 1874. The earlier name Carradoc was replaced in 1856. Strathroy was first colonized in 1832 by John Stewart Buchanan , accompanied by the explorer Sir Michael Jacques, at a location on the Sydenham River with flow and fall sufficient to power a gristmill . A general store opened in the settlement in 1840. Strathroy was incorporated as

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1312-489: The minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada . Reserve lands and the personal property of bands and resident band members are exempt from all forms of taxation except local taxation. Corporations owned by members of First Nations are not exempt, however. This exemption has allowed band members operating in proprietorships or partnerships to sell heavily taxed goods, such as cigarettes, on their reserves at prices considerably lower than those at stores off

1353-524: The occasion, the NHL 's Montreal Canadiens played an exhibition game at the arena, defeating the local Junior 'B' team the Strathroy Rockets 14–3 in front of 3,100 spectators. In 2001, Strathroy merged with the former Township of Caradoc, creating the town of Strathroy-Caradoc. On March 22, 2004, the town's 117-year-old train station was destroyed by a fire that took more than 35 firefighters to get under control. Adolescent boys were charged with starting

1394-605: The provinces in the National Advisory Committee." Among other things, CEPA clarified the term "aboriginal land" in 3 (1): "The definitions in this subsection apply in this Act. "aboriginal land" means (a) reserves, surrendered lands and any other lands that are set apart for the use and benefit of a band and that are subject to the Indian Act ." Under sections 46–50 of the CEPA, Environment and Climate Change Canada 's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)

1435-591: The reserves. Most reserves are self-governed, within the limits already described, under guidelines established by the Indian Act . Due to treaty settlements, some Indian reserves are now incorporated as villages, such as Gitlaxt'aamiks , British Columbia, which like other Nisga'a reserves was relieved of that status by the Nisga'a Treaty . Similarly, the Indian reserves of the Sechelt Indian Band are now Indian government districts. Indian reserves play

1476-775: The six reserves added for 2011). Some reserves that were originally rural were gradually surrounded by urban development. Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary are examples of cities with urban Indian reserves . One band Chief and Council commonly administer more than one reserve, such as the Beaver Lake Cree Nation with two reserves or the Lenape people (in Canada incorporated as the Munsee-Delaware Nation ), who occupy Munsee-Delaware Nation Indian Reserve No. 1. This consists of three non-contiguous parcels of land totalling 1,054 ha (2,600 acres) within

1517-496: The time, the hospital was municipally owned. The current building opened on June 23, 1962, as a two-story structure with 82 beds. The hospital was the location at which Native Canadian Dudley George succumbed to the gunshot wound he suffered at the Ipperwash Standoff at nearby Ipperwash Provincial Park on September 7, 1995. On January 13, 1954, West Middlesex Memorial Arena opened in Strathroy. To commemorate

1558-554: The town and its outlying area. Strathroy was ranked 161st out of 714 Ontario secondary schools in 2007/2008 by the Fraser Institute's Report on Ontario Secondary Schools. Holy Cross was ranked 339th out of 714 in the same report. Strathroy has two weekly newspapers, The Age Dispatch and the Middlesex Banner , and a radio station, 105.7 myFM ( CJMI-FM ), which provides local news and sports coverage. The region

1599-407: Was "the longest running drinking water advisory in Canada." Shoal Lake 40 First Nation was under an 18-year boil water advisory. By 2006, nearly 100 Indian reserves had boil-water advisories and many others had substandard water. Ḵwiḵwa̱sut'inux̱w Ha̱xwa'mis First Nation , on Vancouver Island , had a boil-water advisory beginning in 1997. In October 2005, "high E. coli levels were found in

1640-636: Was initiated. NPRI is the inventory of "pollutants released, disposed of and sent for recycling by facilities across the country". The NPRI is used by First Nation administrations on reserves, along with other research tools, to monitor pollution. For example, NPRI data showed the Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia, Ontario, was "ground zero for Ontario's heaviest load of air pollution." By December 21, 2017, there were 67 long-term boil-water advisories that had been in effect for longer than

1681-625: Was injured. Police suspected he intended to commit a suicide bombing in another public place. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Strathroy-Caradoc had a population of 23,871 living in 9,453 of its 9,695 total private dwellings, a change of 14.4% from its 2016 population of 20,867 . With a land area of 270.86 km (104.58 sq mi), it had a population density of 88.1/km (228.3/sq mi) in 2021. Strathroy has two secondary schools that share basic facilities, Strathroy District Collegiate Institute and Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School . Each serves

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