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62-605: The Tang code took its roots in the code of the Northern Zhou (564) dynasty, which was itself based on the earlier codes of the Cao-Wei and Western Jin (268). Aiming to smooth the earlier laws and reduce physical punishments (such as mutilations) in order to appease social tensions in the newly pacified Tang territories, it was created in AD 624 at the request of Emperor Gaozu of Tang . After further revisions in 627 and 637 under

124-459: A campaign against Tuyuhun ; a campaign that appeared to be moderately successful. Yet the campaign would bring another deterioration of the relationship between father and son, as Wang Gui, who officially served as the crown prince's lieutenant (along with Yuwen Xiaobo) but was in charge of the operation, reported a matter of immoral acts that the crown prince and his associates Zheng Yi ( 鄭譯 ) and Wang Duan ( 王端 ) engaged in. Emperor Wu himself caned

186-524: A cordial relationship with Yuwen Hu, bore a grudge against Yuwen Hu and secretly encouraged Emperor Wu to act against Yuwen Hu. In spring 568, a major storm at Tujue's headquarters inflicted substantial damage, and Ashina Qijin took it as a sign of divine displeasure at his rescission of the marriage agreement with Northern Zhou. He therefore returned Yuwen Chun, along with the daughter he promised Emperor Wu, back to Northern Zhou. Emperor Wu personally welcomed her and created her empress. Perhaps in light of

248-404: A counterattack, catching Emperor Wu by surprise and nearly killing him. However, after the victory, Gao Yanzong's army went into a celebration, and he was unable to reorganize it, and Emperor Wu soon defeated and captured him, and headed for Yecheng. Gao Wei, after passing the throne to his young son Gao Heng to deflect ill omens, considered resisting, but instead decided to flee southeast across

310-473: A failed bid to resist, fled to Tujue and came under the protection of Ashin Qijin's successor Tuobo Khan . Other than Ying Province (營州, roughly modern Zhaoyang , Liaoning ), held by the official Gao Baoning ( 高寶寧 ), a distant relative to Northern Qi's imperial Gao clan, all of Northern Qi's territory came under Northern Zhou rule. In summer 577, Emperor Wu returned to Chang'an with Gao Wei and other members of

372-497: A general pardon. By 573, it had come to Emperor Wu's attention that Crown Prince Yun was not paying attention to matters of state but instead associated with immoral people. In response, Emperor Wu selected staff members for Crown Prince Yun who were known for their strict conduct. This made the crown prince unhappy. Around the new year 574, Emperor Wu gathered Confucian scholars, Taoist monks, and Buddhist monks, and had them debate about their philosophies. He ranked Confucianism

434-439: A large army, and Emperor Wu, not wanting to engage Gao Wei's army directly, withdrew, leaving the general Liang Shiyan ( 梁士彥 ) in charge of defending Pingyang. Gao Wei put Pingyang under siege, and at one point nearly captured it. Emperor Wu, after reorganizing his forces, relaunched his army and headed for Pingyang, seeking to lift the siege. Around the new year 577, he arrived near Pingyang and Gao Wei chose to engage him—but, once

496-405: A peaceful relationship with Chen, Northern Zhou returned the brother of Emperor Wen of Chen , Chen Xu , as well as Chen Xu's wife Liu Jingyan and son Chen Shubao , to Chen. In exchange, Chen gave the city of Lushan (魯山, in modern Wuhan , Hubei ) to Northern Zhou. In summer 562, Emperor Wu, seeing that previously, nobles were not receiving any material benefits from their titles, began to have

558-487: A silent emperor early in his reign, giving Yuwen Hu free rein over the government, although he appeared to start cultivating a group of officials who would be loyal to him as the years went by. He formally bestowed Yuwen Hu with not only the military authorities, but also authority over all six ministries. With the Liang dynasty general Wang Lin and the throne claimant that he supported, Xiao Zhuang , having been defeated by

620-501: A small amount of rice during this period. In fall 574, while Emperor Wu was at Yunyang (雲陽, in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ), Yuwen Zhi, who had long resented not receiving more authority, rebelled at Chang'an. The official Yuchi Yun ( 尉遲運 ), one of the officials in charge of the capital along with Crown Prince Yun, defeated Yuwen Zhi, forcing him to flee. Yuwen Zhi was soon captured and executed. Believing Northern Qi to have been substantially weakened not only by Hulü's death but also by

682-685: A vassal ruler outside of the yurt of the Turk Qaghan , as they probably had been replaced by Turk hegemony by that time (they were destroyed by the alliance of the Sasanians and the Turks between 556 and 560 CE). In contrast, the Hephthalites are omnipresent in the Tomb of Wirkak , who, although he died at the same time of An Jia was much older at 85: Wirkak may therefore have primarily dealt with

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744-652: The Chen dynasty in spring 560 and having fled to Northern Qi , Northern Zhou (and its vassal Western Liang , with Emperor Xuan of Western Liang as its emperor) contended for control of Xiao Zhuang's former territory with Chen, precipitating a confrontation. Starting in winter 560, the Northern Zhou generals Heruo Dun ( 賀若敦 ) and Dugu Sheng ( 獨孤盛 ) began a drawn-out stalemate with the Chen general Hou Tian ( 侯瑱 ), initially being successful in thwarting Hou's attacks. Around

806-614: The Gokturks , known to the Chinese as Tujue, against Northern Qi, part of which involved a promise that Emperor Wu would marry the daughter of Ashina Qijin , Tujue's Mugan Khan. In winter 563, the joint forces of Northern Zhou and Tujue launched a two-prong attack on Northern Qi, with the northern prong attacking Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ) and the southern prong attacking Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen , Shanxi ). The northern prong, commanded by

868-584: The Jiu Gao . Before he could finish it, Emperor Wu stepped behind him and used a jade tablet to strike the back of his head. Yuwen Hu fell to the ground, and Yuwen Zhi, who was hiding nearby, jumped out, and cut off Yuwen Hu's head, ending Yuwen Hu's hold on power. Yuwen Hu's sons, brothers, and key associates were all executed. Having been instrumental in Yuwen Hu's death, Yuwen Zhi sought to take over Yuwen Hu's post, but Emperor Wu, who wanted to directly control

930-629: The Northern dynasties of China's Northern and Southern dynasties period, it succeeded the Western Wei dynasty and was eventually overthrown by the Sui dynasty . The Northern Zhou's basis of power was established by Yuwen Tai , who was paramount general of Western Wei, following the split of Northern Wei into Western Wei and Eastern Wei in 535. After Yuwen Tai's death in 556, Yuwen Tai's nephew Yuwen Hu forced Emperor Gong of Western Wei to yield

992-483: The Western Wei paramount general Yuwen Tai . His mother was Yuwen Tai's concubine Lady Chinu . He was born at Yuwen Tai's then-headquarters at Tong Province (同州, roughly modern Weinan , Shaanxi ). He was considered filially pious, respectful, and intelligent in his youth. During six years his father entrusted him and his brother to general Li Xian for his protection and education, as the court had become too dangerous. In 554, Emperor Fei of Western Wei created him

1054-777: The Yellow River , planning to regroup and see if he could make a last stand—but if not, to flee to Chen. In spring 577, Emperor Wu entered Yecheng. With Gao Wei's official Gao Anagong feeding him intelligence on Gao Wei's location, he was able to capture Gao Wei. After Gao Wei was returned to Yecheng, he treated Gao Wei with respect and created Gao Wei the Duke of Wen. Gao Wei's uncle Gao Jie ( 高湝 ) and cousin Gao Xiaoheng ( 高孝珩 ), making one last stand at Xindu (信都, in modern Hengshui , Hebei ), were also soon defeated and captured. Another of Gao Wei's cousins, Gao Shaoyi , after making

1116-644: The Chinese government. He came out with a more favorable impression of Daoism, and would found the Tongdao Guan ( 通道观 ) for Daoist research, which would eventually compile the first Daoist encyclopedia, the Wushang Biyao ( 无上秘要 ). In winter 570—as forewarned by the Northern Zhou general Wei Xiaokuan , who advised against the Yiyang campaign—the famed Northern Qi general Hulü Guang left Yiyang and instead advanced onto Northern Zhou territory north of

1178-705: The Duke of Fucheng. Yuwen Tai died in 556, and in spring 557, Yuwen Yong's cousin Yuwen Hu , entrusted with the governing authority by Yuwen Tai, forced Emperor Gong of Western Wei to yield the throne to Yuwen Yong's older brother Yuwen Jue , ending Western Wei and establishing Northern Zhou. Yuwen Jue took the throne as Emperor Xiaomin, but used the alternative title of "Heavenly Prince" ( Tian Wang ). Yuwen Hu served as regent , and later that year, when Emperor Xiaomin tried to seize power from him, Yuwen Hu deposed Emperor Xiaomin and then killed him, replacing him with another older brother of Yuwen Yong's, Yuwen Yu , who took

1240-562: The Fen River (汾水, flowing through modern Linfen), building forts and capturing substantial territory from Northern Zhou. While a counterattack by Yuwen Xian subsequently fought Hulü to a stalemate, damage had been done, and Northern Zhou was further forced to give up on the Yiyang campaign in fall 571 to concentrate against Hulü. Also in 571, Hua went to Chang'an, and on the way, he met Yuwen Zhi at Xiang Province (襄州, roughly modern Xiangfan , Hubei ), suggesting to Yuwen Zhi that Western Liang

1302-547: The Gao clan in tow. In winter 577, apprehensive of the Gao clan members, he falsely accused Gao Wei of conspiring with the former Northern Qi official Mu Tipo and killed Mu and ordered Gao Wei and the other members of the Gao clan to commit suicide. In light of Northern Qi's defeat, Chen, then ruled by Chen Xu (who had deposed Emperor Fei and took the throne himself as Emperor Xuan), launched an attack commanded by Wu Mingche on Pengcheng (modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ), an important city on

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1364-608: The Hephthalites during his younger years. There were also marital alliances: the Northern Zhou Emperor Wu had a Turkic Empress named Ashina . Numerous artifacts are known from the period, many of them showing contacts with Sogdians merchants who resided in China and often had official administrative positions (seen in the Tomb of An Jia or the Tomb of Wirkak ), or even with northern India ( Tomb of Li Dan ). Central Asian precious artifacts were often included in

1426-692: The Türks. Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou ((北)周武帝) (543 – 21 June 578 ), personal name Yuwen Yong (宇文邕), Xianbei name Miluotu (禰羅突), was an emperor of the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou dynasty of China. As was the case of the reigns of his brothers Emperor Xiaomin and Emperor Ming , the early part of his reign was dominated by his cousin Yuwen Hu , but in April 572 he ambushed Yuwen Hu and seized power personally. He thereafter ruled ably and built up

1488-402: The accused was able to withstand the full amount of torture without making a confession, the magistrate would use the same torture on the accuser. If the tortured accuser admitted making a false accusation, he would receive the same punishment that would have been inflicted upon the accused had this latter been convicted. The offence modulated according to the degree of social relation determined

1550-586: The age of 35. Crown Prince Yun succeeded him (as Emperor Xuan), and by 581 Northern Zhou had fallen, its throne having been seized by Emperor Xuan's father-in-law Yang Jian . Emperor Wu was buried at the Northern Zhou Qiaoling Mausoleum, together with his Turkic wife, Empress Ashina . A recent study on the remains of Emperor Wu (his skull was nearly completely preserved), has shown that "Emperor Wu had typical East or Northeast Asian facial characteristics", which bring some light on

1612-534: The battle began, panicked when his favorite concubine Consort Feng Xiaolian falsely believed that the army had been defeated—and he abandoned the army, causing its collapse. Gao Wei fled to Jinyang, and Emperor Wu gave chase. No longer having the will to fight Emperor Wu, Gao Wei further fled back to the Northern Qi capital Yecheng , leaving his cousin Gao Yanzong in charge of Jinyang. Gao Yanzong launched

1674-414: The command of the military. In 560, Yuwen Hu, apprehensive of Emperor Ming's abilities, had the imperial chef Li An ( 李安 ) poison him with sugar cookies. Emperor Ming, realizing that he was near death, designated Yuwen Yong as his successor, and after he soon died, Yuwen Yong took the throne as Emperor Wu. However, the control of the government again fell into Yuwen Hu's hands. A 2024 genetic study analyzed

1736-540: The control of Yiyang. Meanwhile, in fall 570, the Chen general Zhang Zhaoda ( 章昭達 ) put siege to Jiangling, nearly capturing it, but was eventually fought off by Northern Zhou and Western Liang's joint forces. In 569–570, Emperor Wu organized a debate between Buddhists and Daoists and commissioned two reports - the Xiaodao Lun and the Erjiao Lun - on the suitability of either religion for their adoption by

1798-452: The crown prince and his associates, expelling the associates from the crown prince's palace. (Crown Prince Yun, however, soon recalled his associates.) Emperor Wu was also exceedingly strict with Crown Prince Yun, disallowing him from resting or drinking. Whenever he had faults, Emperor Wu would batter him or whip him, and further warn him that he would be deposed. Emperor Wu further ordered the crown prince's staff to report all of his actions to

1860-517: The early Turkic ruling class, the Ashina tribe , determined her to be of nearly entirely Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry. (This made them far northerners, as at such a recent time "Yellow River" was already predominant even on some territory of today's independent Mongolia) His face was reconstructed in 2024 using the DNA analysis, CNN posted his reconstructed face . Emperor Wu was said to be largely

1922-411: The emperor. Fearful of his father, Crown Prince Yun learned to feign upright behavior, and the emperor thought that the crown prince had changed. In winter 576, Emperor Wu again attacked Northern Qi; this time, changing strategy and attacking Pingyang instead. He was able to capture Pingyang quickly, before Northern Qi troops could arrive. The Northern Qi emperor Gao Wei soon advanced toward Pingyang with

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1984-433: The final penalty which could range from flagellation using a rattan and bastinado with a bamboo stick, to penal labour , exile with penal labour, and death by strangulation ( garrote ) or decapitation. Northern Zhou Zhou ( / dʒ oʊ / ), known in historiography as the Northern Zhou ( Chinese : 北周 ; pinyin : Běi Zhōu ), was a Xianbei -led dynasty of China that lasted from 557 to 581. One of

2046-436: The former Chen/Northern Qi border. Emperor Wu sent Wang Gui to relieve Pengcheng, and in spring 578, Wang defeated Wu, capturing him. By summer 578, Emperor Wu was engaging in military campaigns on two fronts: against Tujue in the north and against Chen in the south. However, he suddenly grew ill and, after stopping at Yunyang, ended the attack against Tujue. He entrusted the important matters to Yuwen Xiaobo, and he soon died at

2108-657: The funeral material of Chinese people of high rank, as seen in the tomb of the Xianbei - Tuoba Northern Zhou general Li Xian . Buddhism and Buddhist art flourished under the Northern Zhou. The dynasty also contributed some of the paintings in the Dunhuang caves : specifically, narrative paintings of the biography of the Buddha in Cave 428 , following the prototypes of Gandhara and Kizil . Empress Ashina (阿史那皇后, 551–582)

2170-495: The general Yang Zhong ( 楊忠 ), put Jinyang under siege, but was soon defeated by the Northern Qi general Duan Shao ( 段韶 ) and forced to withdraw. In response, the southern prong, commanded by Daxi Wu ( 達奚武 ), also withdrew. Still, the attack demonstrated the growing Northern Zhou strength—as previously, in the winter months, Northern Zhou forces would break the ice on the Yellow River to prevent possible Northern Qi attacks, but around this time and thereafter, Northern Qi forces broke

2232-566: The genetic makeup of Emperor Wu, determining him to be of primarily Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (c. 62%), with lower amounts of 'Yellow River farmers' ancestry associated with Han Chinese (c. 32%). The remaining 6% was derived from Western Steppe Herders . It was furthermore revealed that he might have died of a stroke , as he carried several risk-alleles. The study's authors also could reconstruct how he looked like, determining him to have had "a typical East or Northeast Asian facial appearance". A previous study on his wife, Empress Ashina of

2294-415: The government for nearly as long. Emperor Wu had long wanted him out of the way, although he showed few outward signs of it. He conspired with Yuwen Zhi, distant relatives Yuwen Shenju ( 宇文神舉 ) and Yuwen Xiaobo ( 宇文孝伯 ), and Wang Gui ( 王軌 ) against Yuwen Hu. In spring 572, he made his move. After Emperor Wu and Yuwen Hu had a meeting, he invited Yuwen Hu into the palace to meet with Empress Dowager Chinu. On

2356-600: The government, divided the authority between several officials, retaining most authorities in himself. He took the opportunity posthumously to honor his brother Emperor Xiaomin (Yuwen Hu had refused to do so previously) and create his son Yuwen Yun the Duke of Lu crown prince . He also began to oppose overt luxury and destroyed several palaces that he found overly luxurious as well as other items that he considered ornately decorated. Also in summer 572, Emperor Wu learned that Northern Qi's emperor Gao Wei , apprehensive of Hulü Guang, had executed Hulü. Being glad, Emperor Wu declared

2418-482: The highest, then Taoism, and then Buddhism. Subsequently, in summer 574, he banned both Taoism and Buddhism, ordering their monks to return to secular life. He also banned the worship of minor deities whose cults were not registered with the government. (This became known as the second of the Three Disasters of Wu ) In spring 574, Empress Dowager Chinu died. Emperor Wu mourned for more than a month, eating only

2480-559: The ice on the river to prevent possible Northern Zhou attacks. In fall 564, in order to placate Yuwen Hu, Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi returned Yuwen Hu's mother Lady Yan and his (and Emperor Wu's) aunt (Yuwen Tai's sister), who had been trapped in Northern Qi territory several decades earlier, to Northern Zhou. In order to celebrate Lady Yan's return, Emperor Wu issued a general pardon, and prostrated himself before her as an ordinary nephew would. In turn, Yuwen Hu considered calling off planned joint attacks with Tujue against Northern Qi, but

2542-467: The influence of Emperor Taizong , the code was completed by commentaries in 653, under Gaozong . French historian and sinologist Jacques Gernet has called the Tang Code "an admirable composition of faultless logic in spite of its size and complexity." The American sinologists Wallace Johnson and Denis C. Twitchett described it as "a very rational system of justice" in which "both the accuser and

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2604-495: The joint forces of Northern Zhou, Western Liang, and Hua, forcing Hua and Yuwen Zhi to both give up the war and flee to the Western Liang capital Jiangling . Chen was able to retain all of Hua's territory and further make minor territorial gains against both Northern Zhou and Western Liang as well. Yuwen Hu relieved Yuwen Zhi from his posts, and while Yuwen Zhi was eventually restored to them, Yuwen Zhi, who had previously had

2666-472: The leadership of the chieftains Ran Lingxian ( 冉令賢 ) and Xiang Wuziwang ( 向五子王 ). The general Lu Teng ( 陸騰 ), however, was able to persuade some of Rang's subjects to turn against him, and he subsequently defeated Rang and Xiang, killing them and suppressing the revolts. In 567, in light of the death of Chen's Emperor Wen and succession by his son Emperor Fei of Chen in 566, the high level Chen officials engaged in infighting, and Emperor Wen's brother Chen Xu

2728-489: The more-known Yang Jian, referenced above and below) the Duke of Nanyang, to lead a ceremonial guard corps to Tujue to welcome back Ashina Qijin's daughter for marriage to him. However, when they arrived at Ashina Qijin's headquarters, he turned against the treaty and detained Yuwen Chun and his attendants. In 566, the non-Chinese tribes of Xin Province (信州, modern eastern Chongqing ) rebelled and captured Baidicheng , under

2790-458: The new adversarial relationship with Chen, when Northern Qi made peace overtures in fall 568, Northern Zhou accepted, and there was peace between the states for about a year, until fall 569, when Emperor Wu's brother Yuwen Xian the Prince of Qi led an army to siege Northern Qi's city of Yiyang (宜陽, in modern Luoyang , Henan ) -- and for more than a year, the two states would engage in struggle for

2852-422: The new year 561, however, Dugu was forced to withdraw, and Heruo was isolated. In spring 561, Hou agreed to let Heruo withdraw if Heruo would yield, and so Heruo withdrew; the modern Hunan region thus became Chen territory. (Yuwen Hu, believing Heruo to be at fault for losing the region, removed him from his posts.) Also in 561, Emperor Wu honored his mother Lady Chinu empress dowager . In spring 562, to foster

2914-438: The nobles receive stipends based on the size of their fiefs. In spring 563, while on a visit to Yuan Province (原州, roughly modern Guyuan , Ningxia ), Emperor Wu suddenly returned to the capital Chang'an without explanation. One of his attendants, Houmochen Chong ( 侯莫陳崇 ) the Duke of Liang, speculated to his associates that Yuwen Hu had died. When Houmochen's speculations became known, Emperor Wu publicly rebuked Houmochen, and

2976-482: The offense that had been committed: he had to fix the nature of the offense as defined by the code, and to increase or reduce the associated penalty depending on the social relation between offender and victim. The historically famous wuting 五聽 'five hearings' was a Chinese technique for eliciting the facts of a case. While questioning a witness, the magistrate would look closely for five kinds of behavior: "the person's statements, expression, breathing, reaction to

3038-405: The officials involved had to be careful lest they themselves face punishment". The Tang Code contained more than 500 articles divided into twelve large sections (see right-side table). The penalty for an offence was determined according to two factors: The local magistrate acted as examiner and sometimes as investigator, but his final role in legal cases was to determine the proper penalty for

3100-407: The power of his military, destroying the rivaling Northern Qi dynasty in 577 and annexing its territory. His death the next year, however, ended his ambitions of uniting China, and under the reign of his erratic son Emperor Xuan (Yuwen Yun), Northern Zhou itself soon deteriorated and was usurped by Yang Jian , who founded the Sui dynasty , in 581. Yuwen Yong was born in 543, as the fourth son of

3162-478: The same night, Yuwen Hu sent troops to surround Houmochen's mansion, forcing him to commit suicide. Soon thereafter, he publicly bestowed Yuwen Hu the honor of having his name be subject to naming taboo , an honor that Yuwen Hu declined. Also in spring 563, Emperor Wu promulgated a new 25-volume criminal code drafted by the official Tuoba Di ( 拓拔迪 ), which divided the criminal punishment into 25 classes. In fall 563, Northern Zhou entered into an alliance treaty with

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3224-450: The state, as his son Emperor Xuan was an arbitrary and violent ruler whose unorthodox behavior greatly weakened the state. After his death in 580, when he was already nominally retired ( Taishang Huang ), Xuan's father-in-law Yang Jian took power, and in 581 seized the throne from Emperor Xuan's son Emperor Jing , establishing Sui. The young Emperor Jing and the imperial Yuwen clan, were subsequently slaughtered by Yang Jian. The area

3286-728: The successful campaign that Chen waged against it in 573 (capturing the provinces between the Yangtze River and the Huai River ), by 575, Emperor Wu was seriously considering a major campaign against Northern Qi. However, he kept the matter secret, consulting only Yuwen Xian, Wang Yi ( 王誼 ), and Yu Yi ( 于翼 ). Only until he was ready in fall 575 did he announce it generally. He aimed his attack at Luoyang, but he spent about 20 days sieging it and could not capture it, and became ill. He withdrew, with virtually no gain. In spring 576, pursuant to Emperor Wu's orders, Crown Prince Yun launched

3348-442: The throne as Emperor Ming. Emperor Ming created Yuwen Yong the greater title of Duke of Lu and often consulted Yuwen Yong on important matters. Although Yuwen Yong did not speak much, Emperor Ming made the observation, "He did not often speak, but whatever he spoke was always right." In 559, Yuwen Hu formally returned his authorities to Emperor Ming, and Emperor Ming began to formally rule on governmental matters, but Yuwen Hu retained

3410-492: The throne to Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue (Emperor Xiaomin), establishing Northern Zhou. The reigns of the first three emperors (Yuwen Tai's sons) – Emperor Xiaomin, Emperor Ming , and Emperor Wu were dominated by Yuwen Hu, until Emperor Wu ambushed and killed Yuwen Hu in 572 and assumed power personally. With Emperor Wu as a capable ruler, Northern Zhou destroyed rival Northern Qi in 577, taking over Northern Qi's territory. However, Emperor Wu's death in 578 doomed

3472-501: The way to her palace, he told Yuwen Hu that Empress Dowager Chinu was having problem with alcoholism and not listening to his advice to stop her drinking, so he wanted Yuwen Hu to advise her to change her ways as well. He further gave Yuwen Hu the text of the Jiu Gao ( 酒誥 ) -- an anti-alcoholism declaration written by King Cheng of Zhou —and suggested that he read the Jiu Gao to Empress Dowager Chinu. Once they reached her palace, Yuwen Hu, pursuant to Emperor Wu's request, started reading

3534-484: The words of the judge, and eyes. Through careful observation, it was thought that the experienced magistrate could arrive at a knowledge of whether the person was, in fact, telling the truth." If a magistrate was unable to decide a case on the basis of evidence and witness testimony, he could seek the permission of higher officials to use judicial torture. The accused could be beaten no more than 200 blows in up to three interrogations held at least twenty days apart. But when

3596-478: Was a Turkic empress of the Northern Zhou dynasty, spouse of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou . She was the daughter of Göktürk ruler Muqan Qaghan . Her tomb was discovered in 1993 in Chenma village, Xianyang . A genetic analysis on her remains was conducted in 2023, finding nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), confirming an East Asian origin for

3658-459: Was fearful that Tujue would believe that Northern Zhou was abandoning the alliance, and therefore launched another joint attack with Tujue in winter 564. The assault, the main brunt of which was against Luoyang , however, was unsuccessful, and soon was abandoned. In spring 565, Emperor Wu sent his brother Yuwen Chun ( 宇文純 ) the Duke of Chen, Yuwen Gui ( 宇文貴 ) the Duke of Xu, Dou Yi ( 竇毅 ) the Duke of Shenwu, and Yang Jian (楊薦, different person than

3720-423: Was in such a desperate shape that if Northern Zhou wanted to see it preserved, Northern Zhou should lend some land to Western Liang. Yuwen Zhi agreed and made the proposal to Emperor Wu; in response, Emperor Wu gave three provinces—Ji ( 基州 ), Ping ( 平州 ), and Ruo ( 鄀州 ) (together making up about modern Jingmen and Yichang , Hubei ) to Western Liang. By 572, Yuwen Hu had controlled the military for 16 years and

3782-700: Was known as Guannei 關內. The Northern Zhou drew upon the Zhou dynasty for inspiration. The Northern Zhou military included Han Chinese. The Tomb of An Jia , a Sogdian merchant (518-579 CE) based in China during the Northern Zhou dynasty, shows the omnipresence of the Turks (at the time of the First Turkic Khaganate ), who were probably the main trading partners of the Sogdians in China. The Hephthalites are essentially absent, or possibly showed once as

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3844-452: Was victorious. The general Hua Jiao ( 華皎 ), the governor of Xiang Province (roughly modern Changsha , Hunan ), felt uneasy, and therefore sought aid from Northern Zhou and Western Liang. Yuwen Hu, over the opposition by the official Cui You ( 崔猷 ), sent an army commanded by Emperor Wu's brother Yuwen Zhi ( 宇文直 ) the Duke of Wei to assist Hua and Western Liang, which was also aiding Hua. The Chen general Wu Mingche , however, quickly defeated

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