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55-648: The Tank Man (also known as the Unknown Protester or Unknown Rebel ) is the nickname given to an unidentified individual, presumed to be a Chinese man, who stood in front of a column of Type 59 tanks leaving Tiananmen Square in Beijing on June 5, 1989. On the previous day, the government of China cleared the square of protesting students after six weeks of standoff, in the process killing hundreds or even thousands of people mostly in other parts of Beijing. The lead tank halted to avoid running him over,

110-464: A daknam (pet name) which is the name used by family and friends and a bhalonam which is their formal name. In England, some nicknames are traditionally associated with a person's surname. A man with the surname 'Clark' will be nicknamed 'Nobby': the surname 'Miller' will have the nickname 'Dusty' (alluding to the flour dust of a miller at work): the surname 'Adams' has the nickname 'Nabby'. There are several other nicknames linked traditionally with

165-593: A "scoundrel" once on state television, but it was never shown publicly again. In a 1990 interview with Barbara Walters , then- General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin was asked what became of the man. Jiang first stated (through an interpreter), "I can't confirm whether this young man you mentioned was arrested or not", and then replied in English, "I think [that he was] never killed." The government also argued that

220-734: A close friend of Bono and encouraged his former rival to seek election to the United States House of Representatives in 1994. Herschensohn lost the 1992 general election to the Democratic Party nominee Barbara Boxer , but received over one million votes more than the Republican presidential ticket of George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle received in California during the same election . Herschensohn won more votes than any losing Senate candidate had ever gotten at

275-436: A community, promote civic pride, and build community unity. Titles and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth" are also believed to have economic value. Their economic value is difficult to measure, but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans. By contrast, older city nicknames may be critical: London

330-767: A consultant to the Republican National Convention in 1972 and joining the Nixon administration on September 11, 1972. He served primarily as a speech writer. He left following Nixon's resignation, but served on the Ronald Reagan Presidential Transition Team and as an official in the Reagan administration . Previously, Herschensohn had been a Distinguished Fellow at the Claremont Institute and

385-424: A crew member at the gunner's hatch. After ending the conversation, the man descended from the tank. The man is then seen briefly speaking with a second person who is walking his bicycle across the street in front of the stationary tanks, as they begin to start their engines again. It is unclear if he is still seeking to obstruct the tanks. At this point, the video footage shows two figures in blue running over to pull

440-737: A fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government in Cambridge , Massachusetts. He had taught politics at the University of Maryland , Whittier College and at Pepperdine University School of Public Policy . Herschensohn attended University High School in Los Angeles. He then joined the United States Air Force and served 1951–1952. In 1986, Herschensohn unsuccessfully sought

495-738: A gambling habit. A few years later, he was imprisoned in Kenhua Prison (located in Tianjin and managed by Beijing), and his sentence was increased by 2 years. Zhang Weimin was being held in the 11th division of Kenhua Prison, and at the time of the article was expected to be released shortly. A PBS interview of six experts observed that the memory of the Tiananmen Square protests appears to have faded in China, especially among younger Chinese people, due to government censorship. Images of

550-636: A message appeared stating that, in accordance with relevant laws, statutes, and policies, the results of the search could not be shown. The censorship occurred because a photoshopped version of Tank Man, in which rubber ducks replaced the tanks, had been circulating around Twitter —a reference to Florentijn Hofman 's Rubber Duck sculpture, which at that time was floating in Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour . In April 2019, Leica Camera released an advert depicting photographers in intense political climates, including 1989 China. The five-minute short ends with

605-415: A more moderate Republican who had been on the faculty of Stanford University and who had been elected to Zschau's former Congressional seat. Herschensohn received 956,136 votes (38.2 percent) to Campbell's 895,970 (35.8 percent). The remaining 417,848 ballots (16.7 percent) went to Mayor Sonny Bono of Palm Springs , also a relative moderate. During the primary campaign and afterwards, Herschensohn became

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660-672: A nickname is referred to in French as " blason populaire ". Bruce Herschensohn Stanley Bruce Herschensohn (September 10, 1932 – November 30, 2020) was an American conservative political commentator , author, film director, and senior fellow at the Pepperdine University School of Public Policy in Malibu, California . Herschensohn quickly rose to prominence in the Republican Party , becoming

715-403: A person and they are not always chosen by the recipient themselves. Some nicknames are derogatory name calls . A nickname can be a shortened or modified variation on a person's real name. A nickname may refer to the relationship with the person. This is a term of endearment . Many geographical places have titles, or alternative names, which have positive implications. Paris , for example,

770-439: A person's physical characteristics, such as 'Lofty' for a short person, 'Curly' for a bald man, or 'Bluey' for a redhead. In Chinese culture, nicknames are frequently used within a community among relatives, friends, and neighbours. A typical southern Chinese nickname often begins with a "阿" followed by another character, usually the last character of the person's given name. For example, Taiwanese politician Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁)

825-493: A person's surname, including Chalky White, Bunny Warren, Tug Wilson, and Spud Baker. Other English nicknames allude to a person's origins. A Scotsman may be nicknamed 'Jock', an Irishman 'Paddy' (alluding to Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland) or 'Mick' (alluding to the preponderance of Roman Catholicism in Ireland), and a Welshman may be nicknamed 'Taffy' (from Welsh Dafydd , David). Some nicknames referred ironically to

880-513: A photographer shooting from a hotel window with the Tank Man image reflected in his lens despite the fact that the original photograph was taken with a Nikon camera. Following censorship of the Leica brand on Sina Weibo , Leica revoked the advert and sought to distance themselves from it. The animated series The Amazing World of Gumball referenced the moment in the episode "The Fraud", in which

935-526: A trailer for Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War showed footage of Tank Man. On video platforms in China like Bilibili , the segment of the trailer was replaced with a black screen. The next day, Activision Blizzard released a shorter version of the trailer worldwide that did not include the scene. On June 4, 2021, the 32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre , searches for the Tank Man image and videos were censored by Microsoft 's Bing search engine worldwide. Hours after Microsoft acknowledged

990-434: Is sometimes referred as "阿扁" (A-Bian). In many Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, nicknames may also connote one's occupation or status. For example, the landlord might be known simply as Towkay ( simplified Chinese : 头家 ; traditional Chinese : 頭家 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : thâu-ke ) Hokkien for "boss") to his tenants or workers while a bread seller would be called "Mianbao Shu" 面包叔 (literally, Uncle Bread). In

1045-560: Is still occasionally referred to as "The Smoke" in memory of its notorious "pea-souper" smogs (smoke-filled fogs) of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and Edinburgh was "Auld Reekie" for the same reason, as countless coal fires polluted its atmosphere. Besides or replacing the demonym , some places have collective nicknames for their inhabitants. Many examples of this practice are found in Wallonia and in Belgium in general, where such

1100-468: Is the "City of Light", Rome is the "Eternal City", Venice is "La Serenissima", and New Jersey is the "Garden State". These alternative names are often used to boost the status of such places, contrary to the usual role of a nickname. Many places or communities, particularly in the US, adopt titles because they can help in establishing a civic identity, help outsiders recognize a community or attract people to

1155-534: Is written after the full name followed by vulgo or between parenthesis (e.g. Edson Arantes do Nascimento, vulgo Pelé / Edson Arantes do Nascimento (Pelé)) and Slovenian represents nicknames after a dash or hyphen (e.g., Franc Rozman – Stane ). The latter may cause confusion because it resembles an English convention sometimes used for married and maiden names . In Viking societies, many people had heiti , viðrnefni , or kenningarnöfn (Old Norse terms for nicknames) which were used in addition to, or instead of,

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1210-471: The Beijing Hotel , about one-half mile (800 m) away from the scene. The image was taken using a Nikon FE2 camera through a Nikkor 400mm 5.6 ED-IF lens and TC-301 teleconverter. American exchange student Kirk Martsen unexpectedly met Widener in the hotel lobby, and upon request he allowed Widener to take photos from his hotel room. Circumstances were against the photographer who recalled that

1265-630: The PSB raided his room, destroyed the two aforementioned rolls of film and forced him to sign a confession to photography during martial law, an imprisonable offence. Cole was able to retrieve the roll and have it sent to Newsweek . He was awarded the 1990 World Press Photo of the Year and the picture was featured in Life 's " 100 Photographs That Changed the World " in 2003. On June 4, 2009, in connection with

1320-559: The Republican nomination for the United States Senate seat held by Democrat Alan Cranston . He finished far ahead of the crowded pack in most of Southern California but finished second statewide to Silicon Valley Representative Ed Zschau , who won the nomination by plurality . In 1992, when Cranston retired, Herschensohn won the Republican nomination narrowly, defeating U.S. Representative Tom Campbell ,

1375-403: The character Mr. Small tries to halt Principal Nigel Brown by standing in front of him as a symbolic gesture of protest. Small holds bags while Brown leaves tank treads as he walks forward. 39°54′23.5″N 116°23′59.8″E  /  39.906528°N 116.399944°E  / 39.906528; 116.399944 Nickname The compound word ekename , literally meaning "additional name",

1430-533: The 20th anniversary of the protests, Associated Press reporter Terril Jones revealed a photo he had taken showing the Tank Man from ground level, a different angle from all of the other known photos of the Tank Man. Jones wrote that he was not aware of what he had captured until a month later when printing his photos. Arthur Tsang Hin Wah of Reuters took several shots from room 1111 of the Beijing Hotel, but only

1485-462: The Chinese media suppression of events relating to the government protests. At and after the events in the square, the local public security bureau treated members of the international press roughly, confiscating and destroying all the film they could find, and forced the signing of confessions to offenses such as photography during martial law, punishable by long imprisonment. On August 20, 2020,

1540-568: The English rock band Kasabian . A fictionalized version of the fates of both the Tank Man and a soldier in the tank is told in Lucy Kirkwood 's 2013 play Chimerica , which premiered at the Almeida Theatre from May 20, 2013, to July 6, 2013. On June 4, 2013, Sina Weibo , China's most popular microblog, blocked terms whose English translations are "today", "tonight", " June 4 ", and "big yellow duck". If these were searched for,

1595-493: The Hong Kong-based Information Center for Human Rights . One party member was quoted as saying: "We can't find him. We got his name from journalists. We have checked through computers but can't find him among the dead or among those in prison." Numerous theories have sprung up as to the man's identity and current whereabouts. There are several conflicting stories about what happened to him after

1650-439: The bearer's first and last names (e.g., Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower and Daniel Lamont "Bubba" Franks ). It is also common for the nickname to be identified after a comma following the full real name or later in the body of the text, such as in an obituary (e.g., Frankie Frisch, "The Fordham Flash" ). Any middle name is generally omitted, especially in speech. Like English, German uses (German-style) quotation marks between

1705-576: The circulation of related images on the Internet, most young people in China do not recognize the photograph. In the 1999 Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song "Stand and Be Counted", from the album Looking Forward , David Crosby sings of his gratitude to Tank Man, whose photograph he had framed and mounted. A similar scene is depicted in the music video for " Only One " (2003) by the American rock band Yellowcard as well as " Club Foot " (2004) by

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1760-468: The commander of the lead tank. Shortly after the incident, London newspaper Sunday Express named him as Wang Weilin ( 王维林 ), a 19-year-old student who was later charged with "political hooliganism" and "attempting to subvert members of the People's Liberation Army ." This claim has been rejected by internal Chinese Communist Party documents, which reported that they could not find the man, according to

1815-424: The context of information technology, nickname is a common synonym for the screen name or handle of a user . In computer networks it has become a common practice for every person to also have one or more nicknames for pseudonymity , to avoid ambiguity , or simply because the natural name or technical address would be too long to type or take too much space on the screen . Nicknames are usually applied to

1870-477: The demonstration. In a speech to the President's Club in 1999, Bruce Herschensohn , former deputy special assistant to US President Richard Nixon , alleged that he was executed 14 days later; other sources alleged he was executed by firing squad a few months after the Tiananmen Square protests. In Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now , Jan Wong writes that she believes from her interactions with

1925-486: The event and one of the best-known photographs of the event appearing in both Time and Life magazines, was documented by Stuart Franklin . He was on the same balcony as Charlie Cole , and his roll of film was smuggled out of the country by a French student, concealed in a box of tea. The most-used photograph of the event was taken by Jeff Widener of the Associated Press , from a sixth-floor balcony of

1980-427: The event. In addition to the photography, video footage of the scene was recorded and transmitted across the globe. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) cameraman Willie Phua , Cable News Network ( CNN ) cameraman Jonathan Schaer and National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) cameraman Tony Wasserman appear to be the only television cameramen who captured the scene. ABC correspondents Max Uechtritz and Peter Cave were

2035-525: The first and last names (e.g., Andreas Nikolaus “Niki“ Lauda ). Other languages may use other conventions; for example, Italian writes the nickname after the full name followed by detto "called" (e.g., Salvatore Schillaci detto Totò ), in Spanish the nickname is written in formal contexts at the end in quotes following alias (e.g. Alfonso Tostado, alias «el Abulense» ), in Portuguese the nickname

2090-544: The first name. In some circumstances, the giving of a nickname had a special status in Viking society in that it created a relationship between the name maker and the recipient of the nickname, to the extent that the creation of a nickname also often entailed a formal ceremony and an exchange of gifts known in Old Norse as nafnfestr ('fastening a name'). In Bengali society, for example, people will often have two names:

2145-624: The government press that they have "no idea who he was either" and that he is still alive somewhere on the mainland. Another theory is that he escaped to Taiwan and remains employed there as an archaeologist in the National Palace Museum . This was first reported by the Yonhap news agency in South Korea . The Chinese government has made few statements about the incident or the people involved. The government denounced him as

2200-482: The identity or fate of Tank Man; the story of what happened to the tank crew is also unknown. At least one witness has stated that Tank Man was not the only person to have blocked the tanks during the protest. At the northeast edge of Tiananmen Square , along Chang'an Avenue , shortly after noon on June 5, 1989, the day after the Chinese government's violent crackdown on the Tiananmen protests , "Tank Man" stood in

2255-420: The incident evidenced the "humanity" of the country's military. In a 2000 interview with Mike Wallace , Jiang said, "He was never arrested." He then stated, "I don't know where he is now." He also emphasized that the tank stopped and did not run the young man over. In July 2017, it was reported by Apple Daily that the Tank Man's real name may be Zhang Weimin ( 张为民 ), a native of Shijingshan , Beijing, who

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2310-478: The issue, the search returned only pictures of tanks elsewhere in the world. Search engines that license results from Microsoft such as DuckDuckGo and Yahoo faced similar issues. Microsoft said the issue was "due to an accidental human error." The director of Human Rights Watch , Kenneth Roth , said the idea that it was an inadvertent error is "hard to believe". David Greene, Civil Liberties Director at Electronic Frontier Foundation , said that content moderation

2365-484: The journalists reporting from the balcony. In April 1998, Time included the "Unknown Rebel" in a feature titled " Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century ". In November 2016, Time included the photograph by Jeff Widener in "Time 100: The Most Influential Images of All Time". Although the images of the Tank Man are regarded as iconic symbols of the 20th century, due to the Chinese government prohibiting

2420-413: The man away and lead him to a nearby crowd; the tanks then continued on their way. Eyewitnesses are unsure who pulled him aside. Charlie Cole , who was there for Newsweek , claimed it was the Chinese government agents , while Jan Wong , who was there for The Globe and Mail , thought that the men who pulled him away were concerned bystanders. Little is publicly known of the man's identity or that of

2475-428: The man then climbed on top of the tank. The PLA soldiers operating the tank then opened a hatch used for entering and exiting the tank, and briefly talked to the man. The incident was filmed and shared to a worldwide audience. Internationally, it is considered one of the most iconic images of all time. Inside China , the image and the accompanying events are subject to censorship . There is no reliable information about

2530-414: The middle of the wide avenue, directly in the path of a column of approaching Type 59 tanks. Stuart Franklin, who was on assignment for Time magazine, told The New York Times : "At some point, shots were fired and the tanks carried on down the road toward us, leaving Tiananmen Square behind, until blocked by a lone protester." He wore a white shirt and black trousers, and he held two shopping bags. As

2585-406: The night of June 3, 1989, he was beaten by students while taking photos and was bleeding. A foreign photographer accompanying him suddenly said, "I am not gonna die for your country", and left. Tsang returned to the hotel. When he decided to go out again, the public security stopped him, so he stayed in his room, stood next to the window and eventually witnessed the Tank Man and took several shots of

2640-515: The picture was almost not taken. Widener was injured, suffering from the flu and running out of film. Martsen, the college student, hastily obtained a roll of Fuji 100 ASA color negative film, allowing Widener to make the shot. Martsen then smuggled the film out of the hotel, and delivered it to the Beijing Associated Press office. Though he was concerned that his shots were no good, his image was syndicated to many newspapers around

2695-461: The protest on the Internet have been censored in China . When undergraduate students at Beijing University, which was at the center of the incident, were shown copies of the photograph 16 years later, they were "genuinely mystified". One of the students said that the image was "artwork". It has been suggested that the "Unknown Rebel", if still alive, would never have made himself known as he may have been unaware of his international recognition due to

2750-547: The shot of Tank Man climbing the tank was chosen. It was not until several hours later that the photo of the man standing in front of the tank was finally chosen. When the staff noticed Widener's work, they re-checked Tsang's negative to see if it was of the same moment as Widener's. On March 20, 2013, in an interview by the Hong Kong Press Photographers Association (HKPPA), Tsang told the story and added further detail. He told HKPPA that on

2805-400: The tanks came to a stop, the man gestured at them with one of the bags. Having successfully brought the column to a halt, the man climbed onto the hull of the buttoned-up lead tank and, after briefly stopping at the driver's hatch, appeared in video footage of the incident to call into various ports in the tank's turret. He then climbed atop the turret and seemed to have a short conversation with

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2860-551: The world and was said to have appeared on the front page of all European papers. He was also nominated for the Pulitzer Prize but did not win. Nevertheless, his photograph has widely been known as one of the most iconic photographs of all time. Charlie Cole , working for Newsweek and on the same balcony as Stuart Franklin, hid his roll of film containing Tank Man in a Beijing Hotel toilet, sacrificing an unused roll of film and undeveloped images of wounded protesters after

2915-576: Was 24 years old in 1989. The man who gave the story claimed that he was in the same cell with Zhang in Beijing Yanqing Prison . The verdict stated that he smashed a tank with a brick and was initially sentenced to life imprisonment, which was later reduced to 20 years. After winning an award in Yanqing Prison, he was released on parole in 2007. However, after being released from prison, he had no relatives or housing, and developed

2970-498: Was attested as early as 1303. This word was derived from the Old English word eac , meaning "also", related to eacian , meaning "to increase". By the 15th century, the misdivision of the syllables of the phrase "an ekename" led to its rephrasing as "a nekename". Though the spelling has changed, the meaning of the word has remained relatively stable ever since. English nicknames are generally represented in quotes between

3025-409: Was impossible to do perfectly and "egregious mistakes are made all the time", but he further elaborated that "At worst, this was purposeful suppression at the request of a powerful state." Five photographers managed to capture the event on film that was later confiscated by the PSB . On June 4, 2009, the fifth photographer released an image of the scene taken from ground level. The widest coverage of

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