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66-469: Tecate is a municipality in the Mexican state of Baja California . Its municipal seat is located in the city of Tecate . According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 108,440 inhabitants. The municipality has an area of 3,079.0 km² (1,188.8 sq mi). The municipality is administratively subdivided into 6 boroughs, in addition to the municipal seat, Tecate . As of 2020, the municipality had

132-497: A Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt) investigator, a little under a million people were classified as "poor" in the state, up from 2008 when there were roughly 810,000. Exactly who these people are, whether locals, interstate or international migrants, was not explained. Baja California offers one of the best educational programs in the country, with high rankings in schooling and achievement. The state government provides education and qualification courses to increase

198-452: A rain shadow , creating an extremely arid environment. The Sonoran Desert region of Baja California experiences hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters. The Mexicali Valley (which is below sea level) experiences the highest temperatures in Mexico, frequently surpassing 47 °C (116.6 °F) in mid-summer, and exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) on some occasions. Further south along

264-420: A 5.1-magnitude shaker at 4:14 am that was centered near El Centro . As of 6:31   am PDT on 5 April 2010, two people were confirmed dead. Baja California is subdivided into seven municipios (' municipalities '): Ensenada , Mexicali , Tecate , Tijuana , Rosarito , San Quintín and San Felipe . In Baja California, state elections are held every two years (every three years prior to 2019) for

330-638: A 7.2 M w   (on the moment magnitude scale ) magnitude northwest-trending strike-slip earthquake hit the Mexicali Valley , with its epicenter 26 km (16 mi) southwest of the city of Guadalupe Victoria, Baja California . The main shock was felt as far as the Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas , and in Yuma. At least a half-dozen aftershocks with magnitudes between 5.0 and 5.4 were reported, including

396-482: A bank trust property has the option to either remain within the trust or opt out of it and request the title in escritura . Mexico's early history involved foreign invasions and the loss of vast amounts of land; in fear of history being repeated, the Mexican constitution established the concept of the "Restricted Zone". In 1973, in order to bring in more foreign tourist investment, the Bank Trust of Fideicomiso

462-518: A desert climate. Some oases can be found in the desert where few towns are located – for instance, Catavina , San Borja and Santa Gertrudis. Common trees in the high elevations are the Jeffrey pine , sugar pine and pinon pine . Understory species include manzanita . There is a variety of reptiles, including the Western fence lizard , which is at the southern extent of its range. The name of

528-442: A form of Mexican locality , and are divided into colonias (neighborhoods); some municipalities can be as large as full states, while cities can be measured in basic geostatistical areas or city blocks . All Mexican states are divided into municipalities. Each municipality is autonomous; citizens elect a " municipal president " ( presidente municipal ) who heads a municipal council ( ayuntamiento ), responsible for providing all

594-644: A large Chinese community, as well as many Filipinos who arrived to the state during the eras of Spanish Philippines and American rule (1898–1946) in much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Tijuana and Ensenada were major ports of entry for East Asians entering the U.S. ever since the first Asian Americans were present in California. According to the 2020 Census, 1.71% of Baja California's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican , or of African descent. Since 1960, large numbers of migrants from southern Mexican states have arrived to work in agriculture (especially

660-484: A large area and contains more than one city or town (collectively called localidades ), one city or town is selected as a cabecera municipal (head city, seat of the municipal government) while the rest elect representatives to a presidencia auxiliar or junta auxiliar (auxiliary presidency or council). In that sense, a municipality in Mexico is roughly equivalent to the counties of the United States , whereas

726-537: A major program to develop and modernize Mexico. Baja California encompasses a territory within the Californias region of North America, which exhibits diverse geography for a relatively small area. The Peninsular ranges of the California cordillera run down the geographic center of the state. The most notable ranges of these mountains are the Sierra de Juárez and the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir . These ranges are

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792-657: A result of the Political Reforms enacted in 2016, it is no longer designated as a Federal District and became a city, a member entity of the Mexican federation, seat of the Powers of the Union and the capital of Mexico. Mexico City is divided in 16 boroughs , officially called demarcaciones territoriales , substituting the old delegaciones . The boroughs are considered as third-level territorial divisions for statistical data collection and cross-country comparisons. Since

858-401: A settlement to become a municipality (usually based on population). The Constitution of 1917 abolished the jefatura política ("political authority"), the intermediate administrative authority between the states and converted all existing municipalities into municipios libres ("free municipalities"), that is, gave them full autonomy to manage local affairs, while at the same time restricting

924-536: A state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California ( Territorio Norte de Baja California ). It has an area of 70,113 km (27,071 sq mi) (3.57% of the land mass of Mexico) and comprises the northern half of the Baja California peninsula , north of the 28th parallel , plus oceanic Guadalupe Island . The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by

990-585: A strong focus on tariff-free export oriented manufacturing ( maquiladora ). As of 2005, 284,255 people are employed in the manufacturing sector. There are more than 900 companies operating under the federal Prosec program in Baja California. In 2021, Baja California generated 57,550 new jobs, about 15.2 jobs per 1000 inhabitants, making it the 5th highest in the country and the second highest of any border state behind Nuevo León (86,364 new jobs). The majority of these new jobs were generated in and around

1056-679: A total population of 108,440. As of 2010, the city of Tecate had a population of 64,764. Other than the city of Tecate, the municipality had 964 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Lomas de Santa Anita (6,604), Nueva Colonia Hindú (4,431), classified as urban, and Cereso del Hongo (4,278), Luis Echeverría Álvarez (El Hongo) (2,411), classified as urban, and Hacienda Tecate (1,871), Valle de las Palmas (1,860), La Rumorosa (1,836), Maclovio Herrera (Colonia Aviación) (1,219), Alfonso Garzón (Granjas Familiares) (1,188), and El Mirador (1,171), classified as rural. Municipalities of Mexico Since

1122-455: Is common to see snow in the Sierra de Juárez, Sierra de San Pedro Mártir and in the valleys in between the two ranges from December to April. Due to orographic effects, precipitation is much higher in the mountains of northern Baja California than on the western coastal plain or eastern desert plain. Pine, cedar and fir forests are found in the mountains. The east side of the mountains produces

1188-471: Is divided into 14 boroughs besides the City of Mexicali , which comprises the municipal seat and three additional metropolitan boroughs. Querétaro municipality is subdivided into seven boroughs. Nonetheless, the heads of government of the boroughs are not elected by the residents but rather appointed by the municipal president. Mexico City is a special case in that it is not organized into municipalities. As

1254-612: Is scheduled for 2024 . During the 2021 Mexican legislative election , six of the eight federal deputies representing Baja California in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies were won by Morena candidates, with the other two being won by candidates of the Labor and Ecologist Green parties. The next legislative elections are scheduled for 2024 . Although the state is more European in ancestry, it has historically seen sizable East and Southeast Asian immigrant population. Mexicali has

1320-547: Is steadily growing. Baja California has developed a need to be self-sufficient in matters of technological and scientific innovation and to be less dependent on foreign countries. Current businesses demand new production processes as well as technology for the incubation of companies. The number of graduate degrees offered, including PhD programs, is 121. The state has 53 graduate schools. As of 2005, Baja California's economy represents 3.3% of Mexico's gross domestic product , or US$ 21.996 billion. Baja California's economy has

1386-481: The 2018 Mexican general election , the presidential vote of Baja California was won by a landslide of almost 44% by Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the Morena party. Out of the 8 federal deputies representing Baja California in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies , 5 were won by Morena candidates, 2 were won by Social Encounter Party candidates, and 1 was won by a Labor Party candidate. The next Mexican general election

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1452-635: The Laguna Mountains and San Jacinto Mountains in southwest California. The lower elevations of the Sierra de Juárez are characterized by chaparral and desert shrub . Guadalupe Island and its surrounding waters, 250 kilometres (160 miles) off the Pacific coast, has been designated the Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve to preserve endangered marine and terrestrial species of animals and plants. The fauna in

1518-563: The Pacific Ocean ; on the east by Sonora , the U.S. state of Arizona , and the Gulf of California ; on the north by the U.S. state of California ; and on the south by Baja California Sur . The state has an estimated population of 3,769,020 as of 2020, significantly higher than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south, and similar to San Diego County, California , and Imperial County, California to its north. Over 75% of

1584-581: The Sonoran Desert dominates the landscape. In the south, the weather becomes drier and gives way to the Vizcaíno Desert . The state is also home to numerous islands off both of its shores. Baja California is also home to Guadalupe Island , the westernmost point of Mexico. The Coronado Islands , Todos Santos islands , and Cedros Island are also on the Pacific shore. On the Gulf of California,

1650-464: The Tijuana River as a source of water. Much of rural Baja California depends predominantly on wells, a few dams and even oases. Tijuana also purchases water from San Diego County's Otay Water District. Potable water is the largest natural resource issue of the state. Baja California's climate varies from Mediterranean to arid . The Mediterranean climate is found in the northwestern corner of

1716-676: The secularization of missions in 1833. In the aftermath of the Mexican American War (1846–1848) and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , the United States gained sovereignty over territory previously held first by New Spain and then Mexico, most of which was sparsely settled. Alta California was incorporated into the U.S., and during the California Gold Rush , quickly gained enough population to be admitted to

1782-648: The 2015 Intercensal Survey, two municipalities have been created in Campeche , three in Chiapas , three in Morelos , one in Quintana Roo and two in Baja California . The internal political organization and their responsibilities are outlined in the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution and detailed in the constitutions of the states to which they belong. Municipalities are distinct from cities ,

1848-511: The 2019 Baja California state election, Jaime Bonilla Valdez of the Morena -led Juntos Hacemos Historia coalition won by a margin of 27.58% to become the governor of Baja California. In addition, 21 out of 25 state deputy positions and all 5 municipal mayoral positions were won by candidates aligned with the Juntos Hacemos Historia coalition. During the 2021 Baja California state election, Marina del Pilar Ávila Olmeda of

1914-490: The 2020 Mexican National Census. Data from the 2020 Mexican National Census. Baja California Baja California ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaxa kaliˈfoɾnja] ; 'Lower California'), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California (English: Free and Sovereign State of Baja California ), is a state in Mexico . It is the northwesternmost of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. Before becoming

1980-511: The Cochimí at Santa Gertrudis (1752), San Borja (1762), and Santa María (1767). After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768, the short-lived Franciscan administration (1768–1773) resulted in one new mission at San Fernando Velicatá . More importantly, the 1769 expedition to settle Alta California under Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra resulted in the first overland exploration of

2046-575: The Conquest and colonization of Mexico, the municipality became the basic entity of the administrative organization of New Spain and the Spanish Empire . Settlements located in strategic locations received the status of ciudad (the highest status within the Empire, superior to that of villas and pueblos ) and were entitled to form an ayuntamiento or municipality. During the first decades,

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2112-478: The Gulf of California and explored the peninsula's west coast at least as far north as Cedros Island. Hernando de Alarcón returned to the east coast and ascended the lower Colorado River in 1540, and Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (or João Rodrigues Cabrilho (in Portuguese) ) completed the reconnaissance of the west coast in 1542. Sebastián Vizcaíno again surveyed the west coast in 1602, but outside visitors during

2178-529: The Gulf of California, where the western slope becomes wider, forming the Llanos del Berrendo on the border with Baja California Sur. The mountain ranges located in the center and southern part of the state include the Sierra de La Asamblea , Sierra de Calamajué, Sierra de San Luis and the Sierra de San Borja . Temperate winds from the Pacific Ocean and the cold California Current make the climate along

2244-580: The Mexicali Valley and nearby Imperial Valley , California, U.S.) and manufacturing. The cities of Ensenada, Tijuana, and Mexicali grew as a result of migrants, primarily those who sought U.S. citizenship. Those temporary residents awaiting their entry into the United States are called flotillas , which is derived from the Spanish word flota , meaning 'fleet'. There is also a sizable immigrant community from Central and South America, and from

2310-684: The Morena-led Juntos Hacemos Historia coalition won by a margin of 17.49% to become the first female governor of Baja California. Of the state's 25 local deputies, 13 were won by Morena-aligned candidates, followed in a distant second place by candidates of the Solidarity Encounter Party (PES), National Action Party (PAN), and Labor Party (PT) with 3 seats each. All 5 municipal mayoral positions were again won by Morena-aligned candidates. The next state elections are scheduled for 2023 . During

2376-476: The Pacific coast, the Mediterranean climate transitions into a desert climate, but it is milder and not as hot as along the gulf coast. Transition climates, from Mediterranean to desert, can be found from San Quintín to El Rosario . Further inland and along the Gulf of California, the vegetation is scarce and temperatures are very high during the summer months. The islands in the Gulf of California also have

2442-541: The Sonoran Desert enters the state from both California and Sonora. Some of the highest temperatures in Mexico are recorded in or nearby the Mexicali Valley. However, with irrigation from the Colorado River, this area has become a true agricultural center . The Cerro Prieto geothermal province is near Mexicali as well (this area is geologically part of a large pull apart basin ); it produces about 80% of

2508-534: The United States and Canada. An estimated 200,000+ American expatriates live in the state, especially in coastal resort towns such as Ensenada, known for affordable homes purchased by retirees who continue to hold U.S. citizenship. San Felipe, Rosarito and Tijuana also have a large American population (second largest in Mexico after Mexico City), particularly for their cheaper housing and proximity to San Diego. Some 60,000 Oaxacans live in Baja California. Some 40% of them lack proper birth certificates. According to

2574-562: The auxiliary presidency is equivalent to a township. Nonetheless, auxiliary presidencies are not considered a third-level administrative division since they depend fiscally on the municipalities in which they are located. North-western and south-eastern states are divided into small numbers of large municipalities (e.g. Baja California is divided into only seven municipalities), and therefore they cover large areas incorporating several separated cities or towns that do not necessarily conform to one single conurbation. Central and southern states, on

2640-568: The borders and coasts of Mexico by way of a trust handled through a Mexican bank (Fideicomiso). This trust assures to the buyer all the rights and privileges of ownership, and it can be sold, inherited, leased, or transferred at any time. Since 1994, the Foreign Investment Law stipulates that the Fideicomiso must be to a 50-year term , with the option to petition for a 50-year renewal at any time. Any Mexican citizen buying

2706-432: The cities of Tijuana , Mexicali , Ensenada , Playas de Rosarito , and Tecate . Industries that experienced the highest degree of growth in 2021 include transformative industries , transport and communication , commerce , and construction . As of November 2021, Baja California has the highest employment rate of any state in northern Mexico , with a rate of 96.7%. As of September 2021, Baja California receives

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2772-657: The cleaning and maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1983, they can collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own collection efforts. Some municipalities in Mexico are subdivided into internal, third-level administrative organizations. All municipalities of Baja California are subdivided into boroughs, or delegaciones . Mexicali municipality, for example,

2838-438: The electricity consumed in the state and enough additional power to export to California. Laguna Salada , a saline lake below sea level lying between the rugged Sierra de Juárez and the Sierra de los Cucapah, is also in the vicinity of Mexicali. The state government has recently been considering plans to revive Laguna Salada. The highest mountain in the Sierra de los Cucapah is Cerro del Centinela or Mount Signal . The Cucapah are

2904-564: The fish genus Bajacalifornia is derived from the Baja California peninsula. In the main wildlife refuges on the peninsula of Baja California, Constitution 1857 National Park and Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park , several coniferous species can be found. The most abundant are Jeffrey pine, Pinus ponderosa , Pinus cembroides , Pinus quadrifolia , Pinus monophylla , Juniperus , Arctostaphylos pringlei subsp. drupacea , Artemisia ludoviciana and Adenostoma sparsifolium . Baja California shares many plant species with

2970-573: The floodplain of the lower Colorado River . Another group of people was the Guachimis, who came from the north and created much of the UNESCO World Heritage -recognized Sierra de Guadalupe cave paintings . Not much is known about them except that they lived in the area between 100   BC and 1300   AD. Europeans reached the present state of Baja California in 1539, when Francisco de Ulloa reconnoitered its east coast on

3036-498: The following century were few. The Jesuits founded a permanent mission colony on the peninsula at Loreto in 1697. During the following decades, they gradually extended their sway throughout the present state of Baja California Sur. In 1751–1753, the Croatian Jesuit mission-explorer Ferdinand Konščak made overland explorations northward into the state of Baja California. Jesuit missions were subsequently established among

3102-566: The islands in the Gulf of California on the Baja California side belong to the municipality of Mexicali. Baja California obtains much of its water from the Colorado River. Historically, the river drained into the Colorado River Delta and then flowed into the Gulf of California, but due to large demands for water in the American Southwest , less water now reaches the Gulf. The Tijuana metropolitan area also relies on

3168-659: The largest island is Angel de la Guarda Island , separated from the peninsula by the deep and narrow Canal de Ballenas . The first people came to the peninsula at least 11,000 years ago. At that time, two main native groups are thought to have been present on the peninsula – the Cochimí in the south, and several groups belonging to the Yuman language family in the north, including the Kiliwa , Paipai , Kumeyaay , Cocopa , and Quechan . These peoples were diverse in their adaptations to

3234-621: The line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south. The colonial governors were José Joaquín de Arillaga (1804–1805), Felipe de Goicoechea (1806–1814), and José Darío Argüello (1814 – April 11, 1822). Mexican liberals were concerned that the Roman Catholic Church retained too much power in the post-independence period and sought to undermine it by mandating

3300-417: The local authorities had full powers on the public and economic administration of each municipality, but successive reforms diminished their attributions. After Independence, the 1824 Constitution did not specify any regulation for the municipalities, whose structure and responsibilities were to be outlined in the constitution of each state of the federation. As such, every state set its own requirements for

3366-473: The location of forests reminiscent of Southern California 's San Gabriel Mountains . Picacho del Diablo is the highest peak on the peninsula. Valleys between the mountain ranges are located within a climate zone that is suitable for agriculture. Such valleys include the Valle de Guadalupe and the Valle de Ojos Negros, areas that produce citrus fruits and grapes. The mineral-rich mountain range extends southwards to

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3432-537: The northwestern coast pleasant year-round. As a result of the state's location on the California Current, rains from the north barely reach the peninsula, thus leaving southern areas drier. South of the El Rosario River, the state changes from a Mediterranean landscape to a desert one. This desert exhibits diverse succulent species that flourish in part due to the coastal fog . To the east,

3498-599: The northwestern portion of the state. The Dominicans took over management of the Baja California missions from the Franciscans in 1773. They established a chain of new missions among the northern Cochimí and western Yumans, first on the coast and subsequently inland, extending from El Rosario (1774) to Descanso (1817), just south of Tijuana below the Palóu Line . In 1804, the Spanish crown divided California into Alta ('Upper') and Baja ('Lower') California at

3564-506: The other hand, are divided into many small municipalities (e.g. Oaxaca is divided into 570 municipalities), and therefore large urban areas usually extend over several municipalities which form one single conurbation. Although an urban area might cover an entire municipality, auxiliary councils might still be used for administrative purposes. Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, supervision of slaughterhouses and

3630-430: The parks include a large number of mammals, primarily mule deer , bighorn sheep , cougars , bobcats , ringtail cats , coyotes , rabbits , squirrels and more than 30 species of bats . The park is also home to many avian species like bald eagles , golden eagles , falcons , woodpeckers , black vultures , crows , and several species of Sittidae and duck . At 3:40:41 pm PDT on Easter Sunday, 4 April 2010,

3696-454: The peninsula, is located. This mountain range effectively divides the weather patterns in the state. In the northwest, the weather is semi-dry and Mediterranean . In the narrow center, the weather changes to be more humid due to altitude. It is in this area where a few valleys can be found, such as the Valle de Guadalupe , the major wine-producing area in Mexico. To the east of the mountain range,

3762-471: The population lives in Mexicali (the state's capital city), Ensenada , or Tijuana (the state's largest city). Other important cities include San Felipe , Rosarito , and Tecate . Baja California is the 12th-largest state by area in Mexico. Its geography ranges from beaches to forests and deserts. The backbone of the state is the Sierra de Baja California, where Picacho del Diablo , the highest point of

3828-485: The positions of state governor , 25 state deputies of the Congress of Baja California , and 5 municipal mayors. Of the 25 state deputies, 17 are elected by relative majority in each of the electoral districts, while another 8 are elected by proportional representation. The 17 deputies elected by relative majority may be re-elected for up to four consecutive terms, while the other 8 deputies can only serve one term. During

3894-438: The primary indigenous people from the mountains north to Yuma, Arizona . There are numerous islands on the Pacific shore. Guadalupe Island is located in the extreme west of the state's boundaries and is the site of large colonies of sea lions . Cedros Island exists in the southwest of the state's maritime region. The Todos Santos islands and Coronado Islands are located off the coasts of Ensenada and Tijuana, respectively. All of

3960-478: The public services for their constituents. This concept, which originated after the Mexican Revolution , is known as a municipio libre ("free municipality"). The municipal president is elected by plurality and cannot be reelected for the next immediate term. The municipal council consists of a cabildo (chairman) with a síndico and several regidores (trustees). If the municipality covers

4026-457: The region. The Cochimí of the peninsula's Central Desert were generalized hunter-gatherers who moved frequently; however, the Cochimí on Cedros Island off the west coast developed a strong maritime economy. The Kiliwa, Paipai, and Kumeyaay in the better-watered northwest were also hunter-gatherers, but that region supported denser populations and a more sedentary lifestyle. The Cocopa and Quechan of northeastern Baja California practiced agriculture in

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4092-958: The scope of their competencies. However, in 1983 the 115th article was modified to expand the municipalities' authority to raise revenue (through property taxes and other local services) and to formulate budgets. The first city council in Mexico was established by Hernán Cortés in 1519 in Veracruz ; it was also the first in the American mainland. The newest municipalities in Mexico are San Quintín in Baja California, established on February 27, 2020; Seybaplaya and Dzitbalché in Campeche, gazetted on January 1, 2021; Las Vigas , Ñuu Savi , San Nicolás , and Santa Cruz del Rincón in Guerrero, incorporated on August 31, 2021; and San Felipe in Baja California, incorporated on January 1, 2022. Data from

4158-521: The state, where the summers are dry and mild and the winters cool and rainy. This climate is observed in areas from Tijuana to San Quintín and nearby interior valleys. The cold oceanic California Current often creates a low-level marine fog near the coast. The fog occurs along any part of the Pacific coast of the state. The change of altitude towards the Sierra de Baja California creates an alpine climate in this region. Summers are cool, while winters can be cold with below freezing temperatures at night. It

4224-477: The third highest amount of foreign direct investment of any state in Mexico, constituting about 7.7% of the national total and behind only Nuevo León (7.7%) and Mexico City (16.5%). About 81.4% of Baja California's foreign domestic investment comes from the United States , of which 50.3% comes from the construction of natural gas pipelines and 8.2% comes car and truck manufacturing. The Foreign Investment Law of 1973 allows foreigners to purchase land within

4290-536: The union as a state. Baja California gains control of where is now the cities of Tijuana , Mexicali , and Tecate from Alta California after the treaty and remained under Mexican control. In 1853, soldier of fortune ( mercenary ) William Walker captured La Paz , declaring himself president of the Republic of Baja California . The Mexican government forced his retreat after several months. When liberal army general Porfirio Díaz came to power in 1876, he embarked on

4356-809: The workforce standards, such as school–enterprise linkage programs which help the development of a labor force according to the needs of the industry. 91.60% of the population from six to fourteen years of age attend elementary school. 61.95% of the population over fifteen years of age attends or has already graduated from high school. Public school is available in all levels from kindergarten to university. The state has 32 universities offering 103 professional degrees. These universities have 19 research and development centers for basic and applied investigation in advanced projects related to biotechnology, physics, oceanography, computer science, digital geothermal technology, astronomy, aerospace, electrical engineering and clean energy, among others. At this educational level, supply

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