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35-616: The Tees Navigation Company was a British Company chartered by an act of Parliament, the Tees Navigation Company Act 1808 ( 48 Geo. 3 . c. xlviii), for the purpose of improving navigation of the River Tees between the towns of Stockton-on-Tees and Middlesbrough . At the beginning of the 19th century, the River Tees had several large meanders between the two towns, especially a large meander beginning at

70-599: A pro forma bill as a symbol of the right of parliament to give priority to matters other than the monarch's speech (always written by the cabinet of the day). In the parliament of the United Kingdom , prorogation is immediately preceded by a speech to both legislative chambers, with procedures similar to the Throne Speech. The monarch usually approves the oration—which recalls the prior legislative session, noting major bills passed and other functions of

105-537: A motion to adjourn sine die . In either event, the close of a session generally brings an end to all unpassed bills in the legislature, which would have to be introduced anew to continue debate in the following session. Historically, each session of a parliament would last less than one year, ceasing with a prorogation during which legislators could return to their constituencies . In more recent times, development in transportation technology has permitted these individuals to journey with greater ease and frequency from

140-597: A session or during a session on days in which parliament is not meeting. While a parliament is prorogued, between two legislative sessions, the legislature is still constituted – i.e. no general election takes place and all Members of Parliament thus retain their seats. In many legislatures, prorogation causes all orders of the body – bills, motions , etc. – to be expunged. Prorogations should thus not be confused with recesses, adjournments, or holiday breaks from legislation, after which bills can resume exactly where they left off. In

175-410: A set stipend, meet only part of the year. State constitutions, statutes or legislative rules may set deadlines for adjournment sine die per session or term, depending on whether a state constitution defines entire time allowed for a session as "legislative days" (any day from when either house meets quorum until the speaker gavels the body into adjournment) or "calendar days" (any specific 24-hour day on

210-481: A short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896 . The second session of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom , which met from 21 January 1808 until 4 July 1808. This session was also traditionally cited as 48 G. 3 . Parliamentary session A legislative session is the period of time in which a legislature , in both parliamentary and presidential systems ,

245-544: A single session. When the leaders of the majority party in each house have determined that no more business will be conducted by that house during that term of Congress, a motion is introduced to adjourn sine die , effectively dissolving that house. Typically, this is done at some point after the general congressional election in November of even-numbered years. If the party in power is retained, it may happen as early as mid-November and members return to their districts for

280-589: A single session. (There were only four prorogations since 1961, twice to allow the visiting Queen to "open" Parliament, once after the 1967 death of Prime Minister Harold Holt and for political reasons in 2016.) Since 1990, it has been the practice for the parliament to be prorogued on the same day that the House is dissolved so that the Senate will not be able to sit during the election period. However, on 21 March 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that

315-491: A way to avoid investigations into the Afghan detainees affair and triggered citizen protests . In October 2012, the provincial legislature of Ontario was prorogued under similar circumstances, allegedly to avoid scrutiny of the provincial Government on a number of issues. Bills are numbered within each session. For example, in the federal House of Commons each session's government bills are numbered from C-2 to C-200, and

350-519: A year; between general elections; there are usually anywhere from one to six sessions of parliament before a dissolution by either the Crown-in-Council or the expiry of a legally mandated term limit. Each session begins with a speech from the throne , read to the members of both legislative chambers either by the reigning sovereign or a viceroy or other representative. Houses of parliament in some realms will, following this address, introduce

385-448: Is convened for purpose of lawmaking , usually being one of two or more smaller divisions of the entire time between two elections. A session may last for the full term of the legislature or the term may consist of a number of sessions. These may be of fixed duration, such as a year, or may be determined by the party in power. In some countries, a session of the legislature is brought to an end by an official act of prorogation , in others by

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420-468: Is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that

455-595: Is most convenient, but a "good faith exercise of the power" to prorogue parliament does not include preventing it from frustrating the prime minister's agenda. When the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy conquered the power to decide on its recalling, the MP Modigliani spoke of a coup d'état , if the right to prorogue or close the session was exercised immediately after Parliament had recalled itself. During

490-588: The Tees Navigation Act 1828 ( 9 Geo. 4 . c. xcvii) and completed in 1831, resulting in the present river channel. Despite these two improvements, the river's usefulness continued to deteriorate. The estuary below Cargo Fleet was treacherous, as the river divided into three channels around various bars and shoals. In the 1850s another act of Parliament, the Tees Conservancy and Stockton Dock Act 1852 ( 15 & 16 Vict. c. clxii), replaced

525-488: The 44th Parliament , elected in 2013, would be prorogued on 15 April and that a second session would begin on 18 April. Prorogation is now a procedural device, the effect of which is to call the Parliament back on a particular date (especially the Senate, which the government did not control), and to wipe clean all matters before each House, without triggering an election. In the Parliament of Canada and its provinces,

560-416: The electoral campaign , this break takes place so as to prevent the upper house from sitting and to purge all upper chamber business before the start of the next legislative session. It is not uncommon for a session of parliament to be put into recess during holidays and then resumed a few weeks later exactly where it left off. In Commonwealth realms , legislative sessions can last from a few weeks to over

595-418: The head of state , or a representative thereof, will address the legislature in an opening ceremony . In both parliamentary and presidential systems , sessions are referred to by the name of the body and an ordinal number  – for example, the 2nd Session of the 39th Canadian Parliament or the 1st Session of the 109th United States Congress . Governments today end sessions whenever it

630-606: The list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain . See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland . For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament , the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru ; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The number shown after each act's title

665-404: The 1st session of the 114th Congress commenced on January 3, 2015, and the 2nd session commenced on January 3, 2016, with the same members and no intervening election. All legislative business, however, is cleared at the end of each session. It is common for bills to be reintroduced in the second session that were not passed in the first session, and the restrictions on reconsideration only apply to

700-489: The Gregorian calendar). Constitutional limits on the length of sessions may lead legislative leaders to change rules or pass statutes which define a day on the legislative calendar, such as extending a calendar day beyond 24 hours or defining what legislative business counts against a maximum number of legislative days. Depending upon limitations of the state's constitution, if business arises that must be addressed before

735-515: The Mandale Cut. The company dug a channel at the Mandale to cut off the southern meander and opened this improvement in 1810. Although it was a comparatively simple engineering work, political problems had dogged the operation since it was first suggested in the 1790s. In particular, property owned by Lord Harewood lay on the southern meander and would lose all access to the river after the cut

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770-628: The Tees Navigation Company with the Tees Conservancy Board which took charge of the entire navigation of the river. Much of the work carried out by this body exploited the growing iron industry in Middlesbrough. Large amounts of slag from the processing of iron ore were dumped along the channel in order to narrow and straighten it, causing the river to flow faster and thus scour its own bed. In addition, there

805-421: The United Kingdom, however, the practice of terminating all bills upon prorogation has slightly altered; public bills may be re-introduced in the next legislative session, and fast-tracked directly to the stage they reached in the prorogued legislative session. A new session will often begin on the same day that the previous session ended. In most cases, when a parliament reconvenes for a new legislative session,

840-452: The advent of rapid transcontinental travel. More recently, prorogations have triggered speculation that they were advised by the sitting prime minister for political purposes: for example, in the 40th Parliament , the first prorogation occurred in the midst of a parliamentary dispute , in which the opposition parties expressed intent to defeat the minority government, and the second was suspected by opposition Members of Parliament to be

875-478: The current location of the Tees Barrage , which looped south for 2.5 miles (4 km) and returned to a point a mere 220 yards (200 m) from the beginning of the meander, near a location known as the Mandale. From there it meandered north and then back south, joining the current channel at a point about 1350 yds (1.2 km) from the Mandale in a roughly west-northwest direction. These two meanders, along with

910-689: The government —but rarely delivers it in person, Queen Victoria being the last to do so. Instead, the speech is presented by the Lords Commissioners and read by the Leader of the House of Lords . When King Charles I dissolved the Parliament of England in 1628, after the Petition of Right , he gave a prorogation speech that effectively cancelled all future meetings of the legislature, at least until he again required finances. Prior to 1977, it

945-469: The holiday season. However, when the party in power is ousted or if important business, such as approval of appropriation bills , has not been completed, Congress will often meet in a lame-duck session , adjourning as late as December 31, before the newly elected Congress takes office on January 3. In the United States , most state legislatures , most of which are part-time paid legislatures with

980-462: The legislative capital to their respective electoral districts (sometimes called ridings , electorate, division) for short periods, meaning that parliamentary sessions typically last for more than one year, though the length of sessions varies. Legislatures plan their business within a legislative calendar , which lays out how bills will proceed before a session ceases, although related but unofficial affairs may be conducted by legislators outside

1015-620: The legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the Speech from the Throne (called the legislative programme in the UK). It remains in recess until the monarch, governor general , or lieutenant governor summons parliamentarians again. Historically, long prorogations allowed legislators to spend part of their year in the capital city and part in their home ridings . However, this reason has become less important with

1050-525: The modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number. All modern acts have a short title , e.g. "the Local Government Act 2003". Some earlier acts also have

1085-574: The numbering returns again to C-2 following a prorogation ( Bill C-1 is a pro-forma bill). The Congress is renewed every two years as required by the US Constitution , with all members of the House of Representatives up for reelection and one-third of the members of the US Senate up for reelection. (Senators serve a six-year term; House members serve a two-year term). Each Congress sits in two sessions lasting approximately one year. Thus,

Tees Navigation Company - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-409: The tidal nature of the river and the presence of shifting sandbars, made navigation difficult. The journey from Stockton to Middlesbrough could take as long as the journey from Middlesbrough to London. Stockton's flour industry required good river navigation to compete with other ports. Removing the meanders was seen as a means of preventing the town's decline as a port. The original 1808 act authorised

1155-422: Was common for the federal Parliament to have up to three sessions, with Parliament being prorogued at the end of each session and recalled at the beginning of the next. This was not always the case, for instance the 10th Parliament (1926–1928) went full term without prorogation. The practice of having multiple sessions in the same parliament gradually fell into disuse, and all parliaments from 1978 to 2013 had

1190-469: Was made. Lord Harewood was eventually compensated and the work went ahead. Cutting off the northern meander required a longer channel to be dug, the final cut being 1,100 yds (1 km) long. Since the northern meander was shorter and the cut longer, the net reduction in distance was less, but the bypassing of islands and sandbars in the Portrack meander still made it worthwhile. The work was authorised by

1225-413: Was much work done dredging channels for ships. 48 Geo. 3 Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland ). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland . For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see

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