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71-666: As of the beginning of April 2019, Tele2 is present in 67 subjects of Russia . t2 Russia functions as a group of companies, and the parent structure of the holding is named Limited Liability Company "T2 RTK Holding" with the headquarters in Moscow . The history of the company began in the 1990s when the American-Swedish Millicom International Cellular established mobile network operators which provided D-AMPS services in various regions of Russia. In 2001 Millicom sold its Russian assets to

142-516: A certain company trades at x times EBITDA, meaning that the company value as expressed through its stock price equates to x times its EBITDA). In its attempt to display EBITDA as a measure of the underlying profitability of the operating business, EBITDA is often adjusted for extraordinary expenses, i.e. expenses that the company believes do not occur on a regular basis. These adjustments can include bad debt expenses, any legal settlements paid, costs for acquisitions, charitable contributions and salaries of

213-642: A certificate for 1,500 rubles for the purchase of a smartphone or 10 gigabytes of mobile internet. Over the 3 weeks of the campaign, customers from 11 regions of Russia brought 1217 old mobile gadgets for processing. In October 2020, Tele2 scaled the project up and set special boxes for e-waste in 579 brand stores in 60 regions of Russia. All the gadgets are then sent to the Ecopolis Corporation, which disposes e-waste. Phones are then processed into different fractions. The project manager claimed "85-95% of recycled materials will return to production and not

284-409: A company's capacity to generate cash flow while effectively utilizing leveraged debt and reinvesting profits to minimize taxes—an approach that defined his investment philosophy. EBITDA regained popularity during the dot-com boom , gaining popularity as a benchmark for assessing the financial health of rapidly expanding, technology companies. EBITDA is widely used when assessing the performance of

355-455: A company. EBITDA is useful to assess the underlying profitability of the operating businesses alone, i.e. how much profit the business generates by providing the services, selling the goods etc. in the given time period. This type of analysis is useful to get a view of the profitability of the operating business alone, as the cost items ignored in the EBITDA computation are largely independent from

426-456: A framed agreement on integration of mobile assets into the ownership capital of the joint venture (JV) T2 Rus Holding. This deal resulting in creation of a new federal high roller on the cellular market was completed within a year. According to the terms of the agreement, Rostelecom transferred its assets to the JV and became one of the stakeholders of the merged company. The joint venture was created on

497-489: A joint service with the Clouty online platform, which is an aggregator of online retailers. In June 2018 a digital medicine project – an application allowing to get a telemedical advice - was launched in partnership with the company Doc+. Among the other programs of the operator, there is an affiliate loyalty program with cashback to a mobile account, taxi services (joint service with Gett ). In October 2017 Tele2 Russia started

568-533: A loyalty program named “Bolshe” (En: More) which was intended for subscribers’ personal preferences. The operator offered to the customers an opportunity to save by two ways: either with the use of cashback or with discounts for partners’ goods and services. When choosing the cashback, a subscriber can get up to 40% of a product's cost to his mobile account. The money can be spent for mobile services or mobile commerce “Payments and transfers”. Any Tele 2 Russia subscriber, except for corporate plans users, can participate in

639-520: A majority only in three of them. Four of those territories have a second official language in addition to Russian: Buryat (in two of the merged territories), Komi-Permian , Koryak . This is an exception: all the other official languages of Russia (other than Russian) are set by the Constitutions of its constituent Republics ( Mordovia , Chechnya , Dagestan etc.). The status of the "administrative-territorial regions with special status" has been

710-523: A national mobile operator with a wide range of licenses and frequencies throughout the country (including 3G and LTE ), which was present in 64 regions and had a significant share of 16% on the cellular market, provided by more than 38 million mobile subscribers. On June 16, 2015 the mobile operator completed their corporate restructuring by associating 33 operational companies of the holding to its main structure T2 Mobile. The restructuring neither required financial contributions nor left jobcut behind it. As

781-447: A result, the number of legal bodies within the structure of Tele2 Russia was fairly reduced. The parent company is T2 RTK Holding, and its wholly owned subsidiary Т2-Mobile undertakes business operations under the “Tele2” brand. On February 12, 2020 Rostelecom entered into a legally binding agreement on purchasing of 55% of T2 RTK Holding shares with VTB Bank and a consortium of investors. The settlement and transfer of ownership as part of

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852-472: A single part will end up in landfill." The team first got the idea for the project by a team of the marketing department in 2019. The first version of the project was deployed in 11 regions of Russia, to see how relevant the topic of e-waste and processing phones was in Russia. The first version went well and so Pereplavka was created and the project was scaled up to the entirety of the country. Only phones from

923-440: A strong team which proved successful with their results. On February 12, 2020 Rostelecom received 100% of T2 RTK Holding. 17.5% of Tele2 shares was bought with own funds of the public operator; 27.5% was funded by the additional issue of Rostelecom shares in benefit of VTB, a further 10% was an exchange for 10% of its own common stock owned by its subsidiary Mobitel. On March 16, 2020 the settlement and ownership transfer as part of

994-550: A subject of criticism because it does not appear in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In addition to those six territories that entirely ceased to be subjects of the Russian Federation and were downgraded to territories with special status, another three subjects have a status of subject but are simultaneously part of a more populated subject: With an estimated population of 49348 as of 2018, Chukotka

1065-418: A useful metric, one should not rely on EBITDA alone when assessing the performance of a company. The biggest criticism of using EBITDA as a measure to assess company performance is that it ignores the need for capital expenditures in its assessment. However, capital expenditures are needed to maintain the asset base which in turn allows for generating EBITDA. Warren Buffett famously asked, "Does management think

1136-521: Is 5,3% more than in 2018. The average revenue per user (ARPU) also increased by 8,3% to 305 roubles. According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor), in 2018, Tele2 demonstrated the best result of the LTE networks development rate within the sector, having doubled the number of LTE cell sites. Originally, Tele2 Russia just like

1207-491: Is a non- GAAP metric that has been introduced following the global COVID-19 pandemic . EBITDAC is a special case of adjusted EBITDA. On 13 May 2020, the Financial Times mentioned that German manufacturing group Schenck Process was the first European company to use the term in their quarterly reporting. The company had added back €5.4m of first-quarter 2020 profits that it said it would have made were it not for

1278-468: Is currently the least populated subject of Russia that is not part of a more populated subject. It was separated from Magadan Oblast in 1993. Chukotka is one of the richest subjects of Russia (with a Gross Regional Product [GRP] per capita equivalent to that of Australia) and therefore does not fit in the pattern of merging a subject to benefit from the economic dynamism of the neighbour. In 1992, Ingushetia separated from Chechnya , both to stay away from

1349-486: Is derived by subtracting from revenues all costs of the operating business (e.g. wages, costs of raw materials, services ...) but not decline in asset value, cost of borrowing and obligations to governments. Although lease have been capitalised in the balance sheet (and depreciated in the profit and loss statement) since IFRS 16 , its expenses are often still adjusted back into EBITDA given they are deemed operational in nature. Though often shown on an income statement , it

1420-604: Is not considered part of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) by the SEC , and hence the SEC requires that companies registering securities with it (and when filing its periodic reports) reconcile EBITDA to net income . The original concept of EBITDA was pioneered in the 1970s by billionaire investor John Malone . Early in his career, Malone developed EBITDA as a tool to evaluate

1491-457: Is used to include effects of the asset base in the assessment of the profitability of a business. In that, it is a better metric than EBITDA, but has not found widespread adoption. Earnings Before Interest, Depreciation, Amortization and Exploration ( EBIDAX ) is a non- GAAP metric that can be used to evaluate the financial strength or performance of oil, gas or mineral company. Costs for exploration are varied by methods and costs. Removal of

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1562-501: The Constitution of Russia from Russian to English uses the term "constituent entities of the Russian Federation". For example, Article 5 reads: "The Russian Federation shall consist of republics , krais , oblasts , cities of federal significance , an autonomous oblast , and autonomous okrugs , which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation." A translation provided by Garant-Internet instead uses

1633-679: The Federal Assembly . They differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy; republics are offered more autonomy. Post-Soviet Russia formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR and did not change at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1992, during the so-called " parade of sovereignties ", separatist sentiments and

1704-859: The VTB Group . On April 4 the deal was completed. On October 17, 2013 the VTB Group closed the selling of 50% of Tele2 Russia shares to a consortium of private investors holding the Rossiya Bank , including Yury Kovalchuk (the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Rossiya Bank) and Alexei Mordashov (the Severstal co-owner), and also 5% of the shares were sold to Sogaz insurance group. On February 6, 2014 Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia signed

1775-574: The War of Laws within Russia, the Russian regions signed the Federation Treaty ( Russian : Федеративный договор , romanized :  Federativnyy dogovor ), establishing and regulating the current inner composition of Russia, based on the division of authorities and powers among Russian government bodies and government bodies of constituent entities. The Federation Treaty was included in

1846-414: The subjects of the federation ( Russian : субъекты федерации , romanized :  subyekty federatsii ), are the constituent entities of Russia , its top-level political divisions. According to the Constitution of Russia , the federation consists of republics , krais , oblasts , cities of federal importance , an autonomous oblast , and autonomous okrugs , all of which are equal subjects of

1917-406: The 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed on March 16, 2020. On September 4, 2024, the company rebranded and changed its name to "t2". Since February 2020 the company is 100% owned by Rostelecom. Up until February 2020 each of the shareholders of T2RTK Holding had the right of preemption of the operator’s share. This rule was rooted in the holding’s Charter and it meant that if any of

1988-441: The 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed. t2 in Russia is a mobile network operator providing services under the standards GSM, 3G and LTE. Before it was sold to VTB, it had been the only foreign company successfully operating on the Russian cellular market. Until 2013, Russia for Tele2 AB was the major market, which, as of 2010, provided more than a half of subscribers in total and 34.7% (the biggest percentage among all

2059-419: The 2000s, following the policies of Vladimir Putin and of the ruling United Russia party, the Russian parliament changed the distribution of tax revenues, reduced the number of elections in the regions and gave more power to the federal authorities. The Russian Federation was composed of 89 federal subjects in 1993. Mergers reduced the number to 83 by 2008. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, with

2130-493: The 5G automatically when roaming. In 2016, Tele2 Russia started to create mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) – operators which do not have their own infrastructure and therefore use the network of another mobile operator. It is usually established by businesses with extensive client base for providing mobile services to customers on their own account. By November 2017, there were more than 10 MNVOs (most of them in Russia) on

2201-630: The Exchange. The money from the sales goes to the mobile account and the subscriber can spend it to pay for the telecom services. Within the first month after the launch the service was used by 2.5 million people. On April 29, 2019 Tele2 was the first in Russia to present an opportunity to switch over to eSIM in Moscow and Moscow region. On May 14, 2019 at the decision of the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media ( Minkomsvyaz ),

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2272-477: The Federal Agency for State Property Management (Rosimushchestvo) gave resolution to increase the share of the state-owned company. On March 12, 2019 it was announced that agreements on consolidating 100% of Tele2 Russia by Rostelecom were reached. It is specified that Rostelecom plans to preserve the brand and management of the company. According to Rostelecom's President Mikhail Oseevsky: Tele2 Russia has

2343-399: The JV. Consequently, Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 45% of economic share, and Tele2 Russia represented by the newly established T2 RTK Holding gained a share in the authorized capital of 55% in votes and 55% of economic share, meaning that Tele2 Russia took control over the joint venture. Thus, it was the completion of creation of

2414-459: The Russian Federation is more appropriate than subject of the Russian Federation ( subject would be OK for a monarchy)". Each federal subject belongs to one of the following types: a. The largest city is also listed when it is different from the capital/administrative centre. b. According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of

2485-423: The Russian communications market, an additional feature was introduced – exchange of minutes to gigabytes. On September 25, 2019 Tele2 Russia launched one-of-a-kind on the Russian telecom-market platform ‘Tele2 Exchange’. This service allows subscribers from all over the country to post offers for sale of unemployed minutes and Gigabytes from their plan package and backward to buy them from a number of lots posted at

2556-471: The Russian government claiming Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea to be the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia, a move that is not recognized internationally. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , four Ukrainian oblasts were annexed by Russia, though they remain internationally recognized as part of Ukraine and are only partially occupied by Russia. An official government translation of

2627-540: The Swedish company positioned itself as a discounter, accentuating the lowest price within the market. In 2016 the company made a decision to move beyond and developed a new strategy named Lifestyle enabler. The model Lifestyle enabler means that Tele2 Russia supports its clients’ interests in all areas of life. Within the frames of this strategy, the operator creates services beyond the telecom industry in partnership with other business sectors. So that, in 2017 they launched

2698-463: The Swedish holding Tele2, which started implementing GSM services in its networks and moved them to their own brand. Tele2 started operations in Russia in 2003. Within the first two years of operation in the Russian market (2003–2004) Tele2 started providing services in 12 regions. In 2011 the number of Tele2 users exceeded 20 million. On March 27, 2013 it was announced that the Swedish group Tele2 decided to sell its Russian subsidiary Tele2 Russia to

2769-411: The basis of T2 Rus Holding (later renamed into T2 RTK Holding), which owns all the operating companies of Tele2 Russia. On March 28, 2014 the first stage of the deal on integration of Rostelecom mobile assets and creation of a new federal cell operator was completed. Seven Rostelecom subsidiaries — Sky Link , Nizhny Novgorod Communications , Baikalvestcom , BIT, Volgograd GSM, ETK and AKOS-came under

2840-511: The basis of Tele2, of these, Rostelecom , Sberbank , Multiregional TransitTelecom and Tinkoff Bank . In November, the company launched their own MVNE-platform ( mobile virtual network enabler ), a set of standard systems, including billing , CRM , analytics tools and other components necessary for the work of MVNOs . With this platform, Tele2 Russia announced intention to streamline launching of MNVOs and create dozens of them each year. The company named this strategy “MNVO Factory”. Within 2018,

2911-417: The cash-generating ability of telecom companies. He advocated for its use over traditional metrics like Earnings per share (EPS) , arguing that EBITDA offered a more accurate reflection of financial performance for high-growth, capital-intensive businesses. Originally, Malone used EBITDA to attract lenders and investors, positioning it as a key element of his growth strategy. By focusing on EBITDA, he showcased

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2982-443: The change of the corporate identity and slogan of the company. The new slogan sounds like “Tele2. Other rules”. New opportunities were announced at the strategy presentation: possibility to transfer the unused minutes and internet traffic to the next month. This new feature, unique for the Russian market, demonstrates the ideology of the new platform creating visibility and advantages for subscribers. In October 2017, also first-ever on

3053-590: The collapse of oil prices stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic . The process was scrapped on 2 July due to its unpopularity among the population. EBITDA A company 's earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (commonly abbreviated EBITDA , pronounced / ˈ iː b ɪ t d ɑː , - b ə -, ˈ ɛ -/ ) is a measure of a company's profitability of the operating business only, thus before any effects of indebtedness, state-mandated payments, and costs required to maintain its asset base. It

3124-415: The company's electrical devices were accepted to link Tele2 with the sustainability project. Tele2 popularized the problem of electronic waste in Russia and the marketing project (Pereplavka) was advertised on a huge scale, as a positive side effect of this, millions of people all throughout Russia learned about e-waste in Russia and were aware of it. Tele2 chose this topic (electronic waste and how it harms

3195-469: The countries) of EBITDA . In March 2020 the company reported on financial and operational results for 2019. As compared to 2018, Tele2 Russia revenue rose 14% to 163,3 billion roubles, at year-end 2019, the net profit totaled 6,6 billion roubles, the EBITDA increased by 50% and amounted to 65,6 billion roubles. As of December 31, 2019, the Tele2 Russia subscriber base counted 44.6 million people which

3266-411: The difference in the quality of gaming when connected to 4G and 5G networks. The game runs on a remote server, only the "picture" is transmitted to the user's device. During the cloud game in 5G network the company achieved the speed of more than 1Gbit/s with a latency of 5 msec. February 17, 2020 Tele2 conducted the first live broadcast on 5G networks in the urban environment in Russia. The live-stream

3337-535: The environment) because it knows many in the high-income class is interested in it and not only that, public opinion polls have shown that it worries almost half of all Russians. Therefore, they have increased their customers loyalty and attract other potential clients as well. Federal subjects of Russia The federal subjects of Russia , also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation ( Russian : субъекты Российской Федерации , romanized :  subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii ) or simply as

3408-591: The exploration portion of the balance sheet allows for a better comparison between the energy companies. Operating income before depreciation and amortization ( OIBDA ) refers to an income calculation made by adding depreciation and amortization to operating income . OIBDA differs from EBITDA because its starting point is operating income, not earnings. It does not, therefore, include non-operating income, which tends not to recur year after year. It includes only income gained from regular operations, ignoring items like FX changes or tax treatments. Historically, OIBDA

3479-588: The federal subjects were merged into larger territories. In this process, six very sparsely populated subjects (comprising in total 0.3% of the population of Russia) were integrated into more populated subjects, with the hope that the economic development of those territories would benefit from the much larger means of their neighbours. The merging process was finished on 1 March 2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008. The six territories became "administrative-territorial regions with special status". They have large proportions of minorities, with Russians being

3550-470: The federation. Every federal subject has its own head , a parliament , and a constitutional court. Each subject has its own constitution or charter and legislation, although the authority of these organs differ. Subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies. The subjects have equal representation – two delegates each – in the Federation Council , the upper house of

3621-541: The former code of 20 for the Chechen Republic was cancelled and replaced with code 95. License plate production was suspended due to the Chechen Wars, causing numerous issues, which in turn forced the region to use a new code. f. Claimed, but only partially controlled by Russia. g. As Russia only partially controls the region, this is a claimed figure. Starting in 2005, some of

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3692-732: The growing violence in Chechnya and as a bid to obtain the Eastern part of Northern Ossetia (it did not work: the Chechen conflict spread violence to Ingushetia, and North Ossetia retained its Prigorodny District ). Those two Muslim republics, populated in vast majority (95%+) by closely related Vainakh people , speaking Vainakhish languages , remain the two poorest subjects of Russia, with the GRP per capita of Ingushetia being equivalent to that of Iraq. According to 2016 statistics, however, they are also

3763-460: The hit caused by 'missing contribution margin and cost absorption reduced by direct financial state support received majorly in China so far'. Other companies picked up this EBITDAC measure as well, claiming the state-mandated lockdowns and disruptions to the supply chains distort their true profitability, and EBITDAC would show how much these companies believe they would have earned in the absence of

3834-472: The implementation of the latest standard at the initial stage. On August 23, 2019 the company performed testing of subscriber equipment in the pilot 5G network. The device based on Qualcomm® mobile platform Snapdragon™ demonstrated a peak throughput of about 2.1Gbit/s and a minimum latency of 9 msec. In October 2019 the company launched cloud games in the flagship store in Tverskaya street in Moscow to show

3905-408: The loyalty program. The program's partners include Yandex, Shokoladnitsa, AliExpress, Kino.Mail and others. In the beginning of 2017 the operator presented a new communication strategy for 2017—2021. The new concept involves an emphasis on innovative products that reflect the preferences of subscribers and support their lifestyle, and on excellent customer. The launch of the strategy was accompanied by

3976-582: The necessity to process e-waste and stated it was the first project for the ecological disposal of phones. It contributed to the United Nation's SDG 12 "Responsible Consumption and Production" and increased the environmental awareness of Russians. Alena Dymchishina, the project manager of Pereplavka, said "The aim of the project is to draw the clients' attention to the problem of recycling electronic waste". Everyone who brought an old device for recycling before November 1st received prizes from Tele2 including:

4047-520: The number of Tele2-based MVNO subscribers increased by 75% to 1.75 million people. According to the results of 2019, there are more than 20 Tele2-based MNVOs (the majority of them in Russia), including Rostelecom, Sbermobile, MTT , Tinkoff Mobile, VTB Mobile. Their subscriber base reckons 3,75 million people, compared with last year, this figure increased by 115%. In 2019, Tele2 launched the Pereplavka environmental project aimed at sensibilization of

4118-513: The oblast are located in the city of Saint Petersburg . However, Saint Petersburg is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast. c. According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast. d. Internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. e. In February 2000,

4189-427: The operating business: The interest payments depend on the financing structure of the company, the tax payments in the relevant jurisdictions as well as the interest payments, the depreciation on the asset base (and depreciation policy chosen), and the amortisation on takeover history with its effect on goodwill among others. EBITDA is widely used to measure the valuation of private and public companies (e.g. saying that

4260-471: The operational and financial control of Tele2 Russia. Tele2 Russia also gained operational control over Rostelecom's mobile integrated assets (Eline GSM, Tambov GSM, Uralsvyazinform , Dalsvyaz ) through RT-Mobile, an affiliate of Rostelecom, established on April 1, 2014. As a result, Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 26% of economic share. On August 5, 2014 earlier than scheduled, Rostelecom completed

4331-523: The owner or family members. The resulting metric is called adjusted EBITDA or EBITDA before exceptionals . A negative EBITDA indicates that a business has fundamental problems with profitability. A positive EBITDA, on the other hand, does not necessarily mean that the business generates cash. This is because the cash generation of a business depends on capital expenditures (needed to replace assets that have broken down), taxes, interest and movements in working capital as well as on EBITDA. While being

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4402-533: The owners received a proposal to sell his stake in total or partially, another owner could buy the stock at the price of the proposal within 30 days since the moment the third party claiming for purchase made the share sale offer. In March 2019 it got about that Rostelecom would become the sole owner of Tele2 Russia, increasing its equity stake up to 100%. The information about it came up in January, and in February

4473-665: The release of Tele2 Russia eSim was suspended. On 20 September 2019 the Ministry lifted the ban. In August 2019 Tele2 Russia in association with Ericsson launched the first in Russia pilot 5G zone in Tverskaya Street in Moscow providing full outdoor coverage from the Kremlin to the Garden Ring. The pilot 5G zone operates in the 28GHz band in NSA (Non-standalone) mode, which allows deployment of 5G in LTE networks and simplifies

4544-499: The safest regions of Russia, and also have the lowest alcohol consumption, with alcohol poisoning at least 40 times lower than the federal average. Until 1994, Sokolsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast was part of Ivanovo Oblast . In 2011–2012, the territory of Moscow increased by 140% (to 2,511 km (970 sq mi)) by acquiring part of Moscow Oblast . On 13 May 2020, the governors of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug announced their plan to merge following

4615-406: The second and final stage of the deal with Tele2 Russia to create a new federal mobile operator, having transferred 100% of the shares of its affiliate RT-Mobile to the joint venture (JV). As part of the reorganization, Rostelecom's integrated mobile assets were allocated to RT-Mobile and also the licenses were reissued for the company. The deal resulted in transfer of all Rostelecom's mobile assets to

4686-409: The term "subjects of the Russian Federation". Tom Fennell, a translator, told the 2008 American Translators Association conference that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" is a better translation than "subject". This was supported by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of Translation Department at Goltsblat BLP , who said in a 2011 presentation at a translators conference that " constituent entity of

4757-514: The text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR . The current Constitution of Russia, adopted by federal referendum on 12 December 1993, came into force on 25 December 1993 and abolished the model of the Soviet system of government introduced in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin and based on the right to secede from the country and on unlimited sovereignty of federal subjects (in practice secession

4828-417: The tooth fairy pays for capital expenditures?". A fix often employed is to assess a business on the metric EBITDA - Capital Expenditures. EBITDA margin refers to EBITDA divided by total revenue (or "total output", "output" differing from "revenue" according to changes in inventory). Earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization ( EBITA ) is derived from EBITDA by subtracting Depreciation. EBITA

4899-558: Was broadcast by Sony Xperia 5G device outdoors, on Tverskaya Street and Theater Square, in conditions of heavy traffic. During the tests, Sony mobile terminal based on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 chip and Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 modem provided a stable connection. On August 15, 2020 Tele2 in association with a Swiss mobile operator Sunrise Tele2 launched 5G service for Russian subscribers arriving to Switzerland. The smartphones with fifth generation network support connect

4970-421: Was created to exclude the impact of write-downs resulting from one-time charges, and to improve the optics for analysts comparing to previous period EBITDA. An example is the case of Time Warner , who shifted to divisional OIBDA reporting subsequent to write downs and charges resulting from the company's merger into AOL . Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and coronavirus ( EBITDAC )

5041-491: Was never allowed), which conflicts with the country's integrity and federal laws. The new constitution eliminated a number of legal conflicts, reserved the rights of the regions, introduced local self-government and did not grant the Soviet-era right to secede from the country. In the late 1990s and early 2000s the political system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government . In

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