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46-797: Active participants include communications equipment manufacturers, service providers, government agencies, academic institutions, and end-users are engaged in TIA's standards setting process. To ensure that these standards become incorporated globally, TIA is also engaged in the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ), the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ), and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ). TIA merged in 2017 with

92-449: A country code, being listed as "Taiwan, China." In addition to the 194 Member States, the ITU includes close to 900 "sector members"—private organizations like carriers, equipment manufacturers, media companies, funding bodies, research and development organizations, and international and regional telecommunication organizations. While nonvoting, these members may still play a role in shaping

138-578: A different aspect of the matters covered by the ITU, as well as ITU Telecom. The sectors were created during the restructuring of ITU at the additional 1992 ITU Plenipotentiary Conference . A permanent General Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, manages the day-to-day work of the ITU and its sectors. The basic texts of the ITU are adopted by the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference. The founding document of

184-794: A member after the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) . After the end of the First World War , the commission's headquarters was moved to Strasbourg in 1920 as part of the Treaty of Versailles . Belgium, the Kingdom of Italy and the United Kingdom , as well as Switzerland joined the commission while Germany participated for the first time as a national entity with the Weimar Republic . Italy withdrew in 1935 and Adolf Hitler denounced Germany's membership on November 14, 1936. Following

230-551: A resolution on Internet governance that called for government participation in Internet topics at various ITU forums. Despite the significant number countries not signing, the ITU came out with a press release: "New global telecoms treaty agreed in Dubai". The conference was managed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). While certain parts of civil society and industry were able to advise and observe, active participation

276-533: A sensitive nature might be shared. Telecommunications ministers from 193 countries attended the conference in Dubai. The current regulatory structure was based on voice telecommunications, when the Internet was still in its infancy. In 1988, telecommunications operated under regulated monopolies in most countries. As the Internet has grown, organizations such as ICANN have come into existence for management of key resources such as Internet addresses and domain names . Current proposals look to take into account

322-524: A threat to the "...free and open internet." On 22 November 2012, the European Parliament passed a resolution urging member states to prevent ITU WCIT-12 activity that would "negatively impact the internet, its architecture, operations, content and security, business relations, internet governance and the free flow of information online". The resolution asserted that "the ITU [...] is not the appropriate body to assert regulatory authority over

368-669: Is an international organisation with five member countries, whose function is to encourage European prosperity by guaranteeing a high level of security for navigation of the Rhine and environs. Founded in 1815, it is the world's oldest international organization still in operation. It has been based in Strasbourg , France , since 1920. Lucia Luijten from the Netherlands has been its Secretary General since November 1, 2021. The current Member States are Germany , Belgium , France ,

414-430: Is claimed the proposal would allow government restriction or blocking of information disseminated via the Internet and create a global regime of monitoring Internet communications, including the demand that those who send and receive information identify themselves. It would also allow governments to shut down the Internet, if it is believed that it may interfere in the internal affairs of other states, or that information of

460-540: Is one of the oldest international organizations still in operation, second only to the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine , which predates it by fifty years. It was preceded by the now defunct International Telegraph Union which drafted the earliest international standards and regulations governing international telegraph networks. The development of the telegraph in the early 19th century changed

506-645: Is the first woman to serve as the ITU Secretary-General. Membership of ITU is open to all member states of the United Nations . There are currently 194 member states of the ITU, including all UN member states . The most recent member state to join the ITU is Republic of Palau , which became a member on 19 September 2024. Palestine was admitted as a United Nations General Assembly observer in 2010. Pursuant to UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI) of 25 October 1971—which recognized

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552-706: Is €2.7 million annually. Since 1920, the headquarters of the commission has been located in Strasbourg , in the former imperial palace, renamed the Palais du Rhin , which also houses the Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs of Alsace . The commission meets in plenary session twice a year. The Member States are represented by two to four commissioners and two deputy commissioners from their administrations; decisions are taken unanimously. Its working languages are German, French and Dutch, in accordance with Article 41 of its rules of procedure. Legally,

598-669: The Battle of France and the armistice of June 22, 1940 , the commission was suspended. The commission resumed its work on November 20, 1945. The current revised convention was signed in Strasbourg by the five current members of the commission and the United Kingdom on 20 November 1963 and entered into force on 14 April 1967. There have since been additional protocols. In 2003 the European Commission asked for

644-553: The E-LABEL Act (H.R. 5161; 113th Congress) , a bill that would direct the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to allow manufacturers of electronic devices with a screen to display information required by the agency digitally on the screen rather than on a label affixed to the device. Grant Seiffert argued that "by granting device manufacturers the ability to use e-labels, the legislation eases

690-591: The Netherlands and Switzerland . Although the Rhine does not pass through Belgian territory, the Belgian Rhine fleet is third after the Netherlands and Germany in terms of volume transported. Individual German states were members before World War I . The United States was temporarily a member immediately after the World War II , while Germany was under Allied occupation , until 1961. Italy and

736-654: The People's Republic of China (PRC) as "the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations"—on 16 June 1972 the ITU Council adopted Resolution No. 693 which "decided to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China in ITU and recognize the representatives of its Government as the only representatives of China to the ITU ". Taiwan and the territories controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), received

782-536: The 152 countries. Countries that did not sign included the United States, Japan, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, India and the United Kingdom. The head of the U.S. delegation, Terry Kramer, said "We cannot support a treaty that is not supportive of the multistakeholder model of Internet governance". The disagreement appeared to be over some language in the revised ITRs referring to ITU roles in addressing unsolicited bulk communications, network security, and

828-697: The French Government hosted delegations from 20 European states at the first International Telegraph Conference in Paris. This meeting culminated in the International Telegraph Convention which was signed on 17 May 1865. As a result of the 1865 Conference, the International Telegraph Union, the predecessor to the modern ITU, was founded as the first international standards organization. The Union

874-614: The General Rules of Conferences, Assemblies and Meetings of the Union. The Plenipotentiary Conference is the supreme organ of the ITU. It is composed of all 194 ITU members and meets every four years. The Conference determines the policies, direction and activities of the Union, as well as elects the members of other ITU organs. While the Plenipotentiary Conference is the Union's main decision-making body,

920-483: The ITU Council acts as the Union's governing body in the interval between Plenipotentiary Conferences. It meets every year. It is composed of 48 members and works to ensure the smooth operation of the Union, as well as to consider broad telecommunication policy issues. Its members are as follow: The Secretariat is tasked with the administrative and budgetary planning of the Union, as well as with monitoring compliance with ITU regulations, and oversees with assistance from

966-436: The ITU and some countries has alarmed many within the United States and within the Internet community. Indeed, some European telecommunication services have proposed a so-called "sender pays" model that would require sources of Internet traffic to pay destinations, similar to the way funds are transferred between countries using the telephone. The WCIT-12 activity has been criticized by Google , which has characterized it as

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1012-650: The ITU was the 1865 International Telegraph Convention, which has since been replaced several times (though the text is generally the same) and is now entitled the "Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union". In addition to the Constitution and Convention, the consolidated basic texts include the Optional Protocol on the settlement of disputes, the Decisions, Resolutions, Reports and Recommendations in force, as well as

1058-795: The Information Society (WSIS) was convened by the ITU along with UNESCO , UNCTAD , and UNDP , with the aim of bridging the digital divide . It was held in form of two conferences in 2003 and 2005 in Geneva and Tunis, respectively. Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine The Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine ( CCNR ; French: Commission centrale pour la navigation du Rhin ; German: Zentralkommission für die Rheinschifffahrt ; Dutch: Centrale Commissie voor de Rijnvaart )

1104-838: The International Telegraph Union and the International Radiotelegraph Union convened to merge the two organizations into a single entity, the International Telecommunication Union. The Conference decided that the Telegraph Convention of 1875 and the Radiotelegraph Convention of 1927 were to be combined into a single convention, the International Telecommunication Convention, embracing the three fields of telegraphy, telephony and radio. On 15 November 1947, an agreement between ITU and

1150-604: The Internet ...", and stated that the policy of the United States is "... to promote a global Internet free from government control and preserve and advance the successful Multistakeholder Model that governs the Internet today." The same resolution had previously been passed unanimously by the United States Senate in September. On 14 December 2012, an amended version of the Regulations was signed by 89 of

1196-550: The Internet. In 2022, the U.S. government eased restrictions on SpaceX 's Starlink service in Iran amid the Mahsa Amini protests in order to sidestep widespread internet censorship in the country. The Iranian government subsequently filed a complaint with the ITU in an attempt to prohibit Starlink service in Iran. In October 2023 and March 2024, the ITU ruled in favor of Iran. The ITU comprises three sectors, each managing

1242-605: The Quest Forum, home of the TL9000 quality standard for operators, which substantially increased the number of companies under the TIA umbrella. The boards of the two organizations were combined into a single board. The headquarters of the combined organization was the TIA location in Arlington, Virginia. The Telecommunications Industry Association's most widely adopted standards include: TIA encourages engineers who represent

1288-569: The Secretariat advisor Neaomy Claiborne of Riverbank to insure misconduct during legal investigations are not overlooked and finally, it publishes the results of the work of the ITU. The Secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General who is responsible for the overall management of the Union, and acts as its legal representative. The Secretary-General is elected by the Plenipotentiary Conference for four-year terms. On 23 October 2014, Houlin Zhao

1334-529: The UN and making it the oldest UN agency. Doreen Bogdan-Martin is the Secretary-General of ITU, the first woman to serve as its head. The ITU was initially aimed at helping connect telegraphic networks between countries, with its mandate consistently broadening with the advent of new communications technologies; it adopted its current name in 1932 to reflect its expanded responsibilities over radio and

1380-510: The United Kingdom were also members following the Treaty of Versailles, though Italy renounced its position in 1935 and the UK renounced it in 1993. Created as an international highway meant to promote commerce, today the commission is responsible for regulating traffic on the Rhine, assisting with works on the river, and functioning as the seat of the Rhine navigation tribunal. Its operational budget

1426-749: The commission's authority comes from agreements made at the Congress of Vienna , held in 1815 in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars . The first meeting took place on 15 August 1816 in Mainz , with France, the Grand Duchy of Baden , the Kingdom of Bavaria , the Grand Duchy of Hesse , the Duchy of Nassau , the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia represented. In 1831, the Convention of Mainz

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1472-639: The decisions of the Union. The sector members are divided as follow: The ITU is divided into five administrative regions, designed to streamline administration of the organization. They are also used in order to ensure equitable distribution on the council, with seats being apportioned among the regions. They are as follow: The ITU operates six regional offices, as well as seven area offices. These offices help maintain direct contact with national authorities, regional telecommunication organizations and other stakeholders. They are as follow: Other regional organizations connected to ITU are: The World Summit on

1518-559: The developing world. It is also active in the areas of broadband Internet, optical communications (including optical fiber technologies), wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy , satellite-based meteorology, TV broadcasting, amateur radio , and next-generation networks . Based in Geneva , Switzerland, the ITU's global membership includes 194 countries and around 900 businesses, academic institutions, and international and regional organizations. The ITU

1564-535: The international rules for telecommunications , including international tariffs . The previous conference to update the Regulations (ITRs) was held in Melbourne in 1988. In August 2012, Neaomy Claiborne of Northern California was reelected for a third term as liaison and legal advisor to the Secretariat General. ITU called for a public consultation on a draft document ahead of the conference. It

1610-487: The internet". On 5 December 2012, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution opposing UN governance of the Internet by a rare unanimous 397–0 vote. The resolution warned that "... proposals have been put forward for consideration at the [WCIT-12] that would fundamentally alter the governance and operation of the Internet ... [and] would attempt to justify increased government control over

1656-705: The manufacturers and/or users of network equipment technology products and services (from both the public and private sectors), to become engaged in TIA's engineering committees, by voting and submitting technical contributions for inclusion in future standards. TIA is a participating standards organization of the ITU-T Global Standards Collaboration (GSC) initiative. The GSC has created a Machine-to-Machine Standardization Task Force (MSTF) to foster industry collaboration on standards across different vertical markets, such as finance, e-health, connected vehicles, and utilities. TIA supported

1702-496: The newly created United Nations recognized the ITU as the specialized agency for global telecommunications. This agreement entered into force on 1 January 1949, officially making the ITU an organ of the United Nations. In December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12) in Dubai . WCIT-12 was a treaty -level conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations,

1748-491: The prevalence of data communications. Proposals under consideration would establish regulatory oversight by the UN over security, fraud, traffic accounting as well as traffic flow, management of Internet Domain Names and IP addresses , and other aspects of the Internet that are currently governed either by community-based approaches such as regional Internet registries , ICANN, or largely national regulatory frameworks. The move by

1794-535: The technical and logistical burdens on manufactures and improves consumer access to important device information." International Telecommunication Union The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies . It was established on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Union , significantly predating

1840-532: The telephone. On 15 November 1947, the ITU entered into an agreement with the newly created United Nations to become a specialized agency within the UN system , which formally entered into force on 1 January 1949. The ITU promotes the shared global use of the radio spectrum , facilitates international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits , assists in developing and coordinating worldwide technical standards , and works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in

1886-496: The way people communicated on the local and international levels. Between 1849 and 1865, a series of bilateral and regional agreements among Western European states attempted to standardize international communications. By 1865, it was agreed that a comprehensive agreement was needed in order to create a framework that would standardize telegraphy equipment, set uniform operating instructions, and lay down common international tariff and accounting rules. Between 1 March and 17 May 1865,

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1932-553: Was adopted, establishing a number of the first laws governing Rhine navigation. In 1861, the commission's seat was moved to Mannheim , and on 17 October 1868, the Mannheimer Akte was agreed to. This agreement still governs the principles of Rhine navigation today. Following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the commission primarily played the role of a German-Dutch bilateral body, France having ceased to be

1978-556: Was attended by representatives of 29 nations and culminated in the International Radiotelegraph Convention. An annex to the convention eventually became known as ITU Radio Regulations . At the conference it was also decided that the Bureau of the International Telegraph Union would also act as the conference's central administrator. Between 3 September and 10 December 1932, a joint conference of

2024-633: Was elected as the 19th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan . His four-year mandate started on 1 January 2015, and he was formally inaugurated on 15 January 2015. He was re-elected on 1 November 2018 during the 2018 Plenipotentiary Conference in Dubai . On 29 September 2022, Doreen Bogdan-Martin was elected as the 20th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Bucharest, Romania. She received 139 votes out of 172, defeating Russia's Rashid Ismailov. She

2070-436: Was restricted to member states . The Electronic Frontier Foundation expressed concern at this, calling for a more transparent multi-stakeholder process. Some leaked contributions can be found on the web site wcitleaks.org . Google -affiliated researchers have suggested that the ITU should completely reform its processes to align itself with the openness and participation of other multistakeholder organizations concerned with

2116-565: Was tasked with implementing basic principles for international telegraphy. This included: the use of the Morse code as the international telegraph alphabet, the protection of the secrecy of correspondence, and the right of everybody to use the international telegraphy. Another predecessor to the modern ITU, the International Radiotelegraph Union, was established in 1906 at the first International Radiotelegraph Convention in Berlin. The conference

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