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76-544: Temelín Nuclear Power Station ( Czech : Jaderná elektrárna Temelín , abbreviation ETE ) is a nuclear power plant in Temelín , Czech Republic. It is owned by ČEZ Group , which employs 1,000 workers at the site. The adjacent castle Vysoký Hrádek serves as an information centre. In 2003, the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant, with its 2,180 MW of installed capacity, became the largest power resource in

152-443: A 1999 opinion poll, 47% of Czech citizens were in favour and 53% against nuclear power development, a fall from 1994. In subsequent years, the same poll showed 63% in favour and 37% against in 2000 and 58% in favour and 42% against in 2001. In September and October 2000, Austrian anti-nuclear protesters demonstrated against the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant and at one stage temporarily blocked all 26 border crossings between Austria and

228-424: A comparison of flow machines with different dimensions and boundary conditions. Hydro electric - Hydro-electric turbomachinery uses potential energy stored in water to flow over an open impeller to turn a generator which creates electricity Steam turbines - Steam turbines used in power generation come in many different variations. The overall principle is high pressure steam is forced over blades attached to

304-445: A continuously moving stream of fluid can be called a turbomachine. Elaborating, a turbomachine is a power or heat generating machine which employs the dynamic action of a rotating element, the rotor; the action of the rotor changes the energy level of the continuously flowing fluid through the machine. Turbines, compressors and fans are all members of this family of machines. In contrast to positive displacement machines (particularly of

380-551: A dead stop to full power in minutes (Kayadelen, 2013), and are much smaller for a given amount of power. Water jet - Essentially a water jet drive is like an aircraft turbojet with the difference that the operating fluid is water instead of air. Water jets are best suited to fast vessels and are thus used often by the military. Water jet propulsion has many advantages over other forms of marine propulsion, such as stern drives , outboard motors , shafted propellers and surface drives . Turbochargers - Turbochargers are one of

456-635: A distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak. With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century, Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the 15th through 17th centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non- Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts and advocated

532-506: A dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota . As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, after Turkish and before Swedish ). Standard Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes , and three diphthongs. The vowels are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/ , and their long counterparts /aː/, /ɛː/, /iː/, /oː/ and /uː/ . The diphthongs are /ou̯/, /au̯/ and /ɛu̯/ ;

608-536: A housing or casing. Turbomachines are also categorized according to the type of flow. When the flow is parallel to the axis of rotation , they are called axial flow machines, and when flow is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, they are referred to as radial (or centrifugal) flow machines. There is also a third category, called mixed flow machines, where both radial and axial flow velocity components are present. Turbomachines may be further classified into two additional categories: those that absorb energy to increase

684-571: A more-restricted distinction between "hard" and "soft" consonants (see Phonology below). The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as "early Old Czech", but the term "Medieval Czech" is also used. The function of the written language was initially performed by Old Slavonic written in Glagolitic , later by Latin written in Latin script . Around

760-514: A realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, í in place of the former j and j in place of g ), the use of t (rather than ti ) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether

836-471: A rotor to a fluid, usually a liquid, while turbines and compressors usually work with a gas. The first turbomachines could be identified as water wheels , which appeared between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE in the Mediterranean region. These were used throughout the medieval period and began the first Industrial Revolution . When steam power started to be used, as the first power source driven by

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912-402: A shaft, which turns a generator. As the steam travels through the turbine, it passes through smaller blades causing the shaft to spin faster, creating more electricity. Gas turbines - Gas turbines work much like steam turbines. Air is forced in through a series of blades that turn a shaft. Then fuel is mixed with the air and causes a combustion reaction, increasing the power. This then causes

988-489: A slow rise from low to high, quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase. In modern Czech syntax, adjectives precede nouns, with few exceptions. Relative clauses are introduced by relativizers such as the adjective který , analogous to the English relative pronouns "which", "that" and "who"/"whom". As with other adjectives, it agrees with its associated noun in gender, number and case. Relative clauses follow

1064-474: A verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot can contain a subject or object, a main form of a verb, an adverb, or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a , "and", i , "and even" or ale , "but"). Czech syntax has a subject–verb–object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order

1140-636: Is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. This branch includes Polish , Kashubian , Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak . Slovak is the most closely related language to Czech, followed by Polish and Silesian . The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe. Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by

1216-634: Is a recognized minority language in Slovakia, Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language in the same way that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic also do. Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in

1292-422: Is also relevant to the declension patterns of nouns, which vary according to whether the final consonant of the noun stem is hard or soft. Voiced consonants with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word before a pause, and in consonant clusters voicing assimilation occurs, which matches voicing to the following consonant. The unvoiced counterpart of /ɦ/ is /x/. The phoneme represented by

1368-411: Is an example of a mixed-flow turbine. Turbomachines can finally be classified on the relative magnitude of the pressure changes that take place across a stage: Impulse Turbomachines operate by accelerating and changing the flow direction of fluid through a stationary nozzle (the stator blade) onto the rotor blade. The nozzle serves to change the incoming pressure into velocity, the enthalpy of

1444-453: Is an example of an axial flow turbine. In the figure: Radial flow turbomachines - When the path of the throughflow is wholly or mainly in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, the device is termed a radial flow turbomachine. Therefore, the change of radius between the entry and the exit is finite. A radial turbomachine can be inward or outward flow type depending on the purpose that needs to be served. The outward flow type increases

1520-432: Is flexible and used to distinguish topic and focus , with the topic or theme (known referents) preceding the focus or rheme (new information) in a sentence; Czech has therefore been described as a topic-prominent language . Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), in colloquial style, word-order changes frequently replace the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul

1596-399: Is needed to contain the working fluid. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. Most turbomachines use a combination of impulse and reaction in their design, often with impulse and reaction parts on the same blade. The following dimensionless ratios are often used for the characterisation of fluid machines. They allow

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1672-692: Is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages . The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent). Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities. Since it

1748-575: Is realized as its voiceless allophone [r̝̊], a sound somewhere between Czech r and š . The consonants /r/, /l/, and /m/ can be syllabic , acting as syllable nuclei in place of a vowel. Strč prst skrz krk ("Stick [your] finger through [your] throat") is a well-known Czech tongue twister using syllabic consonants but no vowels. Each word has primary stress on its first syllable , except for enclitics (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress

1824-499: Is unrelated to vowel length; both long and short vowels can be stressed or unstressed. Vowels are never reduced in tone (e.g. to schwa sounds) when unstressed. When a noun is preceded by a monosyllabic preposition, the stress usually moves to the preposition, e.g. do Prahy "to Prague". Czech grammar, like that of other Slavic languages, is fusional ; its nouns, verbs, and adjectives are inflected by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions, and

1900-733: The Kralice Bible between 1579 and 1593 (the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries as it was used as a model for the standard language. In 1615, the Bohemian diet tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom. After the Bohemian Revolt (of predominantly Protestant aristocracy) which

1976-622: The Leskovec-Dresden Bible , also dates to this period. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were also produced outside universities. Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the Bohemian Reformation . Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography , advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after

2052-421: The fluid pressure , i.e. pumps , fans , and compressors , and those that produce energy such as turbines by expanding flow to lower pressures. Of particular interest are applications which contain pumps, fans, compressors and turbines. These components are essential in almost all mechanical equipment systems, such as power and refrigeration cycles . Any device that extracts energy from or imparts energy to

2128-742: The high medieval period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later 18th to mid-19th century, the modern written standard became codified in the context of the Czech National Revival . The most widely spoken non-standard variety , known as Common Czech, is based on the vernacular of Prague , but is now spoken as an interdialect throughout most of Bohemia . The Moravian dialects spoken in Moravia and Czech Silesia are considerably more varied than

2204-406: The voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable. The Bohemian (Czech) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the late 13th and early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century. The first complete Bible translation ,

2280-664: The 1880s. Gas turbines appeared in the 1930s. The first impulse type turbine was created by Carl Gustaf de Laval in 1883. This was closely followed by the first practical reaction type turbine in 1884, built by Charles Parsons . Parsons’ first design was a multi-stage axial-flow unit, which George Westinghouse acquired and began manufacturing in 1895, while General Electric acquired de Laval's designs in 1897. Since then, development has skyrocketed from Parsons’ early design, producing 0.746 kW, to modern nuclear steam turbines producing upwards of 1500 MW. Furthermore, steam turbines accounted for roughly 45% of electrical power generated in

2356-528: The 7th century, the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe, settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire . The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century. The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries. The diversification of the Czech-Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time, marked among other things by its use of

Temelín Nuclear Power Station - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-525: The Czech Republic and the largest source of zero-emission electricity generation by far. Planning for the Temelín Nuclear Power Station began in the late 1970s, and the final project was submitted in 1985. Construction of four operating units began in 1987. The project was expected to be completed in 1991, with estimated building costs of 35 billion CSK . Six villages were demolished by the then- Communist government to make way for

2508-453: The Czech Republic. As a result of cost overruns, political changes, and design changes to the plant, reactor 1 began commercial operations in June 2002, and reactor 2 on 18 April 2003. As of 2023, the two reactors had produced 272 TWh, or 272.000.000.000 kWh of electricity, with no CO2 emissions. Assuming a price level of CZK 2 per kWh, this amounted to 544 billion CZK. As the initial investment

2584-444: The United States in 2021. Then the first functioning industrial gas turbines were used in the late 1890s to power street lights (Meher-Homji, 2000). In general, the two kinds of turbomachines encountered in practice are open and closed turbomachines. Open machines such as propellers , windmills , and unshrouded fans act on an infinite extent of fluid, whereas closed machines operate on a finite quantity of fluid as it passes through

2660-439: The basis of the nature of the flow path through the passage of the rotor: Axial flow turbomachines - When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of rotation, the device is termed an axial flow turbomachine. The radial component of the fluid velocity is negligible. Since there is no change in the direction of the fluid, several axial stages can be used to increase power output. A Kaplan turbine

2736-871: The blade to move, spinning a shaft and creating electricity. It is most like a steam turbine, but works with an infinite supply of wind. Steam turbine - Steam turbines in marine applications are very similar to those in power generation. The few differences between them are size and power output. Steam turbines on ships are much smaller because they don't need to power a whole town. They aren't very common because of their high initial cost, high specific fuel consumption, and expensive machinery that goes with it. Gas turbines - Gas turbines in marine applications are becoming more popular due to their smaller size, increased efficiency, and ability to burn cleaner fuels. They run just like gas turbines for power generation, but are also much smaller and do require more machinery for propulsion. They are most popular in naval ships as they can be at

2812-489: The combustion of a fuel rather than renewable natural power sources, this was as reciprocating engines . Primitive turbines and conceptual designs for them, such as the smoke jack , appeared intermittently but the temperatures and pressures required for a practically efficient turbine exceeded the manufacturing technology of the time. The first patent for gas turbines were filed in 1791 by John Barber . Practical hydroelectric water turbines and steam turbines did not appear until

2888-425: The combustion of a portion of the propellants, or even the heating of cryogenic propellants run through coolant jackets in the combustion chamber's walls. Many types of dynamic continuous flow turbomachinery exist. Below is a partial list of these types. What is notable about these turbomachines is that the same fundamentals apply to all. Certainly there are significant differences between these machines and between

2964-434: The conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use. Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech (a widespread informal interdialectal variety), such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined. This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of

3040-433: The construction of low-emission power plants following discussions in the EU. The ČEZ CEO stated: While originally the project was fully economically feasible given the market price of electricity and other factors, today all investments into power plants, whose revenues depend on sales of electricity in the free market, are threatened. In 2021, Westinghouse was contracted to upgrade the instrumentation and control systems of

3116-415: The construction of two new nuclear reactor units for Temelín-3 and Temelín-4, both of which being MIR-1200 (Modernised International Reactor). ZAT would supply automated systems for the plant, Hochtief CZ would be responsible for construction of the nuclear island, and UJV Rez would help compile project documentation for the nuclear and turbine islands and also create working documentation for construction of

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3192-427: The dialects of Bohemia. Czech has a moderately-sized phoneme inventory, comprising ten monophthongs , three diphthongs and 25 consonants (divided into "hard", "neutral" and "soft" categories). Words may contain complicated consonant clusters or lack vowels altogether. Czech has a raised alveolar trill , which is known to occur as a phoneme in only a few other languages, represented by the grapheme ř . Czech

3268-405: The easily separable affixes characteristic of agglutinative languages are limited. Czech inflects for case, gender and number in nouns and tense, aspect, mood , person and subject number and gender in verbs. Parts of speech include adjectives, adverbs , numbers, interrogative words , prepositions , conjunctions and interjections . Adverbs are primarily formed from adjectives by taking

3344-442: The energy level of the fluid and vice versa. Due to continuous change in direction, several radial stages are generally not used. A centrifugal pump is an example of a radial flow turbomachine. Mixed flow turbomachines – When axial and radial flow are both present and neither is negligible, the device is termed a mixed flow turbomachine. It combines flow and force components of both radial and axial types. A Francis turbine

3420-477: The final ý or í of the base form and replacing it with e , ě , y , or o . Negative statements are formed by adding the affix ne- to the main verb of a clause, with one exception: je (he, she or it is) becomes není . Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order , as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language , in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only

3496-464: The flow of fluid through aerofoil shaped rotor and stator blades. The velocity of the fluid through the sets of blades increases slightly (as with a nozzle) as it passes from rotor to stator and vice versa. The velocity of the fluid then decreases again once it has passed between the gap. Pressure and enthalpy consistently decrease through the sets of blades. Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. A pressure casement

3572-460: The fluid decreases as the velocity increases. Pressure and enthalpy drop over the rotor blades is minimal. Velocity will decrease over the rotor. Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy. Impulse turbomachines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blading on the rotor. A Pelton wheel is an impulse design. Reaction Turbomachines operate by reacting to

3648-425: The importance of EU enlargement and agreed that the free movement of goods and people must be preserved (this clause was a response to the blockade of Czech–Austrian border crossings by Austrian anti-nuclear activists). The protocol is not legally binding. In 2013, the reactors were uprated from 3,000 MW thermal output to 3,120 MW, bringing the total output to 1,003 MWe net and 1,056 MWe gross. In 2015, turbomachinery

3724-494: The language. Czech is spoken by about 10 million residents of the Czech Republic . A Eurobarometer survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech, the third-highest proportion of a population in the European Union (behind Greece and Hungary ). As the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), Czech

3800-844: The last two are found only in loanwords such as auto "car" and euro "euro". In Czech orthography, the vowels are spelled as follows: The letter ⟨ ě ⟩ indicates that the previous consonant is palatalized (e.g. něco /ɲɛt͡so/ ). After a labial it represents /jɛ/ (e.g. běs /bjɛs/ ); but ⟨mě⟩ is pronounced /mɲɛ/, cf. měkký ( /mɲɛkiː/ ). The consonant phonemes of Czech and their equivalent letters in Czech orthography are as follows: Czech consonants are categorized as "hard", "neutral", or "soft": Hard consonants may not be followed by i or í in writing, or soft ones by y or ý (except in loanwords such as kilogram ). Neutral consonants may take either character. Hard consonants are sometimes known as "strong", and soft ones as "weak". This distinction

3876-504: The letter ř (capital Ř ) is very rare among languages and often claimed to be unique to Czech, though it also occurs in some dialects of Kashubian , and formerly occurred in Polish. It represents the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill ( IPA : [r̝] ), a sound somewhere between Czech r and ž (example: "řeka" (river) ), and is present in Dvořák . In unvoiced environments, /r̝/

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3952-423: The most common gas turbines. Turbopumps - Rocket engines require very high propellant pressures and mass flow rates, meaning their pumps require a lot of power. One of the most common solutions to this issue is to use a turbopump that extracts energy from an energetic fluid flow. The source of this energetic fluid flow could be one or a combination of many things, including the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide,

4028-411: The most popular turbomachines. They are used mainly for adding power to engines by adding more air. It combines both forms of turbomachines. Exhaust gases from the engine spin a bladed wheel, much like a turbine. That wheel then spins another bladed wheel, sucking and compressing outside air into the engine. Superchargers - Superchargers are used for engine-power enhancement as well, but only work off

4104-520: The noun they modify. The following is a glossed example: Chc-i want- 1SG navštív-it visit- INF universit-u, university- SG . ACC , na on kter-ou which- SG . F . ACC chod-í attend- 3SG Turbomachinery These two types of machines are governed by the same basic relationships including Newton's second Law of Motion and Euler's pump and turbine equation for compressible fluids . Centrifugal pumps are also turbomachines that transfer energy from

4180-468: The official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of high mutual intelligibility , as well as to Polish to a lesser degree. Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order . Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German . The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in

4256-475: The participation of European Commissioner Günter Verheugen . The aim of the protocol was to resolve disputes over the Temelín plant, with Austria raising several concerns about its safety and procedures. The Czech Republic committed itself to some above-standard procedures (e.g., notification of events at Temelín to Austria, and a more stringent environmental impact assessment ). Consequently, Austria recognised

4332-637: The plant reached 84% in 2012, with a total record production of 15 TWh. Plans to build all four original reactors were reopened in 2005. However, in 2014, the prospective plans were cancelled. In 2007, planning was suspended because the incoming government agreed not to promote nuclear energy. However, in July 2008, ČEZ requested the Ministry of the Environment conduct an environmental impact assessment for two additional reactors. In 2009, regional approval

4408-406: The plant. A statement said the consortium was aiming for a "localisation level" of 75 percent. The other running project for the contract was Westinghouse, with its AP1000 reactor. The winner of the contract was scheduled to be announced at the end of 2013. In April 2014, ČEZ cancelled the project after the Czech government stated it did not plan to provide guarantees or other mechanisms to support

4484-526: The power plant in a nine-year project. Czech language Czech ( / tʃ ɛ k / CHEK ; endonym : čeština [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] ), historically also known as Bohemian ( / b oʊ ˈ h iː m i ə n , b ə -/ boh- HEE -mee-ən, bə- ; Latin : lingua Bohemica ), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group , written in Latin script . Spoken by over 12 million people including second language speakers, it serves as

4560-613: The power station. After the Velvet Revolution in 1990, the Czechoslovak government decided to cease construction of the third and fourth reactors; work continued on the first two reactors, however. In the 1990s, alterations to the original design were made by Westinghouse , in conjunction with SUJB and the IAEA , to bring reliability and safety levels into conformance with Western European standards. The standards audit

4636-527: The presence of the bidders— Areva ; a consortium of the Westinghouse Electric Company ; and a consortium of ŠKODA JS , Atomstroyexport , and Gidropress . In October 2012, Areva's bid was excluded from further evaluation, as they had not met statutory requirements. In March 2013, a Russian-led consortium, comprising Atomstroyexport, Gidropress, and Škoda , signed contracts with the Czech companies ZAT, Hochtief CZ , and UJV Rez, for

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4712-462: The principle of compression. They use the mechanical power from the engine to spin a screw or vane, some way to suck in and compress the air into the engine. Pumps - Pumps are another very popular turbomachine. Although there are very many different types of pumps, they all do the same thing. Pumps are used to move fluids around using some sort of mechanical power, from electric motors to full size diesel engines. Pumps have thousands of uses, and are

4788-399: The reciprocating type which are low speed machines based on the mechanical and volumetric efficiency considerations), the majority of turbomachines run at comparatively higher speeds without any mechanical problems and volumetric efficiency close to one hundred percent. Turbomachines can be categorized on the basis of the direction of energy conversion: Turbomachines can be categorized on

4864-582: The return of the language to high culture . This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renaissance). During the national revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache ('Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language'). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive , and did not think Czech had

4940-447: The shaft to spin faster, creating more electricity. Windmills - Also known as a wind turbine , windmills are increasing in popularity for their ability to efficiently use the wind to generate electricity. Although they come in many shapes and sizes, the most common one is the large three-blade. The blades work on the same principle as an airplane wing . As wind passes over the blades, it creates an area of low and high pressure, causing

5016-441: The spoken language. There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century. In the 16th century, the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent, marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics, especially Slovak Jesuits, beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on Western Slovak dialects. The publication of

5092-465: The states of Texas , Nebraska and Wisconsin . In the 2000 United States Census , Czech was reported as the most common language spoken at home (besides English ) in Valley , Butler and Saunders Counties , Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas . With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most common home language in more than

5168-427: The true basis to turbomachinery (Škorpík, 2017). Air compressors - Air compressors are another very popular turbomachine. They work on the principle of compression by sucking in and compressing air into a holding tank. Air compressors are one of the most basic turbomachines. Fans - Fans are the most general type of turbomachines. Gas turbines - Aerospace gas turbines, more commonly known as jet engines, are

5244-424: The upper classes. Modern standard Czech originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period contain no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. At some point before the 18th century, the Czech language abandoned

5320-536: Was CZK 100 billion, the plant had turned a profit. In 2022 alone, the operators of the plant earned CZK 80 billion, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting energy crisis. The Melk Protocol, signed on 12 December 2000 in Melk , Austria, is the result of negotiations between the Czech and Austrian governments, led by Czech prime minister Miloš Zeman and Austrian chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel , with

5396-497: Was carried out by Halliburton NUS . As part of the alterations, information and control systems were added, electrical modifications carried out, and cabling, reactor core, and fuel elements were replaced. In 1993, the Czech government decided to complete the plant in the face of delays and cost overruns , with expected completion at the time estimated for 1997. In 1994, an opinion poll reported that 68% of Czech citizens were in favour of nuclear power development. By 1998, construction

5472-686: Was defeated by the Habsburgs in 1620, the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country. This emigration together with other consequences of the Thirty Years' War had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language. In 1627, Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia, especially among

5548-471: Was granted for the new build. In August 2009, ČEZ sought bids for two pressurized water reactors . Shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accident , prime minister Petr Nečas announced that the construction of new reactors would continue according to original plans but with the tender selection delayed until 2013. In July 2012, ČEZ opened public-contract bids for completing the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant in

5624-529: Was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted: Petr zabil Pavla ("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" ( Pavla zabil Petr ). Pavla is in the accusative case , the grammatical object of the verb. A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized, unless an upward intonation indicates that the sentence is a question: In parts of Bohemia (including Prague ), questions such as Jí pes bagetu? without an interrogative word (such as co , "what" or kdo , "who") are intoned in

5700-413: Was still not completed, and costs reached 71 billion CZK. The Czech government again reconsidered completion of the plant. In 1999, the decision was made to continue, projecting completion to 2000, with a maximum cost of 98.6 CZK billion. The project was controversial; national and international (mainly Austrian) opposition was stronger than in the early 1990s, and public opinion on the project fluctuated. In

5776-494: Was updated, bringing total output to the current 1,026 MWe net and 1,080 MWe gross. IAEA data show that reactor 1 reaches a cumulative operating factor of about 63%, and reactor 2 of about 76%. The cumulative operating factor figures for Temelín NPP reactors are lower than the figures of similar reactors operated in Russia, where it is around 80–87%. ČEZ has increased the operating factor as well as production in recent years, and

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