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130-586: Tengzhou was likely the birthplace of the philosopher Mozi , and the city hosts the Mozi Memorial Hall ( simplified Chinese : 墨子纪念馆 ; traditional Chinese : 墨子紀念館 ) to commemorate him. The mayor of Tengzhou is Liu Wenqiang , and the Tengzhou Party Committee Secretary is Shao Shiguan . Tengzhou has an area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi), and a population of 1,756,300 as of 2019. As of

260-531: A black market trade in contraceptives, smuggled in from neighbouring Thailand. In 1990, five years after the Iraq-Iran war ended, Iran saw the fastest recorded fall in fertility in world history. Revolution gave way to consumerism and westernization. With TVs and cars came condoms and birth control pills. A generation of women had been expected to produce soldiers to fight Iraq, but the next generation of women could choose to enjoy some newfound luxuries. During

390-400: A census , and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. The birth rate (along with mortality and migration rates) is used to calculate population growth . The estimated average population may be taken as the mid-year population. When the crude death rate is subtracted from the crude birth rate (CBR), the result is the rate of natural increase (RNI). This is equal to

520-702: A 27.4% drop in live pigs from 2018 to 2019. The city slaughtered 27.08 million heads of poultry in 2019, a 5.7% increase from the previous year. Tengzhou's aquaculture output totaled 41.2 thousand tons in 2019, a decline of 8.9% from the previous year. As of 2019, Tengzhou had 254 industrial enterprises above designated size. The value added of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 3.2% from 2019, with light industry increasing 1.3%, and heavy industry increasing 3.8%. Major industries in Tengzhou include chemicals, minerals, petroleum, coal, food processing, Chinese medicine, electronic components, and cement. In

650-573: A Mohist in a debate with Mencius (in the Mengzi ), where the Mohist argued, in relation to carrying out universal love, that "we begin with what is near." Also, in the first chapter in the Mozi on the topic of universal love, Mozi argued that the best way of being filial to one's parents is to be filial to the parents of others. The foundational principle was therefore that benevolence, as well as malevolence,

780-513: A correlation between economic difficulties and fertility decline by race and ethnicity. Hispanics (particularly affected by the recession) have experienced the largest fertility decline, particularly compared to Caucasians. In 2008–2009 the birth rate declined 5.9 percent for Hispanic women, 2.4 percent for African American women and 1.6 percent for white women. The relatively large birth rate declines among Hispanics mirror their relatively large economic declines, in terms of jobs and wealth. According to

910-492: A country undergoes economic development and social change its population growth declines, with birth rates serving as an indicator. At the 1974 World Population Conference in Bucharest , Romania , women's issues gained considerable attention. Family programs were discussed, and 137 countries drafted a World Population Plan of Action. As part of the discussion, many countries accepted modern birth control methods such as

1040-519: A family-coefficient of income tax ( le quotient familial ). Since the end of World War II, early family policy in France has been based on a family tradition that requires children to support multi-child family, so that a third child enables a multi-child family to benefit from family allowances and income tax exemptions. This is intended to allow families with three children to enjoy the same living standards as households without children. In particular,

1170-519: A general attitude of care towards others. However, this does not require that we renounce all forms of special relationships we have with our families and friends. In fact, the Mohists introduce the problem that universal love is meant to solve by lamenting the fact that fathers and sons don't care for each other, and so must instead adopt an attitude of universal love. Conversely, the Mohists hope, when people adopt an attitude of universal love, society as

1300-415: A lesser degree) increased male age . Many of these factors however are not universal, and differ by region and social class. For instance, at a global level, religion is correlated with increased fertility. Reproductive health can also affect the birth rate, as untreated infections can lead to fertility problems, as can be seen in the "infertility belt" - a region that stretches across central Africa from

1430-649: A life of asceticism and self-restraint, renouncing both material and spiritual extravagance. Like Confucius, Mozi idealized the Xia dynasty and the ancients of Chinese mythology , but he also criticized the Confucian belief that modern life should be patterned on the ways of the ancients. Mozi argued that what is thought of as "ancient" was actually innovative in its time, and thus should not be used to hinder present-day innovation . Though Mozi did not believe that history necessarily progresses, as did Han Fei Zi , he shared

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1560-587: A lower birth rate than underdeveloped countries (see Income and fertility ). A parent's number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that each person in the next generation will eventually have. Factors generally associated with increased fertility include religiosity , intention to have children, and maternal support. Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include wealth , education, female labor participation , urban residence, intelligence , increased female age , women's rights, access to family planning services and (to

1690-422: A morally consistent universe. Heaven, it is argued, is the ultimate moral standard, while ghosts and spirits serve as Heaven's enforcers. Both doctrines, when adopted, promote societal benefit both by enabling people to rely upon an objective standard to guide their actions (namely, Heaven), and by acting as a sort of cosmic authority capable of enacting rewards and punishments. Mozi's condemnation of music rests on

1820-422: A notion that philosophers in other schools found absurd, as they interpreted this notion as implying no special amount of care or duty towards one's parents and family. Overlooked by those critics, however, was a passage in the chapter on "Self-Cultivation" which stated, "When people near-by are not befriended, there is no use endeavoring to attract those at a distance." This point was also precisely articulated by

1950-627: A one-son policy. In many countries, the steady decline in birth rates over the past decades can largely be attributed to the significant gains in women's freedoms, such as tackling forced marriage and child marriage , access to contraception , equal access to education, and increased socioeconomic opportunities. Women of all economic, social, religious and educational persuasions are choosing to have fewer children as they are gaining more control over their own reproductive rights . Apart from more children living into their adult years, women are often more ambitious to take up education and paid work outside

2080-602: A profound influence on the development of classical Chinese philosophy in general. In fact, Mohism was so prominent during the Warring States period that philosophical opponents, including Mencius and some authors of the Daoist anthology, the Zhuangzi , lament the very prevalence and widespread influence of their ideas. In modern times, Mohism has been given a fresh analysis. Sun Yat-Sen used "universal love" as one of

2210-407: A result, society will suffer, and so the doctrine that there is fate ought to be rejected. "Mozi" is also the name of the philosophical anthology written and compiled by followers of Mozi. The text was formed by an accretional process that took place over a period of hundreds of years, beginning perhaps during or shortly after Mozi's lifetime, and lasting until perhaps the early Han dynasty. During

2340-400: A substitute to maternity leave. The payment known as the 'Baby Bonus' was A$ 3000 per child. This rose to A$ 5000 which was paid in 13 installments. At a time when Australia's unemployment was at a 28-year low of 5.2%, the then Treasurer Peter Costello stated there was opportunity to go lower. With a good economic outlook for Australia, Costello held the view that now was a good time to expand

2470-529: A whole will benefit. Dovetailing with this idea is that of condemning aggression. The main targets of this doctrine are undoubtedly the rulers of the various warring states in China, who regularly embarked on expansionist military campaigns in order to increase their territory, power, and influence. However, such campaigns were enormously taxing on the population, disrupting regular farming cycles by conscripting able-bodied people for these military ends. Additionally,

2600-452: Is a collection, exhibition, research, and exchange in one of the cultural and boogey units, the main collection of Mr. Wang Xuezhong's calligraphy, Chinese painting, oil painting, watercolor paintings created over the years. Longshan Scenic Area – with Longshan Mountain as the main body, it belongs to Taiyishan Mountain Range together with Taishan Mountain and Yishan Mountain.In the north, it

2730-702: Is a famous tourist attraction in Zaozhuang, and Wengong Ancient Platform is one of the "Eight Scenic Spots of Ancient Teng" and one of the top ten scenic spots in Zaozhuang. National Highway 104 runs through the city, as does the Beijing-Fujian Expressway ( Chinese : 京福高速公路 ). The Beijing–Shanghai railway , the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway both run through the city. The city's two ports, Xin'an Port ( Chinese : 辛安港 ) and Tengzhou Port ( Chinese : 滕州港 ) are connected to

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2860-469: Is also famous for his ideas about frugality, such as those concerning moderating expenses and eliminating wasteful ceremonies including music and funerals. A common misconception is that the Mohists eschewed all forms of art, but of course the Mohists' targets are more specifically elaborate, state-sponsored rituals that would place incredible financial burdens upon a mostly peasant population. This can be seen from Xunzi's own arguments against Mozi in book 10 of

2990-606: Is connected with Tai Mountain and Yishan Mountain, and in the east and west, it is adjacent to the scenic spots of Weishan Lake Red Lotus Wetland and Lianqing Mountain."Longling Clear Clouds" is listed as the top of the eight scenic spots in Guteng. Tengguo Old Town – It was the political, economic and cultural center of Tengguo at that time. In the scenic spot, there are mainly Wengong Ancient Platform, Teng Wengong Building, Ancient City Wall, Li Bai Spectacular Stone Carving, Lv Zu Pavilion and other historical landscapes. Tengguo Old Town

3120-502: Is considered a form of consequentialism , according to which the morality of an action, statement, teaching, policy, judgment, and so on, is determined by the consequences that it brings about. In particular, Mozi thought that actions should be measured by the way they contribute to the benefit of all members of society. With this criterion, Mozi denounced things as diverse as offensive warfare, expensive funerals, and even music and dance, which he saw as serving no useful purpose. According to

3250-424: Is home to 1,756,300 people, living in 518,500 households. As of the end of 2022, the resident population of Tengzhou was 1,553,200. The city has about 927,900 males and 828,400 females. The city has a birth rate is 10.65 per thousand, a death rate of 6.15 per thousand, and a rate of natural increase of 4.49 per thousand. In addition to the city's Han Chinese population, 30 ethnic minorities live in Tengzhou,

3380-580: Is only 8.3 per thousand, lower than the UK and France. In Europe as of July 2011, Ireland's birth rate was 16.5 per 1000 (3.5 percent higher than the next-ranked country, the UK). As of 2016, Japan has the third lowest crude birth rate (i.e. not allowing for the population's age distribution) in the world, with only Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Monaco having lower crude birth rates. Japan has an unbalanced population with many elderly but few young people, and this

3510-424: Is projected to be more extreme in the future, unless there are major changes. An increasing number of Japanese people are staying unmarried: between 1980 and 2010, the percentage of the population who had never married increased from 22% to almost 30%, even as the population continued to age, and by 2035 one in four people will not marry during their childbearing years. The Japanese sociologist Masahiro Yamada coined

3640-791: Is requited, and that one would be treated by others as one treats others. Mozi quoted a popular passage from the Book of Odes to bring home this point: "When one throws to me a peach, I return to him a plum." One's parents will be treated by others as one treats the parents of others. Mozi also differentiated between "intention" and "actuality", thereby placing a central importance on the will to love, even though in practice it might very well be impossible to bring benefit to everyone. In addition, Mozi argued that benevolence comes to human beings "as naturally as fire turns upward or water turns downward", provided that persons in positions of authority illustrate benevolence in their own lives. In differentiating between

3770-513: Is some debate over how to understand the consequences Mozi seems most concerned with, and therefore over which kind of consequentialism to ascribe to him. Some believe the best descriptor to be state consequentialism. According to this reading, Mohist ethics makes moral evaluations based on how well the action, statement, etc., in question contributes to the stability of a state. Such state-related goods include social order, material wealth, and population growth. By centering his ethical theory around

3900-652: Is the Way of Heaven", since "Heaven nourishes and sustains all life without regard to status." Mozi's ideal of government, which advocated a meritocracy based on talent rather than background, also followed his idea of Heaven. Mozi opposed the Confucian idea of "Destiny", promoting instead an idea of "anti-fatalism" ( 非命 ). Where the Confucian philosophy held that a person's life, death, wealth, poverty, and social status were entirely dependent upon destiny and therefore could not be changed, Mozi argued that hard work and virtuous acts could change one's position in life. Mohist ethics

4030-418: Is the first to describe the physical principle behind the camera , also known as the camera obscura . Birth rate Birth rate , also known as natality , is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from

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4160-603: Is the largest and most primitive preservation state in East China, with the best wetland landscape and the largest lotus ornamental place in China.It is known as the "Lotus Capital of China". Wang Xuezhong Art Gallery – Inside the hall, there are Strider Garden, Strider Academy, Poetry Monument Gallery, Double Pond Lotus Cui, Stone Bridge Maple Forest, and Academy Corridor.There are exhibition halls, cultural relics exhibition rooms, ancient painting and calligraphy exhibition rooms, lecture halls, data rooms, and reception rooms. It

4290-463: Is the office area of Tengzhou Mozi Research Center of Shandong University. The west courtyard is the office area of Mozi Research Center of Tengzhou City, Shandong University, which is equipped with a gallery of celebrities' inscriptions and a collection of domestic and foreign Mozi research books and materials. Lu Ban Memorial Hall – there are the Hall of Sacred Ancestors, the Hall of Public Ceremonies,

4420-725: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BCE, is the "world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare". Consequentialist theories vary over exactly which consequences are relevant, though they all share the same basic outcome-based structure. With Mozi's overwhelming focus on "benefit" ( 利 , li ) among other ends, and his explicit focus on making moral evaluations in light of them, Mozi's ethics indeed shares this consequentalist structure. For interpreting Mozi, however, there

4550-704: The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal . Tengzhou's special food is spicy chicken, mutton soup, pancakes, vegetable pancakes, spicy soup , Zhang Wang dried salted duck, Wang Kai pork head, and so on. Mozi Mozi , personal name Mo Di , was a Chinese philosopher , logician, and founder of the Mohist school of thought, making him one of the most important figures of the Warring States period ( c.  475  – 221 BCE). Alongside Confucianism , Mohism became

4680-685: The Huainanzi of c.  139 BCE . As Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE), Mohism disappeared almost entirely by the middle of the Western Han period of 202 BCE to 9 CE. Mozi is referenced in the 6th-century CE Thousand Character Classic , which records that he was saddened when he saw the dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity as simplicity and chastity. Most historians believe that Mozi

4810-1794: The Huanghuai Plain , it borders the Taiyi Mountain to the east and Weishan Lake to the west, and has a minimum elevation of 33.5 metres (110 ft), and a maximum elevation of 596.6 metres (1,957 ft). Tengzhou is located in the southern edge of the warm temperate zone, the average temperature of the coldest month is -0.2 °C. Tengzhou experiences an average annual temperature of 13.6 °C (56.5 °F), and an average precipitation of 773.1 millimetres (30.44 in).There are four distinct seasons with abundant rainfall and plenty of light. The county-level city of Tengzhou administers 21 township-level divisions : 5 subdistricts and 16 towns . These township-level divisions then administer 1,226 village-level divisions . The city's 5 subdistricts are Jinghe Subdistrict  [ zh ] , Longquan Subdistrict  [ zh ] , Beixin Subdistrict  [ zh ] , Shannan Subdistrict  [ zh ] , and Dongshahe Subdistrict  [ zh ] . The city's 16 towns are Hongxu  [ zh ] , Nanshahe  [ zh ] , Dawu  [ zh ] , Binhu  [ zh ] , Jisuo  [ zh ] , Xigang  [ zh ] , Jiangtun  [ zh ] , Baogou  [ zh ] , Zhangwang  [ zh ] , Guanqiao  [ zh ] , Chaihudian  [ zh ] , Yangzhuang  [ zh ] , Mushi  [ zh ] , Jiahe  [ zh ] , Longyang  [ zh ] , and Dongguo  [ zh ] . As of 2019, Tengzhou

4940-590: The Jin Dynasty , when it became the Tengyang Prefecture ( simplified Chinese : 滕阳州 ; traditional Chinese : 滕陽州 ). The prefecture was abolished at the start of the Ming Dynasty . From 1945 to 1953, the county changed administration numerous times, before finally becoming Teng County. On March 7, 1988, Teng County became the county-level city of Tengzhou. Tengzhou is Located on

5070-517: The Lunyu ( Analects ) and Mengzi respectively, wherein the thinkers in question are portrayed as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes. (Consider Mengzi's disastrous advice to the King of Qi to invade the state of Yan.) To contrast, Mozi has little if any personality in the text, instead serving only as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy. Mohism, like other schools of thought at

5200-536: The School of Names . Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese ideal of strong attachments to family and clan structures with the concept of "impartial caring" or "universal love" ( 兼愛 , jiān ài ). He argued directly against Confucians, who had philosophized that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, in contrast, argued that people in principle should care for all people equally,

5330-557: The World Health Organization , the country with the highest birth rate is Niger at 6.49 children born per woman and the country with the lowest birth rate is Taiwan, at 1.13 children born per woman. However, despite not having any official records, it can be presumed for obvious reasons (only men are allowed to be Catholic priests) that the Holy See has the lowest birth rate of any sovereign state . Compared with

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5460-540: The Xunzi "Enriching the State," where Xunzi argues against Mozi that prominent displays of wealth on the part of the state is necessary to maintaining social order. Some modern-day supporters for Mozi (as well as Communism) make the claim that Mohism and modern Communism share a lot in terms of ideals for community life. Others would claim that Mohism shares more with the central ideas of Christianity , especially in terms of

5590-757: The birth control pill and the condom while opposing abortion . Population concerns, as well as the desire to include women in the discourse, were discussed; it was agreed that improvements in women's status and initiatives in defense of reproductive health and freedom, the environment, and sustainable socioeconomic development were needed. Birth rates ranging from 10 to 20 births per 1,000 are considered low, while rates from 40 to 50 births per 1,000 are considered high. There are problems associated with high birth rates, and there may be problems associated with low birth rates. High birth rates may contribute to malnutrition and starvation, stress government welfare and family programs, and more importantly store up overpopulation for

5720-539: The 1950s (when the birth rate was 36 per thousand), as of 2011, the world birth rate has declined by 16 per thousand. As of 2017, Niger has had 49.443 births per thousand people. Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world with 8 per thousand people. While in Japan there are 126 million people and in Niger 21 million, both countries had around 1 million babies born in 2016. The region of Sub-Saharan Africa has

5850-723: The 1970s, the focus has been on supporting families who are vulnerable such as single parent families and the children of a poor family in order to ensure equality of opportunity. In addition, as many women began to participate in the labor market, the government introduced policies of financial support for childcare leave as well as childcare facilities. In 1994, the government expanded the parent education allowance ( l'allocation parentale d'éducation ) for women with two children to ensure freedom of choice and reduce formal unemployment in order to promote family well-being and women's labor participation. There are also: The birth rate in Germany

5980-478: The Decree ). These policies temporarily increased birth rates for a few years, but this was followed by a decline due to the increased use of illegal abortion . Ceaușescu's policy resulted in over 9,000 deaths of women due to illegal abortions, large numbers of children put into Romanian orphanages by parents who could not cope with raising them, street children in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and

6110-470: The French income taxation system is structured so that families with children receive tax breaks greater than single adults without children. This income tax imposition system is known as the family coefficient of income tax. A characteristic of the family factor is that households with a large number of children, even if they are at the same standard of living, can receive more tax exemption benefits. Since

6240-538: The Hall of Woodworking Instruments, the Hall of Stone Weapons, the Hall of Weapons, the Hall of Architecture, the Hall of Boats and Bridges, the Hall of Science and Technology Education for Youths, and the Hall of Achievements of Luban's Successors. Weishan Lake Wetland Red Lotus Scenic Area – There are more than 50 attractions in the scenic area, such as Panlong Island, Xiaolizhuang, Aquatic Plant Garden, Wetland Rafting Garden, Lotus Boutique Garden, Wetland Museum and so on. Weishan Lake Wetland Red Lotus Tourist Scenic Area

6370-569: The Han dynasty, as Confucianism came to be the official school of political thought, Mohism gradually lost both its adherents and influence while simultaneously being partly incorporated into more mainstream political thought. The text was eventually neglected, and only 58 of the text's original 71 books ( pian ) survive, some of which, notably the later Mohist Canons , contain significant textual corruptions and are fragmentary in nature. The anthology can be divided into 5 main groups, which are determined on

6500-473: The Jeonse system of renting. Landlords require the renters to upfront as much as 70% of the property value as a type of security deposit, then live rent free for the duration of the contract, usually two years. At the end of the contract, the deposit is refunded 100% back to the renter. Historically, landlords have invested the security deposit and banked on rising property values. But as inflation rises higher than

6630-598: The Pew Hispanic Center revealed that Hispanics have also been the biggest losers in terms of wealth since the beginning of the recession, with Hispanic households losing 66% of their median wealth from 2005 to 2009. In comparison, black households lost 53% of their median wealth and white households lost only 16%. Other factors (such as women's labor-force participation, contraceptive technology and public policy) make it difficult to determine how much economic change affects fertility. Research suggests that much of

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6760-572: The State of Lu. He taught that the defense of a city did not depend only on fortification, weaponry, and food supply, but rather that it was also important to keep talented people close by and to put trust in them. Mozi's moral teachings emphasized introspection , self-reflection , and authenticity , rather than obedience to rituals . He observed that people often learned about the world through adversity. By reflecting on one's own successes and failures, one attains true self-knowledge rather than mere conformity to ritual. Mozi exhorted people to lead

6890-585: The UK's Office for National Statistics (ONS) announced a 2.4 percent increase in live births in the United Kingdom in 2010. This is the highest birth rate in the UK in 40 years. However, the UK record year for births and birth rate remains 1920 (when the ONS reported over 957,000 births to a population of "around 40 million"). There has been a dramatic decline in birth rates in the U.S. between 2007 and 2020. The Great Recession appears to have contributed to

7020-514: The United Republic of Tanzania in the east to Gabon in the west, and which has a lower fertility than other African regions. Child custody laws, affecting fathers' parental rights over their children from birth until child custody ends at age 18, may have an effect on the birth rate. U.S. states strict in enforcing child support have up to 20 percent fewer unmarried births than states that are lax about getting unmarried fathers to pay,

7150-419: The adolescent birth rate continues to decline. In 2013, teenage birth rates in the U.S. were at the lowest level in U.S. history. Teen birth rates in the U.S. have decreased from 1991 through 2012 (except for an increase from 2005 to 2007). The other aberration from this otherwise-steady decline in teen birth rates is the six percent decrease in birth rates for 15- to 19-year-olds between 2008 and 2009. Despite

7280-431: The basic normative attitude the Mohists encourage us to adopt towards others. The idea is that people ought to consider all others as being part of their scope of moral concern. Indeed this is perhaps the most infamous of Mohist doctrines, and was criticized early on by philosophers such as Mengzi, who held that the doctrine was akin to renouncing one's family. However, close readings of the texts by modern scholars have shown

7410-553: The basis of both chronological and thematic features: The Mozi is a rich source of insight into early Chinese dynastic history, culture, and philosophy. The text frequently cites ancient classics, such as the Shang Shu , and at times departs from the received version, giving scholars insight into the textual development of such classics as well. The texts portray Mozi as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy and not much else. This picture contrasts that of Confucius and Mencius found in

7540-425: The body. While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin focuses on the aspect of cognition and is closely related to the concept of shan ( 善 , 'goodness'), ai ( 愛 , 'love'), zhi ( 志 , 'will') and xing. Some views claim that Mozi's philosophy was at once more advanced and less so than that of Confucius. Indeed the Mohists were radical political reformers who sought primarily to benefit

7670-504: The children ended on the streets), and overcrowding in homes and schools. Ultimately, this aggressive natalist policy led to a generation who eventually led the Romanian Revolution which overthrew and executed him . In stark contrast to Ceaușescu's natalist policy was China's one child policy , in effect from 1978 to 2015, which included abuses such as forced abortions . This policy has also been deemed responsible for

7800-408: The common practice of sex-selective abortion which led to an imbalanced sex ratio in the country. Given strict family size limitations and a preference for sons, girls became unwanted in China because they were considered as depriving the parents of the chance of having a son. With the progress of prenatal sex-determination technologies and induced abortion, the one-child policy gradually turned into

7930-459: The contemporary United States can possibly be ascribed to the recession, which led families to postpone having children and fewer immigrants coming to the US. The current US birth rates are not high enough to maintain the size of the U.S. population, according to The Economist . There are many factors that interact in complex ways, influencing the birth rates of a population. Developed countries have

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8060-403: The decline in the early period. A 2022 study did not identify any other economic, policy, or social factor that contributed to the decline. The decline may be due to shifting life priorities of recent cohorts that go through childbearing age, as there have been "changes in preferences for having children, aspirations for life, and parenting norms." A Pew research center study found evidence of

8190-447: The decrease, U.S. teen birth rates remain higher than those in other developed nations. Racial differences affect teen birth and pregnancy rates: American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black teen pregnancy rates are more than double the non-Hispanic white teenage birth rate. States strict in enforcing child support have up to 20 percent fewer unmarried births than states that are lax about getting unmarried dads to pay,

8320-401: The demands of Mohist universal love to be much more mild and reasonable. Additionally, given the accretional nature of the texts, the audience of such texts may have changed depending upon the Mohists' social influence, and so the demands for universal love made on rulers, for example, is considerably higher than that made on the masses. At its most basic, however, the doctrine merely encourages

8450-460: The different roles of men and women, and the cultural desire to have several sons. Historically, Australia has had a relatively low fertility rate, reaching a high of 3.14 births per woman in 1960. This was followed by a decline which continued until the mid-2000, when a one off cash incentive was introduced to reverse the decline. In 2004, the then Howard government introduced a non-means tested 'Maternity Payment' to parents of every newborn as

8580-762: The early 2010s, Tengzhou, which had been a major manufacturing area, was experiencing an economic downturn which closed many local factories. However, The Wall Street Journal reported in July 2015 that innovation, particularly in manufacturing, had revitalized the local economy. In 2019, the city's total retail sales of consumer goods increased by 4.9%, with urban retail sales increasing 3.6%, and rural retail sales increasing by 9.9%. In 2019, Tengzhou's auto sector grew by 10.7%; its books, newspapers, and magazines retail sales increased by 16.5%; Tengzhou's sports and entertainment goods retail sales increased by 27.7%. In 2019, Tengzhou received $ 45.59 million of foreign investment, which

8710-449: The economic crisis in 1997; fathers abandoning their families because they could not financially support them. In addition, the abortion of female fetuses lead to a relative shortage of women, resulting in overall lowerall birthrate in the country. In August 2011, Taiwan's government announced that its birth rate declined in the previous year, despite the fact that the government implemented approaches to encourage fertility. In July 2011,

8840-410: The elders themselves. There will be fewer younger able-bodied people who may be needed to support an ageing population, if a high proportion of older people become disabled and unable to care for themselves. In the 20th century, several authoritarian governments sought either to increase or to decrease the birth rates, sometimes through forceful intervention. One of the most notorious natalist policies

8970-656: The end of 2022, the resident population of Tengzhou was 1,553,200. The settlement of Tengzhou is said to date back to the Yellow Emperor . After the collapse of the Shang dynasty , present-day Tengzhou became the center of the independent Teng state . Eventually, it was conquered by the Qin state . Upon the reunification of the region, the region became incorporated as Teng County ( simplified Chinese : 滕县 ; traditional Chinese : 滕縣 ). It remained as Teng County until

9100-491: The fact that officials tended to indulge in them at the expense of their duties. Finally, the Mohists rejected the idea of fatalism, or the idea that there is fate. The Mohists reject this idea on the grounds that it encourages lazy and irresponsible behavior. When people believe that there is fate, and that the consequences of their actions lie beyond their control, people will not be encouraged to improve themselves, nor will they be willing to take responsibility for disasters. As

9230-583: The fair distribution of wealth, yet he recognized the need for strong urban defenses so he could maintain the harmonious society he desired. The "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing, and the "order" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability. Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison , in The Cambridge History of Ancient China , writes that

9360-444: The fertility decline during an economic downturn is a postponement of childbearing, not a decision to have fewer (or no) children; people plan to "catch up" to their plans of bearing children when economic conditions improve. Younger women are more likely than older women to postpone pregnancy due to economic factors, since they have more years of fertility remaining. In July 2011, the U.S. National Institutes of Health announced that

9490-497: The fertility rate has fallen to below one child per woman. The total fertility rate in South Korea sharply declined from 4.53 in 1970 to 2.06 in 1983, falling below the replacement level of 2.10. The low birth rate accelerated in the 2000s, with the fertility rate dropping to 1.48 in 2000, 1.23 in 2010, and reaching 0.72 in 2023. One example of Korea's economic crisis is the housing market. Tenants may choose to buy, rent, or use

9620-437: The forefront of development initiatives will lead to a decline in birth rates. In some countries, government policies have focused on reducing birth rates by improving women's rights, sexual and reproductive health . Typically, high birth rates are associated with health problems, low life expectancy , low living standards, low social status for women and low educational levels. Demographic transition theory postulates that as

9750-429: The form of 10 core doctrines: Each of these doctrines is justified on the grounds that it produces the best consequences for society, and that all people stand to benefit from adopting them. Promoting the worthy, for example, encourages people in positions of power to hire competent and worthy subordinates to fill posts, rather than hire friends and relatives instead. The reasoning here is that someone better qualified for

9880-542: The foundations for his idea of Chinese democracy. More recently, Chinese scholars under Communism have tried to rehabilitate Mozi as a "philosopher of the people", highlighting his rational-empirical approach to the world as well as his "proletarian" background. The body in the Mozi is constructed by xing ( 形 , 'body'), xin ( 心 , 'heart'), qi ( 氣 , 'energy') 'which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to

10010-460: The future, and increase human damage to other species and habitats, and environmental degradation. Additional problems faced by a country with a high birth rate include educating a growing number of children, creating jobs for these children when they enter the workforce, and dealing with the environmental impact of a large population. Low birth rates may stress the government to provide adequate senior welfare systems and stress families who must support

10140-734: The greatest hero to come from Henan . His passion was said to be for the good of the people, without concern for personal gain or even for his own life or death. His tireless contribution to society was praised by many, including Confucius's disciple Mencius . Mencius wrote in Jinxin ( Chinese : 孟子盡心 ; pinyin : Mengzi jinxin ) that Mozi believed in love for all mankind, noting that, as long as something benefitted mankind, Mozi would pursue it even if it meant "hurting his head or his feet". Zhang Tai Yan said that, in terms of moral virtue, even Confucius and Laozi could not compare to Mozi. Mozi travelled from one crisis zone to another throughout

10270-414: The highest birth rate in the world. As of 2016, Niger , Mali , Uganda , Zambia , and Burundi have the highest birth rates in the world. This is part of the fertility-income paradox , as these countries are very poor, and it may seem counter-intuitive for families there to have so many children. The inverse relationship between income and fertility has been termed a demographic-economic " paradox " by

10400-480: The home, and to live their own lives rather than just a life of reproduction and unpaid domestic work. Birth rates have fallen due to the introduction of family planning clinics and other access to contraception. In Bangladesh, one of the poorest countries in the world, women are less likely to have two children (or more) than they were before 1999, according to Australian demographer Jack Caldwell . Bangladeshi women eagerly took up contraceptives, such as condoms and

10530-690: The idea of "universal love" (in Greek, " agape "), the " Golden Rule ", and the relation of humanity to the supernatural realm. However, Mohism is undoubtedly a product of Warring States China, a period of tremendous political violence and turmoil. The Mohists were political reformers, but they did not seek to challenge the monarchical model of government that prevailed during that time, and sought instead to reform from within by encouraging governments to hire competent people to carry out political tasks, care for their people inclusively, eliminate frivolous government spending, and halt all wars of aggression. In many ways

10660-417: The ideas of "universal" ( jian ) and "differential" ( bie ), Mozi said that "universal" originated from righteousness while "differential" entailed human effort. Mozi also held a belief in the power of ghosts and spirits, although he is often thought to have only worshipped them pragmatically. In fact, in his discussion on ghosts and spirits, he remarked that, even if they did not exist, communal gatherings for

10790-568: The influence of Mohism was a victim of its own successes, and it is fairly easy to understand its decline. The Mohists' ideas about the importance of meritocracy and universal love were gradually absorbed by mainstream Confucian thinking. Their opposition to offensive warfare became irrelevant once the various Warring States were unified under the Qin and later Han dynasty, and their religious superstitions were eventually replaced with less supernatural accounts. So their most promising ideas were metabolized by

10920-491: The interest rates, property values plummeted. Recent government caps, aimed at protecting the renters from being victims of price gouging, restricted the profit the landlord can make on renewing the contract. The Korean government offers a wide range of financial incentives to parents; however, many new parents, both mother and father, refuse to take full advantage of postpartum parental leave. Some fathers fear being ridiculed for taking "mom leave" while both working parents fear

11050-443: The job will perform better and enable society as a whole to benefit. Identifying upward refers to the idea that people in subordinate positions in society must look to their superiors as models for their own conduct. Provided that the superiors are indeed morally competent and worthy of emulation, the rest of society will always have a reliable guide for their own actions, thereby giving rise to social benefits. Universal love refers to

11180-411: The king that his disciples had already trained the soldiers of Song in his fortification methods, so it would be useless to kill him. The Chu king was forced to call off the war. On the way back, however, the soldiers of Song, not recognizing Mozi, would not allow him to enter their city, and he had to spend a night freezing in the rain. After this episode, he also prevented the state of Qi from attacking

11310-501: The largest of which is the Hui people . As of 2009, the city's ethnic minority population totaled 4,050, with the Hui people comprising 2,280 of this population. In 2019, 788,100 tons of agricultural produce was made, a 2.1% increase from 2018. 56,200 hectares of vegetables were harvested, representing a 0.7% increase from 2018. The city's pigs were afflicted by African swine fever , resulting in

11440-467: The latter's critique of fate ( 命 , mìng ). Mozi believed that people were capable of changing their circumstances and directing their own lives, which could be achieved by applying one's senses to observing the world, as well as judging objects and events by their causes, functions, and historical bases. This was the "three-prong method" Mozi recommended for testing the truth or falsehood of statements. His students later expanded upon this theory to form

11570-405: The livelihood and productivity of the common people. Mozi managed to attract a large following during his lifetime, rivaling that of Confucius. His followers—mostly technicians and craftspeople—were organized in a disciplined order that studied both Mozi's philosophical and technical writings. According to some accounts of the popular understanding of Mozi at the time, he had been hailed by many as

11700-445: The low levels seen in the late 1980s, after a continuous fall in the birth rate. In 1994, the total fertility rate was as low as 1.66, but perhaps due to the active family policy of the government in the mid-1990s, it has increased, and maintained an average of 2.0 from 2008 until 2015. France has embarked on a strong incentive policy based on two key measures to restore the birth rate: family benefits ( les allocations familiales ) and

11830-415: The main Mohist ideas about frugality. In one's own projects, utility ought to be the only consideration. What is the purpose of houses? It is to protect us from the wind and cold of winter, the heat and rain of summer, and to keep out robbers and thieves. Once these ends have been secured, that is all. Whatever does not contribute to these ends should be eliminated. The Mohists took particular offense to

11960-421: The main focus of Mozi's consequentialism in the welfare of the people themselves rather than that of the state as a whole. Such interpretations as Chris Fraser's argue that it is a mistake to view Mozi's focus on the collective well-being of a population as a focus on the well-being of the state itself rather than its constituents. In this way, Mozi tended to evaluate actions based on whether they provide benefit to

12090-473: The masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy whom they referred to as "the gentlemen of the world." The Mohist idea of "universal love" embraced a broader idea of human community than that of the Confucians, arguing that the scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people. Opponents of this idea often claimed that "universal love"

12220-431: The moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically". In contrast to Jeremy Bentham , Mozi did not believe that individual happiness was important; the consequences of the state outweigh the consequences of individual actions. Alternative readings locate

12350-487: The most prominent, organized schools of the Hundred Schools of Thought throughout the period. The Mozi is an anthology of writings traditionally attributed to Mozi and to his followers. Born in what is now Tengzhou , Shandong, Mozi and his followers argued strongly against both Confucianism and Taoism , with a philosophy emphasizing universal love, social order , the will of Heaven , sharing, and honoring

12480-492: The motion will never stop. This is as true as that an ox is not a horse.' which, he claims, is a precursor to Newton's first law of motion. Mozi also contains speculations in optics and mechanics that are similarly strikingly original, although their ideas were not taken up by later Chinese philosophers. The Mohist tradition is also highly unusual in Chinese thought in that it devoted time to developing principles of logic. He

12610-469: The notion that greater means would enable the production of more offspring as suggested by the influential Thomas Malthus . Afghanistan has the 11th highest birth rate in the world, and also the highest birth rate of any non-African country (as of 2016). The rapid population growth of Afghanistan is considered a problem when it prevents population stabilization and affects maternal and infant health. Reasons for large families include tradition, religion,

12740-417: The oldest son, aware of his financial obligation to feed, clothe and shelter the aging parents. As a result, in 1988 the government banned doctors from telling expectant parents the sex of the fetus.  Effective 1 January 2021, abortion has been decriminalized.  Divorce is another deterrent to childbirth. Although divorce has been on the rise over the last 50 years, it hit families especially hard after

12870-650: The past 30 years Turkey's fertility rate of children per woman has dropped from 4.07 to 2.08. Tunisia has dropped from 4.82 to 2.14 and Morocco from 5.4 to 2.52 children per woman. Latin America, of predominately Catholic faith, has seen the same trends of falling fertility rates. Brazilian women are having half the children compared to 25 years ago: a rate of 1.7 children per woman. The Vatican now has less influence over women in other hard-line Catholic countries. Mexico, El Salvador, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru have all seen significant drops in fertility in

13000-527: The people, which he measured in terms of an enlarged population (states were sparsely populated in his day), a prosperous economy, and social order. Indeed these are collective goods rather than individual ones, which is a major difference between Mohist consequentialism and modern, Western versions. However, this reading emphasizes that collective goods are better considered as aggregated individual goods rather than as state goods. This consequentialist structure supports Mohist ethics and politics, which survives in

13130-584: The pill, according to a study in 1994 by the World Bank. The study proved that family planning could be carried out and accepted practically anywhere. Caldwell also believes that agricultural improvements led to the need for less labour. Children not needed to plough the fields would be of surplus and require some education, so in turn, families become smaller and women are able to work and have greater ambitions. Other examples of non-coercive family planning policies are Ethiopia, Thailand and Indonesia. Myanmar

13260-432: The population, with his famous quote that every family should have three children "one for mum, one for dad and one for the country". Australia's fertility rate reached a peak of 1.95 children per woman in 2010, a 30-year high, although still below replacement rate . Phil Ruthven of the business information firm IBISWorld believes the spike in fertility was more about timing and less about monetary incentives. Generation X

13390-517: The practice of extremely lavished funerals and demanding mourning rituals. Such funerals and rituals would potentially bankrupt an entire clan, at least temporarily, and disrupt its farming practices. For the dead in higher positions of authority, this disruption would affect an even greater number of people. Again, the point here is to promote benefit across society, and the Mohists believe that adopting frugal practices will do so. Mozi's ideas about ghosts and spirits follow from their religious beliefs in

13520-400: The practices is ethically wrong for the same reason that robbery and murder are wrong. In fact, according to Mozi, the two are actually one and the same; for what is an expansionist war of aggression other than robbery and murder on a grand scale? And yet, Mozi laments, those rulers who execute robbers and murderers engage in the very same practices. With respect to universal love, indeed part of

13650-487: The promotion of such state-related ends, Mozi shows himself to be a state consequentialist. Unlike hedonistic utilitarianism , which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... order, material wealth, and increase in population". During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society. Mozi opposed wars because they wasted life and resources while interfering with

13780-463: The rate of population change (excluding migration). The total (crude) birth rate (which includes all births)—typically indicated as births per 1,000 population—is distinguished from a set of age-specific rates (the number of births per 1,000 persons, or more usually 1,000 females, in each age group). The first known use of the term "birth rate" in English was in 1856. The average global birth rate

13910-521: The ravaged landscape of the Warring States, trying to dissuade rulers from their plans of conquest. According to the chapter "Gongshu" in the Mozi , he once walked for ten days to the state of Chu in order to forestall an attack on the State of Song. At the Chu court, Mozi engaged in nine simulated war games with Gongshu Ban , the chief military strategist of Chu, and overturned each one of his stratagems. When Gongshu Ban threatened him with death, Mozi informed

14040-456: The reason why rulers believe it is acceptable to invade and conquer other states while it is not acceptable for their own subjects to rob and steal from one another is that the people in neighboring states are not part of the rulers' scope of moral concern. If rulers were to instead include these people and refrain from wars of aggression, all states, those attacking and those defending, will benefit. Moderation in use and moderation in burials are

14170-489: The researchers found. Moreover, according to the results, if all 50 states in the United States had done at least as well in their enforcement efforts as the state ranked fifth from the top, that would have led to a 20 percent reduction in out-of-wedlock births. The United States population growth is at a historical low level as the United States current birth rates are the lowest ever recorded. The low birth rates in

14300-462: The sake of making sacrificial offering would play a role in strengthening social bonds. Furthermore, for Mozi the will of Heaven ( 天 , tiān ) was that people should love one another, and that mutual love by all would bring benefit to all. Therefore, it was in everyone's interest that they would love others "as they love themselves". According to Mozi, Heaven should be respected because failing to do so would subject one to punishment. For Mozi, Heaven

14430-458: The same economic considerations as their general ideas of frugality. In ancient China, grand musical ceremonies established by rulers would place enormous financial and human strains on populations, and so Mozi condemned such ceremonies for this reason. Mozi did not object to music in principle—"It's not that I don't like the sound of the drum" ("Against Music")—but only because of the heavy tax burden such activities placed on commoners and also due to

14560-509: The same period, all going from over six to less than three children per woman. Forty percent of married Brazilian women are choosing to get sterilised after having children, but this may be because it only requires confession on one occasion . Some observers claim this to be a triumph of modern Western values of freedom for women against states with Catholic values. According to the CIA's The World Factbook , who presumably get their figures from

14690-439: The statistics using the data from National Centre for Health Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau, from 2007 to 2008, the employment rate among Hispanics declined by 1.6 percentage points, compared with declines of 0.7 points for whites. The unemployment rate shows a similar pattern—unemployment among Hispanics increased 2.0 percentage points from 2007 to 2008, while for whites the increase was 0.9 percentage points. A recent report from

14820-499: The stigma of "falling behind" in their professional careers. The South Korean corporate world is very unsympathetic to family needs.   Abortion and divorce are other contributing factors for Korea's low birth rate. In the twentieth century, due mainly to Confucian beliefs and a strong desire to sire a son, female fetuses were being aborted. This strong desire to have a son as a first child has somewhat of an oxymoron effect on today's low birth rate, as many women will not want to marry

14950-513: The term " parasite singles " for unmarried adults in their late 20s and 30s who continue to live with their parents. Since joining the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) in 1996, South Korea's fertility rate has been on the decline. It recorded the lowest fertility rate among OECD countries in 2017, with just 1.1 children per woman being born. Subsequent studies indicate that Korea has broken its own record and that

15080-495: The time, was suppressed under the Qin and died out completely under the Han , as its more radical adherents gradually dissolved and its most compelling ideas became absorbed by mainstream political thought. The influence of Mozi is still visible in many Han dynasty works written hundreds of years later. For example, the Confucian scholar Gongsun Hong describes the Confucian virtue of ren ("benevolence") in Mohist terms. Additionally, Mohist epistemology and philosophy of language had

15210-401: The tradition, while their more radical and anachronistic ones were gradually discarded, leading to their demise during the Han dynasty. According to Joseph Needham , Mozi (collected writings of those in the tradition of Mozi, some of which might have been by Mozi himself) contains the following sentence: 'The cessation of motion is due to the opposing force... If there is no opposing force...

15340-408: The war, the women of Iran averaged about 8 children each, a ratio the hard-line Islamic President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad wanted to revive. As of 2010, the birth rate of Iran is 1.7 babies per woman. Some observers claim this to be a triumph of Western values of freedom for women against states with Islamic values . Islamic clerics are also having less influence over women in other Muslim countries. In

15470-436: The world. On average, two people in the world die every second or about 121 per minute. The birth rate is an issue of concern and policy for national governments. Some (including those of Italy and Malaysia ) seek to increase the birth rate with financial incentives or provision of support services to new mothers. Conversely, other countries have policies to reduce the birth rate (for example, China's one-child policy which

15600-491: The worthy. Mohism was actively developed and practiced across Warring States–era China, but fell out of favor following the establishment of the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE. While tradition assumes the destruction of many Mohist texts in 213 BCE as part of Emperor Qin Shi Huang 's burning of books and burying of scholars , traces of Mohism can still be seen late in the early Han (from 202 BCE), in syncretic texts like

15730-467: Was 17 births per 1,000 total population in 2024. The death rate was 7.9 per 1,000. The RNI was thus 0.91 percent. In 2012, the average global birth rate was 19.611 per 1,000 according to the World Bank and 19.15 births per 1,000 total population according to the CIA, compared to 20.09 per 1,000 total population in 2007. The 2024 average of 17 births per 1,000 total population equates to approximately 4.3 births per second or about 260 births per minute for

15860-469: Was a carpenter and was extremely skilled in creating devices (see Lu Ban ). Though he did not hold a high official position, Mozi was sought out by various rulers as an expert on fortification. He was schooled in Confucianism in his early years, although he viewed Confucianism as being too fatalistic, with an overemphasis on elaborate celebrations and funerals, which Mozi considered to be detrimental to

15990-407: Was a member of the lower artisan class who managed to climb his way to an official post. Mozi was a native of the state of Lu (modern Tengzhou , Shandong), although for a time he served as a minister in the state of Song . Similar to Confucius , Mozi was known to have maintained a school for those who desired to become officials serving in the different ruling courts of the Warring States. Mozi

16120-424: Was akin to renouncing one's family, and indeed more strict Mohists living in Mohist communities as the school flourished may have exhibited such behavior. However, there is some scholarly debate over just how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and, as can be seen from the example of Gongsun Hong above, the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought. Mozi

16250-506: Was controlled until 2011 by an austere military junta, intent on controlling every aspect of people's lives. The generals wanted the country's population doubled. In their view, women's job was to produce babies to power the country's labour force, so family planning was vehemently opposed. The women of Burma opposed this policy, and Peter McDonald of the Australian National University argues that this gave rise to

16380-420: Was in effect from 1978 to 2015). Policies to increase the crude birth rate are known as pro-natalist policies, and policies to reduce the crude birth rate are known as anti-natalist policies. Non-coercive measures such as improved information on birth control and its availability have achieved good results in countries such as Iran and Bangladesh . There has also been discussion on whether bringing women into

16510-525: Was not the "amoral", mystical nature of the Daoists ; rather, it was a benevolent, moral force that rewarded good and punished evil. Similar in some ways to the beliefs systems found in the Abrahamic religions , Mozi believed that all living things lived in a realm ruled by Heaven, and Heaven possessed a will which was independent from, and higher than, the will of people. Thus Mozi wrote that "Universal love

16640-480: Was now aged 25 to 45 years old. With numerous women putting pregnancies off for a few years for the sake of a career, many felt the years closing in and their biological clocks ticking. On 1 March 2014, the baby bonus was replaced with Family Tax Benefit A. By then the baby bonus had left its legacy on Australia. In 2016, Australia's fertility rate has only decreased slightly to 1.91 children per woman. France has been successful in increasing fertility rates from

16770-432: Was that in communist Romania in 1967–1990, during the time of communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu , who adopted a very aggressive natalist policy which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness , and legal discrimination against childless people. This policy has been depicted in movies and documentaries (such as 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days , and Children of

16900-587: Was utilized for 19 different projects. In 2019, ¥328 million worth of goods was imported into Tengzhou, and ¥3.445 billion worth of goods was exported from Tengzhou. Mozi Memorial Museum， – set academic seminars, library collection, science and technology education, visits in one of the comprehensive courtyard building groups. The east courtyard is the Mozi Memorial Hall, which mainly exhibits Mozi's biography, scientific and technological military achievements, results, Mozi statues, etc. The west courtyard

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