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62-481: On May 26, 2010, Tera 100 was turned on. The computer, which is located in Essonne is able to sustain around 1 petaFLOPs maximum performance and a peak at 1.25 petaFLOPs . It has 4300 Bullx Series S servers ('Mesca'), 140,000 Intel Xeon 7500 processor cores, and 300  TB of memory. The Interconnect is QDR InfiniBand . The file system has a throughput of 500  GB/s and total storage of 20  PB . It uses

124-472: A Peugeot 206 near the town of Crépy-en-Valois . They were chased by police cars for approximately 27 kilometres (17 miles) south down the N2 trunk road. At some point they abandoned their vehicle and an exchange of gunfire between pursuing police and the brothers took place near the commune of Dammartin-en-Goële , 35 kilometres (22 miles) northeast of Paris. Several blasts went off as well and Saïd Kouachi sustained

186-461: A rally of national unity , and 3.7 million people joined demonstrations across France. The phrase Je suis Charlie became a common slogan of support at rallies and on social media. The staff of Charlie Hebdo continued with the publication, and the following issue print ran 7.95 million copies in six languages, compared to its typical print run of 60,000 in French only. Charlie Hebdo

248-447: A black Citroën C3 . Charlie Hebdo had attracted considerable worldwide attention for its controversial depictions of Muhammad . Hatred for Charlie Hebdo ' s cartoons, which made jokes about Islamic leaders as well as Muhammad , is considered to be the principal motive for the massacre. Michael Morell , former deputy director of the CIA , suggested that the motive of the attackers

310-450: A desk as the gunmen entered. Ten of the twelve people murdered were shot on the second floor, past the security door. Psychoanalyst Elsa Cayat , a French columnist of Tunisian Jewish descent, was killed. Another female columnist present at the time, crime reporter Sigolène Vinson , survived; one of the shooters aimed at her but spared her, saying, "I'm not killing you because you are a woman", and telling her to convert to Islam , read

372-541: A getaway car, and drove to Porte de Pantin , hijacking another car and forcing its driver out. As they drove away, they ran over a pedestrian and shot at responding police officers. It was initially believed that there were three suspects. One identified suspect turned himself in at a Charleville-Mézières police station. Seven of the Kouachi brothers' friends and family were taken into custody. Jihadist flags and Molotov cocktails were found in an abandoned getaway car,

434-465: A hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces. In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines . Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France . It has borders with the departments of: All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and

496-448: A male employee, 26-year-old graphics designer Lilian Lepère. Catalano told Lepère to go hide in the building and remained in his office by himself. Not long after, a salesman named Didier went to the printworks on business. Catalano came out with Chérif Kouachi who introduced himself as a police officer. They shook hands and Kouachi told Didier, "Leave. We don't kill civilians anyhow." These words were what caused Didier to guess that Kouachi

558-474: A minor neck wound. Several others may have been injured as well but no one was killed in the gunfire. The suspects were not apprehended and escaped on foot. At around 9:30 am on 9 January 2015, the Kouachi brothers fled into the office of Création Tendance Découverte, a signage production company on an industrial estate in Dammartin-en-Goële . Inside the building were owner Michel Catalano and

620-498: A police interview in 2010, Coulibaly identified Chérif as a friend he had met in prison and said they saw each other frequently. In 2010, the Kouachi brothers were named in connection with a plot to break out of jail with another Islamist, Smaïn Aït Ali Belkacem  [ fr ] . Belkacem was one of those responsible for the 1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings that killed eight people. For lack of evidence, they were not prosecuted. From 2009 to 2010, Saïd Kouachi visited Yemen on

682-571: A right which is balanced by defamation laws. These rights and legal mechanisms were designed to protect freedom of speech from local powers, among which was the then-powerful Catholic Church in France . Though images of Muhammad are not explicitly banned by the Quran itself, prominent Islamic views have long opposed human images , especially those of prophets. Such views have gained ground among militant Islamic groups. Accordingly, some Muslims take

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744-537: A sport shooter, Charb applied for permit to be able to carry a firearm for self-defence . The application went unanswered. Numerous violent plots related to the Jyllands-Posten cartoons were discovered, primarily targeting cartoonist Westergaard, editor Rose, and the property or employees of Jyllands-Posten and other newspapers that printed the cartoons. Westergaard was the subject of several attacks and planned attacks, and lived under police protection for

806-560: A student visa to study at the San'a Institute for the Arabic Language . There, according to a Yemeni reporter who interviewed Saïd, he met and befriended Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab , the perpetrator of the attempted bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 later in 2009. Also according to the reporter, the two shared an apartment for "one or two weeks". In 2011, Saïd returned to Yemen for a number of months and trained with al-Qaeda in

868-489: Is forbidden in most interpretations of Islam , with some Persian exceptions. The newspaper's office was fire-bombed and its website hacked . In 2012, the newspaper published a series of satirical cartoons of Muhammad, including nude caricatures; this came days after a series of violent attacks on U.S. embassies in the Middle East, purportedly in response to the anti-Islamic film Innocence of Muslims , prompting

930-466: Is a department in the southern part of the Île-de-France region in Northern France . It is named after the river Essonne . In 2019, it had a population of 1,301,659, across 194 communes . Essonne was formed on 1 January 1968, when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments. Its prefecture is Évry-Courcouronnes . Its INSEE and postcode number is 91. The Essonne department

992-591: Is a notable example of its more rural communes. The department's most high-profile political representative has been Manuel Valls , who was Prime Minister of France from 31 March 2014 to 6 December 2016. Valls visited its main town, Évry, to deliver remarks following the Charlie Hebdo massacre of January 2015. The president of the Departmental Council is François Durovray , elected in 2015. Population development since 1876: An immigrant

1054-519: Is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. Essonne is twinned with: Charlie Hebdo massacre On 7 January 2015, at about 11:30 a.m. in Paris, France ,

1116-569: Is a publication that has always courted controversy with satirical attacks on political and religious leaders. It published cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 2012, forcing France to temporarily close embassies and schools in more than 20 countries amid fears of reprisals. Its offices were firebombed in November 2011 after publishing a previous caricature of Muhammad on its cover. On 16 December 2020, 14 people who were accomplices to both

1178-416: Is very urbanized. The south remains rural. The most populous commune is Évry-Courcouronnes , the prefecture. As of 2019, the 5 most populous communes are: In descending order, the other communes over 25,000 population are: Athis-Mons , Palaiseau , Vigneux-sur-Seine , Viry-Châtillon , Ris-Orangis , Yerres , Draveil , Grigny , Brétigny-sur-Orge , Étampes , Brunoy and Les Ulis . Milly-la-Forêt

1240-508: The 2003 invasion . Chérif was arrested at age 22 in January 2005 when he and another man were about to leave for Syria , at the time a gateway for jihadists wishing to fight US troops in Iraq. He went to Fleury-Mérogis Prison , where he met Amedy Coulibaly . In prison, they found a mentor, Djamel Beghal , who had been sentenced to ten years in prison in 2001 for his part in a plot to bomb

1302-575: The Charlie Hebdo and Jewish supermarket attackers were convicted. However, three of these accomplices were still not yet captured and were tried in absentia . Charlie Hebdo (French for Charlie Weekly ) is a French satirical weekly newspaper that features cartoons, reports, polemics , and jokes. The publication, irreverent and stridently non-conformist in tone, is strongly secularist , antireligious , and left-wing , publishing articles that mock Catholicism , Judaism , Islam , and various other groups as local and world news unfolds. The magazine

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1364-596: The Charlie Hebdo attack. Not only was Cherif a close friend of brothers Chérif Kouachi and Saïd Kouachi, but had been on the run from French authorities since 2011. Cherif fled Paris in 2011 just before a court sentenced him to five years in prison on terrorism charges for fighting as an insurgent in Iraq. In 2024, Cherif was sentenced to life imprisonment on terrorism charges. On 2 September 2020, fourteen people went on trial in Paris charged with providing logistical support and procuring weapons for those who carried out both

1426-679: The French government to close embassies, consulates, cultural centres, and international schools in about 20 Muslim countries . Riot police surrounded the newspaper's offices to protect it against possible attacks. Cartoonist Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier had been the director of publication of Charlie Hebdo since 2009. Two years before the attack he stated, "We have to carry on until Islam has been rendered as banal as Catholicism." In 2013, al-Qaeda added him to its most wanted list , along with three Jyllands-Posten staff members: Kurt Westergaard , Carsten Juste , and Flemming Rose . Being

1488-592: The Quran and wear a veil . She said he left shouting, " Allahu Akbar ! Allahu Akbar! " Other witnesses reported that the gunmen identified themselves as belonging to al-Qaeda in Yemen . An authenticated video surfaced on the Internet that shows two gunmen and a police officer, Ahmed Merabet, who is wounded and lying on a sidewalk after an exchange of gunfire. This took place near the corner of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir and Rue Moufle, 180 metres (590 ft) east of

1550-493: The SLURM resource manager for scheduling batch jobs. Tera 100 uses Bull XBAS Linux, a partly Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivative. In June 2011, TOP500 deemed it the ninth fastest supercomputer in the world, and in 2020, it had dropped off the list. This supercomputer-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Essonne Essonne ( French pronunciation: [ɛsɔn] )

1612-488: The 18-year-old brother-in-law of Chérif Kouachi, a French Muslim student of North African descent and unknown nationality, as a third suspect in the shooting, accused of driving the getaway car. He was believed to have been living in Charleville-Mézières , about 200 kilometres (120 mi) northeast of Paris near the border with Belgium . He turned himself in at a Charleville-Mézières police station early in

1674-591: The Arabian Peninsula militants. According to a senior Yemeni intelligence source, he met al Qaeda preacher Anwar al-Awlaki in the southern province of Shabwa . Chérif Kouachi told BFM TV that he had been funded by a network loyal to Anwar al-Awlaki, who was killed by a drone strike in 2011 in Yemen. According to US officials, the US provided France with intelligence in 2011 showing the brothers received training in Yemen. French authorities monitored them until

1736-811: The Republic from the Catholic Church between 1789 and 1830. In France, the principle of secularism ( laïcité  – the separation of church and state ) was enshrined in the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State , and in 1945 became part of the constitution. Under its terms, the government and all public administrations and services must be religion-blind and their representatives must refrain from any display of religion, but private citizens and organisations are free to practise and express

1798-630: The US embassy in Paris . Beghal had once been a regular worshipper at Finsbury Park Mosque in London and a disciple of the radical preachers Abu Hamza al-Masri and Abu Qatada . Upon leaving prison, Chérif Kouachi married and got a job in a fish market on the outskirts of Paris. He became a student of Farid Benyettou, a radical Muslim preacher at the Addawa Mosque in the 19th arrondissement of Paris . Kouachi wanted to attack Jewish targets in France, but Benyettou told him that France, unlike Iraq,

1860-411: The administration and public services (e.g. a 2015 law project prohibiting the wearing of religious symbols by the employees of private crèches). This restrictive interpretation is not supported by the initial law on laïcité and is challenged by the representatives of all the major religions. Authors, humorists, cartoonists, and individuals have the right to satirise people, public actors, and religions,

1922-462: The attack in a speech from AQAP's top Shariah cleric Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari , citing the motive as "revenge for the honour" of Muhammad. Several people at the meeting were unharmed, including book designer Gérard Gaillard, who was a guest, and staff members, Sigolène Vinson , Laurent Léger, and Éric Portheault. The cartoonist Coco was coerced into letting the murderers into the building, and

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1984-433: The brothers in prison, took hostages in a kosher supermarket at Porte de Vincennes in east Paris, killing those of Jewish faith while leaving the others alive. Coulibaly was reportedly in contact with the Kouachi brothers as the sieges progressed, and told police that he would kill hostages if the brothers were harmed. Coulibaly and the Kouachi brothers died within minutes of each other. The police initially identified

2046-671: The brothers were orphaned at a young age after their mother's apparent suicide and placed in a foster home in Rennes . After two years, they were moved to an orphanage in Corrèze in 1994, along with a younger brother and an older sister. The brothers moved to Paris around 2000. Chérif, also known as Abu Issen, was part of an informal gang that met in the Parc des Buttes Chaumont in Paris to perform military-style training exercises and sent would-be jihadists to fight for al-Qaeda in Iraq after

2108-680: The day following the attack, the two primary suspects were spotted in Aisne , north-east of Paris. Armed security forces, including the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (GIGN) and the Force d'intervention de la police nationale (FIPN), were deployed to the department to search for the suspects. Later that day, the police search concentrated on the Picardy, particularly the area around Villers-Cotterêts and

2170-518: The earlier gunfire. Catalano was allowed to leave after an hour. Before doing so, Catalano swore three different times to the terrorists that he was alone and did not reveal Lepère's presence; ultimately the Kouachi brothers never became aware of him being there. Lepère hid inside a cardboard box and sent the Gendarmerie text messages for around three hours during the siege, providing them with "tactical elements such as [the brothers'] location inside

2232-422: The employees of the French satirical weekly magazine Charlie Hebdo were targeted in a terrorist shooting attack by two French-born Algerian Muslim brothers, Saïd Kouachi and Chérif Kouachi. Armed with rifles and other weapons, the duo murdered 12 people and injured 11 others; they identified themselves as members of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula , which claimed responsibility for the attack. They fled after

2294-497: The gunmen were exercising infantry tactics such as moving in "mutual support" and were firing aimed, single-round shots at the police officer. He also stated that they were using military gestures and were "familiar with their weapons" and fired "carefully aimed shots, with tight groupings". The gunmen then left the scene, shouting, "We have avenged the Prophet Muhammad . We have killed Charlie Hebdo !" They escaped in

2356-408: The lobby with gunfire upon entering. The first victim was maintenance worker Frédéric Boisseau, who was killed as he sat at the reception desk. The gunmen forced Rey at gunpoint to lead them to a second-floor office, where 15 staff members were having an editorial meeting, Charlie Hebdo ' s first news conference of the year. Reporter Laurent Léger said they were interrupted by what they thought

2418-421: The main crime scene. One of the gunmen ran towards the policeman and shouted, "Did you want to kill us?" The policeman answered, "No, it's fine, boss", and raised his hand toward the gunman, who then murdered the policeman with a fatal shot to the head at close range. Sam Kiley, of Sky News , concluded from the video that the two gunmen were "military professionals" who likely had "combat experience", saying that

2480-447: The morning of 7 January 2015, a Wednesday, Charlie Hebdo staff were gathered at 10 Rue Nicolas-Appert in the 11th arrondissement of Paris for the weekly editorial meeting starting around 10:30. The magazine had moved into an unmarked office at this address following the 2011 firebombing of their previous premises due to the magazine's original satirization of Muhammad. Around 11:00   a.m., two armed and hooded men first burst into

2542-544: The morning on 8 January 2015. The man said he was in class at the time of the shooting, and that he rarely saw Chérif Kouachi. Many of his classmates said that he was at school in Charleville-Mézières during the attack. After detaining him for nearly 50 hours, police decided not to continue further investigations into the teenager. In December 2018, French authorities arrested Peter Cherif also known as Abu Hamza, for playing an "important role in organizing"

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2604-495: The pair ran out of the building and opened fire on gendarmes. The brothers had stated a desire to die as martyrs and the siege came to an end when both Kouachi brothers were shot and killed. Lilian Lepère was rescued unharmed. A cache of weapons, including Molotov cocktails and a rocket launcher, was found in the area. During the standoff in Dammartin-en-Goële, another jihadist named Amedy Coulibaly , who had met

2666-461: The premises". Given the proximity (10 km) of the siege to Charles de Gaulle Airport , two of the airport's runways were closed. Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve called for a Gendarmerie operation to neutralise the perpetrators. An Interior Ministry spokesman announced that the Ministry wished first to "establish a dialogue" with the suspects. Officials tried to establish contact with

2728-578: The prophet, we don't kill women. We kill no one. We defend the prophet. If someone offends the prophet then there is no problem, we can kill him. We don't kill women. We are not like you. You are the ones killing women and children in Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. This isn't us. We have an honour code in Islam." A massive manhunt began immediately after the attack. One suspect left his ID card in an abandoned getaway car. Police officers searched apartments in

2790-447: The religion of their choice where and as they wish (although discrimination based on religion is prohibited). In recent years, there has been a trend towards a stricter interpretation of laïcité which would also prohibit users of certain public services from expressing their religion (e.g. the 2004 law which bans school pupils from wearing "blatant" religious symbols ) or ban citizens from expressing their religion in public even outside

2852-699: The rest of his life. On 1 January 2010, police used guns to stop a would-be assassin in his home, who was sentenced to nine years in prison. In 2010, three men based in Norway were arrested on suspicion of planning a terror attack against Jyllands-Posten or Kurt Westergaard; two of them were convicted. In the United States, David Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana were convicted in 2013 of planning terrorism against Jyllands-Posten . In France, blasphemy law ceased to exist with progressive emancipation of

2914-445: The shooting, France raised its Vigipirate terror alert and deployed soldiers in Île-de-France and Picardy . A major manhunt led to the discovery of the suspects, who exchanged fire with police. The brothers took hostages at a signage company in Dammartin-en-Goële on 9 January and were shot dead when they emerged from the building firing. On 11 January, about two million people, including more than 40 world leaders, met in Paris for

2976-538: The shooting, triggering a manhunt, and were killed by the GIGN on 9 January. The Kouachi brothers' attack was followed by several related Islamist terrorist attacks across the Île-de-France between 7 and 9 January 2015, including the Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege , in which a French-born Malian Muslim took hostages and murdered four people (all Jews ) before being killed by French commandos. In response to

3038-780: The spring of 2014. During the time leading to the Charlie Hebdo attack, Saïd lived with his wife and children in a block of flats in Reims . Neighbours described him as solitary. The weapons used in the attack were supplied via the Brussels underworld . According to the Belgian press, a criminal sold Amedy Coulibaly the rocket-propelled grenade launcher and Kalashnikov rifles that the Kouachi brothers used for less than EUR € 5,000 ( US$ 5,910). In an interview between Chérif Kouachi and Igor Sahiri, one of France's BFM TV journalists, Chérif stated that "We are not killers. We are defenders of

3100-461: The suspects to negotiate the safe evacuation of a school 500 metres (1,600 feet) from the siege. The Kouachi brothers did not respond to attempts at communication by the French authorities. The siege lasted for eight to nine hours, and at around 4:30 p.m. there were at least three explosions near the building. At around 5:00 pm, a GIGN team landed on the roof of the building and a helicopter landed nearby. Before gendarmes could reach them,

3162-566: The view that the satire of Islam , of religious representatives, and above all of Islamic prophets is blasphemy in Islam punishable by death. This sentiment was most famously actualized in the murder of the controversial Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh . According to the BBC , France has seen "the apparent desire of some younger, often disaffected children or grandchildren of immigrant families not to conform to western, liberal lifestyles – including traditions of religious tolerance and free speech". On

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3224-418: The village of Longpont , after the suspects robbed a petrol station near Villers-Cotterêts, then reportedly abandoned their car before hiding in a forest near Longpont. Searches continued into the surrounding Forêt de Retz (130 km ), one of the largest forests in France . The manhunt continued with the discovery of the two fugitive suspects early on the morning of 9 January. The Kouachis had hijacked

3286-401: The wrong address at 6 Rue Nicolas-Appert, shouting "Is this Charlie Hebdo ?" and threatening people. After realizing their mistake and firing a bullet through a glass door, the two men left for 10 Rue Nicolas-Appert. There, they encountered cartoonist Corinne "Coco" Rey and her young daughter outside and at gunpoint, forced her to enter the passcode into the electronic door. The men sprayed

3348-511: The Île-de-France region, in Strasbourg and in Reims . Police detained several people during the manhunt for the two main suspects. A third suspect voluntarily reported to a police station after hearing he was wanted and was not charged. Police described the assailants as "armed and dangerous". France raised its terror alert to its highest level and deployed soldiers in Île-de-France and Picardy regions . At 10:30 CET on 8 January,

3410-546: Was "absolutely clear: trying to shut down a media organisation that lampooned the Prophet Muhammad". In March 2013, al-Qaeda 's branch in Yemen, commonly known as al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), released a hit list in an edition of their English-language magazine Inspire . The list included Stéphane Charbonnier (known as Charb, the editor of Charlie Hebdo ) and others whom AQAP accused of insulting Islam. On 9 January, AQAP claimed responsibility for

3472-407: Was a terrorist and he alerted the police. The Kouachi brothers remained inside and a lengthy standoff began. Catalano re-entered the building and closed the door after Didier had left. The brothers were not aggressive towards Catalano, who stated, "I didn't get the impression they were going to harm me." He made coffee for them and helped bandage the neck wound that Saïd Kouachi had sustained during

3534-406: Was at a funeral, and comedian and columnist Mathieu Madénian . Luz arrived in time to see the gunmen escaping. Police quickly identified brothers Saïd Kouachi ( French: [sa.id kwaʃi] ; 7 September 1980 – 9 January 2015) and Chérif Kouachi ( French: [ʃeʁif] ; 29 November 1982 – 9 January 2015) as the main suspects. French citizens born in Paris to Algerian immigrants,

3596-501: Was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise . In June 1963, Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarché" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo , the centre offered on a single 2,500 m (26,909.78 sq ft) site

3658-641: Was not "a land of jihad". On 28 March 2008, Chérif was convicted of terrorism and sentenced to three years in prison, with 18 months suspended , for recruiting fighters for militant Islamist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 's group in Iraq. He said outrage at the torture of inmates by the US Army at Baghdad Central Prison in Abu Ghraib inspired him to help Iraq's insurgency. French judicial documents state Amedy Coulibaly and Chérif Kouachi travelled with their wives in 2010 to central France to visit Djamel Beghal. In

3720-428: Was not harmed. Several other staff members were not in the building at the time of the shooting, including medical columnist Patrick Pelloux , cartoonists Rénald "Luz" Luzier and Catherine Meurisse and film critic Jean-Baptiste Thoret, who were late for work, cartoonist Willem , who never attends, editor-in-chief Gérard Biard and journalist Zineb El Rhazoui who were on holiday, journalist Antonio Fischetti, who

3782-492: Was published from 1969 to 1981 and has been again from 1992 on. Charlie Hebdo has a history of attracting controversy. In 2006, Islamic organisations under French hate speech laws unsuccessfully sued over the newspaper's re-publication of the Jyllands-Posten cartoons of Muhammad . The cover of a 2011 issue retitled Charia Hebdo (French for Sharia Weekly ), featured a cartoon of Muhammad , whose depiction

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3844-451: Was the sound of a firecracker—the gunfire from the lobby—and recalled, "We still thought it was a joke. The atmosphere was still joyous." The gunmen burst into the meeting room. The shooting lasted five to ten minutes. The gunmen aimed at the journalists' heads and killed them. During the gunfire, Rey survived uninjured by hiding under a desk, from where she witnessed the murders of Wolinski and Cabu . Léger also survived by hiding under

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