TeraGrid was an e-Science grid computing infrastructure combining resources at eleven partner sites. The project started in 2001 and operated from 2004 through 2011.
48-409: The TeraGrid integrated high-performance computers, data resources and tools, and experimental facilities. Resources included more than a petaflops of computing capability and more than 30 petabytes of online and archival data storage, with rapid access and retrieval over high-performance computer network connections. Researchers could also access more than 100 discipline-specific databases. TeraGrid
96-530: A service-oriented architecture in that each resource provides a "service" that is defined in terms of interface and operation. Computational resources run a set of software packages called "Coordinated TeraGrid Software and Services" (CTSS). CTSS provides a familiar user environment on all TeraGrid systems, allowing scientists to more easily port code from one system to another. CTSS also provides integrative functions such as single-signon, remote job submission, workflow support, data movement tools, etc. CTSS includes
144-530: A service-oriented architecture in that each resource provides a "service" that is defined in terms of interface and operation. Computational resources run a set of software packages called "Coordinated TeraGrid Software and Services" (CTSS). CTSS provides a familiar user environment on all TeraGrid systems, allowing scientists to more easily port code from one system to another. CTSS also provides integrative functions such as single-signon, remote job submission, workflow support, data movement tools, etc. CTSS includes
192-402: A much larger dynamic range – the largest and smallest numbers that can be represented – which is especially important when processing data sets where some of the data may have extremely large range of numerical values or where the range may be unpredictable. As such, floating-point processors are ideally suited for computationally intensive applications. FLOPS and MIPS are units of measure for
240-470: A performance benchmark is adequate when a computer is used in database queries, word processing, spreadsheets, or to run multiple virtual operating systems. In 1974 David Kuck coined the terms flops and megaflops for the description of supercomputer performance of the day by the number of floating-point calculations they performed per second. This was much better than using the prevalent MIPS to compare computers as this statistic usually had little bearing on
288-500: A proposal that is reviewed during a quarterly peer-review process. All allocation proposals are handled through the TeraGrid website. Proposers select a scientific discipline that most closely describes their work, and this enables reporting on the allocation of, and use of, TeraGrid by scientific discipline. As of July 2006 the scientific profile of TeraGrid allocations and usage was: Each of these discipline categories correspond to
336-444: A proposal that is reviewed during a quarterly peer-review process. All allocation proposals are handled through the TeraGrid website. Proposers select a scientific discipline that most closely describes their work, and this enables reporting on the allocation of, and use of, TeraGrid by scientific discipline. As of July 2006 the scientific profile of TeraGrid allocations and usage was: Each of these discipline categories correspond to
384-693: A specific program area of the National Science Foundation . Starting in 2006, TeraGrid provided application-specific services to Science Gateway partners, who serve (generally via a web portal) discipline-specific scientific and education communities. Through the Science Gateways program TeraGrid aims to broaden access by at least an order of magnitude in terms of the number of scientists, students, and educators who are able to use TeraGrid. Petaflops Floating point operations per second ( FLOPS , flops or flop/s )
432-442: A teraFLOPS on a wide range of DGEMM operations. Intel emphasized during the demonstration that this was a sustained teraFLOPS (not "raw teraFLOPS" used by others to get higher but less meaningful numbers), and that it was the first general purpose processor to ever cross a teraFLOPS. On June 18, 2012, IBM's Sequoia supercomputer system , based at the U.S. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), reached 16 petaFLOPS, setting
480-472: Is ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985 . This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called single precision , as well as 64-bit numbers called double precision and longer numbers called extended precision (used for intermediate results). Floating-point representations can support a much wider range of values than fixed-point, with the ability to represent very small numbers and very large numbers. The exponentiation inherent in floating-point computation assures
528-402: Is a measure of computer performance in computing , useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations. For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than measuring instructions per second . Floating-point arithmetic is needed for very large or very small real numbers , or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating-point representation
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#1732771893870576-403: Is similar to scientific notation, except everything is carried out in base two, rather than base ten. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the exponent (in base two for Cray and VAX , base two or ten for IEEE floating point formats, and base 16 for IBM Floating Point Architecture ) and the significand (number after the radix point ). While several similar formats are in use, the most common
624-785: The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) at the University of California, San Diego , the University of Chicago Argonne National Laboratory , and the Center for Advanced Computing Research (CACR) at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California . The design
672-400: The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) at the University of California, San Diego , the University of Chicago Argonne National Laboratory , and the Center for Advanced Computing Research (CACR) at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California . The design
720-577: The Tianhe-1 , a supercomputer that operates at a peak computing rate of 2.5 petaFLOPS. As of 2010 the fastest PC processor reached 109 gigaFLOPS ( Intel Core i7 980 XE ) in double precision calculations. GPUs are considerably more powerful. For example, Nvidia Tesla C2050 GPU computing processors perform around 515 gigaFLOPS in double precision calculations, and the AMD FireStream 9270 peaks at 240 gigaFLOPS. In November 2011, it
768-497: The University of Texas at Austin opened full scale research runs on an AMD , Sun supercomputer named Ranger , the most powerful supercomputing system in the world for open science research, which operates at sustained speed of 0.5 petaFLOPS. On May 25, 2008, an American supercomputer built by IBM , named ' Roadrunner ', reached the computing milestone of one petaFLOPS. It headed the June 2008 and November 2008 TOP500 list of
816-586: The ATI Radeon HD 4870X2 graphics card with two Radeon R770 GPUs totaling 2.4 teraFLOPS. In November 2008, an upgrade to the Cray Jaguar supercomputer at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) raised the system's computing power to a peak 1.64 petaFLOPS, making Jaguar the world's first petaFLOPS system dedicated to open research . In early 2009 the supercomputer
864-518: The Blue Gene/L. When configured to do so, it can reach speeds in excess of three petaFLOPS. On October 25, 2007, NEC Corporation of Japan issued a press release announcing its SX series model SX-9 , claiming it to be the world's fastest vector supercomputer. The SX-9 features the first CPU capable of a peak vector performance of 102.4 gigaFLOPS per single core. On February 4, 2008, the NSF and
912-573: The Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), captured the number one spot with a performance of 148.6 petaFLOPS on High Performance Linpack (HPL), the benchmark used to rank the TOP500 list. Summit has 4,356 nodes, each one equipped with two 22-core Power9 CPUs, and six NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPUs. In June 2022, the United States' Frontier is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1102 petaFlops (1.102 exaFlops) on
960-540: The Globus Toolkit, Condor, distributed accounting and account management software, verification and validation software, and a set of compilers, programming tools, and environment variables . TeraGrid uses a 10 Gigabits per second dedicated fiber-optical backbone network, with hubs in Chicago, Denver, and Los Angeles. All resource provider sites connect to a backbone node at 10 Gigabits per second. Users accessed
1008-421: The Globus Toolkit, Condor, distributed accounting and account management software, verification and validation software, and a set of compilers, programming tools, and environment variables . TeraGrid uses a 10 Gigabits per second dedicated fiber-optical backbone network, with hubs in Chicago, Denver, and Los Angeles. All resource provider sites connect to a backbone node at 10 Gigabits per second. Users accessed
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#17327718938701056-529: The LINPACK benchmarks. Distributed computing uses the Internet to link personal computers to achieve more FLOPS: 3× NVIDIA RTX 3080 @ 29,770 GFLOPS each & $ 699.99 Total system GFLOPS = 89,794 / TFLOPS = 89.794 Total system cost incl. realistic but low cost parts; matched with other example = $ 2839 US$ /GFLOP = $ 0.0314 Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment TeraGrid
1104-877: The Starlight facilities in Chicago . In October 2003, NSF awarded $ 10 million to add four sites to TeraGrid as well as to establish a third network hub, in Atlanta . These new sites were Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Purdue University , Indiana University , and the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) at The University of Texas at Austin . TeraGrid construction was also made possible through corporate partnerships with Sun Microsystems , IBM , Intel Corporation , Qwest Communications , Juniper Networks , Myricom , Hewlett-Packard Company , and Oracle Corporation . TeraGrid construction
1152-626: The Starlight facilities in Chicago . In October 2003, NSF awarded $ 10 million to add four sites to TeraGrid as well as to establish a third network hub, in Atlanta . These new sites were Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Purdue University , Indiana University , and the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) at The University of Texas at Austin . TeraGrid construction was also made possible through corporate partnerships with Sun Microsystems , IBM , Intel Corporation , Qwest Communications , Juniper Networks , Myricom , Hewlett-Packard Company , and Oracle Corporation . TeraGrid construction
1200-806: The TeraGrid featured high-performance computers, data resources and tools, and high-end experimental facilities around the USA. The work supported by the project is sometimes called e-Science . In 2006, the University of Michigan 's School of Information began a study of TeraGrid. In May 2007, TeraGrid integrated resources included more than 250 teraflops of computing capability and more than 30 petabytes (quadrillions of bytes) of online and archival data storage with rapid access and retrieval over high-performance networks. Researchers could access more than 100 discipline-specific databases. In late 2009, The TeraGrid resources had grown to 2 petaflops of computing capability and more than 60 petabytes storage. In mid 2009, NSF extended
1248-756: The TeraGrid featured high-performance computers, data resources and tools, and high-end experimental facilities around the USA. The work supported by the project is sometimes called e-Science . In 2006, the University of Michigan 's School of Information began a study of TeraGrid. In May 2007, TeraGrid integrated resources included more than 250 teraflops of computing capability and more than 30 petabytes (quadrillions of bytes) of online and archival data storage with rapid access and retrieval over high-performance networks. Researchers could access more than 100 discipline-specific databases. In late 2009, The TeraGrid resources had grown to 2 petaflops of computing capability and more than 60 petabytes storage. In mid 2009, NSF extended
1296-665: The arithmetic capability of the machine on scientific tasks. FLOPS on an HPC-system can be calculated using this equation: This can be simplified to the most common case: a computer that has exactly 1 CPU: FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, for example, the TOP500 supercomputer list ranks computers by 64 bit ( double-precision floating-point format ) operations per second, abbreviated to FP64 . Similar measures are available for 32-bit ( FP32 ) and 16-bit ( FP16 ) operations. FORTRAN compiler (ANSI 77 with vector extensions) In June 1997, Intel 's ASCI Red
1344-508: The facility through national research networks such as the Internet2 Abilene backbone and National LambdaRail . TeraGrid users primarily came from U.S. universities. There are roughly 4,000 users at over 200 universities. Academic researchers in the United States can obtain exploratory, or development allocations (roughly, in "CPU hours") based on an abstract describing the work to be done. More extensive allocations involve
1392-441: The facility through national research networks such as the Internet2 Abilene backbone and National LambdaRail . TeraGrid users primarily came from U.S. universities. There are roughly 4,000 users at over 200 universities. Academic researchers in the United States can obtain exploratory, or development allocations (roughly, in "CPU hours") based on an abstract describing the work to be done. More extensive allocations involve
1440-465: The most powerful supercomputers (excluding grid computers ). The computer is located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. The computer's name refers to the New Mexico state bird , the greater roadrunner ( Geococcyx californianus ). In June 2008, AMD released ATI Radeon HD 4800 series, which are reported to be the first GPUs to achieve one teraFLOPS. On August 12, 2008, AMD released
1488-474: The numerical computing performance of a computer. Floating-point operations are typically used in fields such as scientific computational research, as well as in machine learning . However, before the late 1980s floating-point hardware (it's possible to implement FP arithmetic in software over any integer hardware) was typically an optional feature, and computers that had it were said to be "scientific computers", or to have " scientific computation " capability. Thus
TeraGrid - Misplaced Pages Continue
1536-606: The operation of TeraGrid to 2011. A follow-on project was approved in May 2011. In July 2011, a partnership of 17 institutions announced the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE). NSF announced funding the XSEDE project for five years, at $ 121 million. XSEDE is led by John Towns at the University of Illinois 's National Center for Supercomputing Applications . TeraGrid resources are integrated through
1584-438: The operation of TeraGrid to 2011. A follow-on project was approved in May 2011. In July 2011, a partnership of 17 institutions announced the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE). NSF announced funding the XSEDE project for five years, at $ 121 million. XSEDE is led by John Towns at the University of Illinois 's National Center for Supercomputing Applications . TeraGrid resources are integrated through
1632-530: The thermal dissipation at this frequency exceeds 190 watts. In June 2007, Top500.org reported the fastest computer in the world to be the IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer, measuring a peak of 596 teraFLOPS. The Cray XT4 hit second place with 101.7 teraFLOPS. On June 26, 2007, IBM announced the second generation of its top supercomputer, dubbed Blue Gene/P and designed to continuously operate at speeds exceeding one petaFLOPS, faster than
1680-414: The unit MIPS was useful to measure integer performance of any computer, including those without such a capability, and to account for architecture differences, similar MOPS (million operations per second) was used as early as 1970 as well. Note that besides integer (or fixed-point) arithmetics, examples of integer operation include data movement (A to B) or value testing (If A = B, then C). That's why MIPS as
1728-513: The world record and claiming first place in the latest TOP500 list. On November 12, 2012, the TOP500 list certified Titan as the world's fastest supercomputer per the LINPACK benchmark, at 17.59 petaFLOPS. It was developed by Cray Inc. at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and combines AMD Opteron processors with "Kepler" NVIDIA Tesla graphics processing unit (GPU) technologies. On June 10, 2013, China's Tianhe-2
1776-572: Was an e-Science grid computing infrastructure combining resources at eleven partner sites. The project started in 2001 and operated from 2004 through 2011. The TeraGrid integrated high-performance computers, data resources and tools, and experimental facilities. Resources included more than a petaflops of computing capability and more than 30 petabytes of online and archival data storage, with rapid access and retrieval over high-performance computer network connections. Researchers could also access more than 100 discipline-specific databases. TeraGrid
1824-667: Was announced by Japanese research institute RIKEN , the MDGRAPE-3 . The computer's performance tops out at one petaFLOPS, almost two times faster than the Blue Gene/L, but MDGRAPE-3 is not a general purpose computer, which is why it does not appear in the Top500.org list. It has special-purpose pipelines for simulating molecular dynamics. By 2007, Intel Corporation unveiled the experimental multi-core POLARIS chip, which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz. The 80-core chip can raise this result to 2 teraFLOPS at 6.26 GHz, although
1872-495: Was announced that Japan had achieved 10.51 petaFLOPS with its K computer . It has 88,128 SPARC64 VIIIfx processors in 864 racks, with theoretical performance of 11.28 petaFLOPS. It is named after the Japanese word " kei ", which stands for 10 quadrillion , corresponding to the target speed of 10 petaFLOPS. On November 15, 2011, Intel demonstrated a single x86-based processor, code-named "Knights Corner", sustaining more than
1920-561: Was completed in October 2004, at which time the TeraGrid facility began full production. In August 2005, NSF's newly created office of cyberinfrastructure extended support for another five years with a $ 150 million set of awards. It included $ 48 million for coordination and user support to the Grid Infrastructure Group at the University of Chicago led by Charlie Catlett . Using high-performance network connections,
1968-427: Was completed in October 2004, at which time the TeraGrid facility began full production. In August 2005, NSF's newly created office of cyberinfrastructure extended support for another five years with a $ 150 million set of awards. It included $ 48 million for coordination and user support to the Grid Infrastructure Group at the University of Chicago led by Charlie Catlett . Using high-performance network connections,
TeraGrid - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-554: Was coordinated through the Grid Infrastructure Group (GIG) at the University of Chicago , working in partnership with the resource provider sites in the United States. The US National Science Foundation (NSF) issued a solicitation asking for a "distributed terascale facility" from program director Richard L. Hilderbrandt. The TeraGrid project was launched in August 2001 with $ 53 million in funding to four sites:
2064-421: Was coordinated through the Grid Infrastructure Group (GIG) at the University of Chicago , working in partnership with the resource provider sites in the United States. The US National Science Foundation (NSF) issued a solicitation asking for a "distributed terascale facility" from program director Richard L. Hilderbrandt. The TeraGrid project was launched in August 2001 with $ 53 million in funding to four sites:
2112-657: Was meant to be an extensible distributed open system from the start. In October 2002, the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh joined the TeraGrid as major new partners when NSF announced $ 35 million in supplementary funding. The TeraGrid network was transformed through the ETF project from a 4-site mesh to a dual-hub backbone network with connection points in Los Angeles and at
2160-461: Was meant to be an extensible distributed open system from the start. In October 2002, the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh joined the TeraGrid as major new partners when NSF announced $ 35 million in supplementary funding. The TeraGrid network was transformed through the ETF project from a 4-site mesh to a dual-hub backbone network with connection points in Los Angeles and at
2208-532: Was named after a mythical creature, Kraken . Kraken was declared the world's fastest university-managed supercomputer and sixth fastest overall in the 2009 TOP500 list. In 2010 Kraken was upgraded and can operate faster and is more powerful. In 2009, the Cray Jaguar performed at 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the IBM Roadrunner for the number one spot on the TOP500 list. In October 2010, China unveiled
2256-600: Was ranked the world's fastest with 33.86 petaFLOPS. On June 20, 2016, China's Sunway TaihuLight was ranked the world's fastest with 93 petaFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark (out of 125 peak petaFLOPS). The system was installed at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, and represented more performance than the next five most powerful systems on the TOP500 list did at the time combined. In June 2019, Summit , an IBM-built supercomputer now running at
2304-401: Was the world's first computer to achieve one teraFLOPS and beyond. Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and "was supercomputing's high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance". NEC 's SX-9 supercomputer was the world's first vector processor to exceed 100 gigaFLOPS per single core. In June 2006, a new computer
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