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77-643: In the 10th century, the area was the domain of the Tran clan, which rose in power to become the Trần Dynasty of Vietnam in the early 13th century. The town Thái Bình (Sino-Vietnamese: 太平) developed near the Keo Pagoda constructed in 1061. Before the prime minister declared it a city in June 2004, Thai Binh was officially a town. The city is the center of economics and culture in its province. Thai Binh Medical College

154-577: A Mongol-appointed darughachi . In 1283, Khubilai Khan sent word to the Trần that he intended to send Yuan armies through Trần territory to attack the kingdom of Champa, with demands for provisions and other support to the Yuan army. In the twelfth lunar month of 1284, the second Yuan invasion of Đại Việt was launched under the command of Kublai Khan's prince Toghon . Đại Việt was attacked from two directions, with Toghan himself conducting an infantry invasion from

231-562: A defamation campaign against the Emperor which ultimately made Nghệ Tông decide to replace him by Trần Thuận Tông and downgrade Phế Đế to Prince Linh Đức in December 1388. Trần Nghệ Tông died on the 15th day of the twelfth lunar month, 1394 at the age of 73 leaving the imperial court in the total control of Hồ Quý Ly. He began to reform the administrative and examination systems of the Trần dynasty and eventually obliged Thuận Tông to change

308-473: A disastrous defeat of the Yuan navy at the Battle of Bạch Đằng on the eighth day of the third lunar month, 1288. Besides Trần Quốc Tuấn, other notable generals of the Trần dynasty during this time were Prince Nhân Huệ Trần Khánh Dư , who destroyed the logistics convoy of the Yuan navy at the Battle of Vân Đồn , and general Phạm Ngũ Lão , who took charge of ambushing prince Toghan's retreating troops. After

385-597: A land tax in measures of rice that was calculated by land classification. One historical book reveals that the Trần dynasty taxed everything from fish and fruits to betel . Taxpayers were divided into three categories: minors ( tiểu hoàng nam , from 18 to 20), adults ( đại hoàng nam , from 20 to 60), and seniors ( lão hạng , over 60). Manufactured items such as handicrafts, cotton, silk and brocades saw rapid development in this period. Some of these items were exported to China while silver, gold, tin and lead mining increased jewelry-making. State-minted copper coins were set up by

462-730: A marriage with the Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân . Anh Tông accepted this offer, then took and renamed Ô prefecture and Lý prefecture as Thuận prefecture and Hóa prefecture. These two prefectures soon began to be referred to collectively as the Thuận Hóa region. Only one year into the marriage, Chế Mân died and, in line with the royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân was to be cremated with her husband . Facing this urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin Trần Khắc Chung to Champa to save Huyền Trân from an imminent death. Finally Huyền Trân

539-427: A month, with "plenty of goods", and a market was situated every five miles on the state highway. Inns were also established by the state during the period. During the reign of Trần Thánh Tông members of the Trần clan and imperial family were required by the Emperor to take full advantage of their land grants by hiring the poor to cultivate them. Đại Việt's cultivated land was annually ruined by river floods, so for

616-504: A more stable agriculture, in 1244 Trần Thái Tông ordered his subordinates to construct a new system of levees along the Red River . Farmers who had to sacrifice their land for the diking were compensated with the value of the land. The Emperor also appointed a separate official to control the system. Towards the end of the Trần dynasty, Hồ Quý Ly held absolute power in the imperial court, and he began to carry out his ideas for reforming

693-617: A new dynasty, the Hồ dynasty . Being Hồ Quý Ly's own grandson, Thiếu Đế was downgraded to Prince Bảo Ninh instead of being killed like his father. Hồ Quý Ly claimed descent from Duke Hu of Chen (Trần Hồ công, 陳胡公), whose Hồ clan originated in State of Chen (modern day Zhejiang , China ) around the 940s. After the Ming dynasty conquered the Hồ dynasty in 1407, Prince Trần Ngỗi was declared emperor and led

770-542: A skilled general, Trần Tự Khánh was able to improve the military situation of the Lý dynasty's army. During that time, Huệ Tông's health declined rapidly and so the power in the royal court was gradually fallen into the hand of the Trần clan led by Trần Tự Khánh. Outside the royal palace, Đại Việt was still in a chaotic situation by the revolts Nguyễn Nộn , Đoàn Thượng, and mountainous people in Chương Mỹ . After his failure of pacifying

847-407: A wealthy landowner in the area. Trần Lý's grandson, Trần Cảnh , later established the Trần dynasty. From Trần Lý onwards, the Trần clan became related to the Lý clan by intermarriages with several members of the imperial Lý dynasty . During the troubled time of many regional rebellions under the reign of emperor Lý Cao Tông , the imperial crown prince, Lý Sảm sought refuge in the territory of

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924-692: Is considered one of the highest quality medical colleges in Vietnam. 20°26′46″N 106°20′32″E  /  20.446111°N 106.342222°E  / 20.446111; 106.342222 This article about a location in Thái Binh Province, Vietnam is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tr%E1%BA%A7n Dynasty 21°02′15″N 105°50′19″E  /  21.03750°N 105.83861°E  / 21.03750; 105.83861 The Trần dynasty , ( Vietnamese : Nhà Trần, chữ Nôm : 茹陳), officially Đại Việt ( Chữ Hán : 大越),

1001-521: Is considered superior to Lý literature in both quality and quantity. Initially, most members of the Trần clan were fishermen without any depth of knowledge. For example, Trần Thủ Độ, the founder of the Trần dynasty, was described in Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư as a man of superficial learning. However, after their usurpation of power from the Lý dynasty, Trần emperors and other princes and marquises always attached special importance to culture, especially literature. Two important schools of literature during

1078-527: The Battle of Đồ Bàn , when the Emperor himself, along with many high-ranking mandarins and generals of the Trần dynasty, were killed by the Cham forces. The successor of Duệ Tông, Trần Phế Đế , and the retired Emperor Nghệ Tông, were unable to drive back any invasion of Chế Bồng Nga in Đại Việt. As a result, Nghệ Tông even decided to hide money in Lạng Sơn , fearing that Chế Bồng Nga's troops might assault and destroy

1155-533: The Crown Prince return to the capital, Thăng Long ; therefore he was awarded the title Count Thuận Lưu ( Vietnamese : Thuận Lưu bá). One year after, the Crown Prince Lý Sảm was enthroned as Lý Huệ Tông after the death of Lý Cao Tông , by then the Trần clan's position began to rise in the royal court. After his coronation, Huệ Tông ordered Trần Tự Khánh to bring his sister to royal palace, the mission

1232-402: The Emperor was still served by many efficient mandarins like Trần Nhật Duật, Đoàn Nhữ Hài , Phạm Ngũ Lão, Trương Hán Siêu , Mạc Đĩnh Chi , and Nguyễn Trung Ngạn . Anh Tông was very strict in suppressing gambling and corruption, but he also generously rewarded those who served him well. In 1306, the king of Champa , Chế Mân , offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures, Ô and Lý, in exchange for

1309-505: The Emperor when she had been pregnant with Trần Quốc Khang for three months. After the marriage, Thuận Thiên was entitled the new empress of the Trần dynasty, while Chiêu Thánh was downgraded to princess. Furious at losing his pregnant wife to his brother, Trần Liễu rose in revolt against the imperial family. Meanwhile, Thái Tông felt remorse about the situation and decided to become a monk at Yên Tử Mountain in Quảng Ninh in order to avoid

1386-485: The Empress Regnant seemed to have affection towards him, the leader of the Trần clan immediately decided to take this chance to carry out his plot to overthrow the Lý dynasty and establish a new dynasty ruled by his own clan. First Trần Thủ Độ moved the whole Trần clan to the imperial palace and arranged a secret marriage between Lý Chiêu Hoàng and Trần Cảnh there, without the appearance of any mandarin or member of

1463-435: The Lý imperial family. After that, he announced the fait accompli to the imperial court and made Lý Chiêu Hoàng cede the throne to her new husband on the grounds that she was incapable of holding office. Thus Trần Cảnh was chosen as her successor. As a result, the 216-year reign of the Lý dynasty was ended, and the new Trần dynasty was created on the first day of the twelfth lunar month ( Gregorian : December 31) 1225. After

1540-457: The Mongol invasions, king Trần Nhân Tông led an attack into modern-day Laos in the winter of 1289–1290 against the advice of his advisors with the goal of preventing raids from the inhabitants of the highlands. Famines and starvations ravaged the country from 1290 to 1292. There were no records of what caused the crop failures, but possible factors included neglect of the water control system due to

1617-480: The Mongol troops. The elephant-mounted troops were routed by sharpshooters targeting the elephants. In comparison with the previous Ly dynasty, the Tran had strengthened their armed forces and were able to deter the Mongol attacks. At the beginning of the war, the Đại Việt army suffered several defeats at the hands of an overwhelming force that had already conquered a vast area in Asia. Several high-ranking officials of

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1694-470: The Tran authorities, so were weapons workshops, court attire workshops and utilities for bronze smelting. Education and literature were largely aided from improvements in the technology of printing and engraved wooden plates. The shipbuilding industry expanded where large 100-oar junks were produced. Thang Long then became the state's commercial center with numerous markets established. A 13th-century Mongolian ambassador mentioned that markets were held twice

1771-615: The Tran dynasty, the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao originated from Fujian. He recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to the Mongols as "Northern bandits". Nguyễn Trung Ngạn , head of an envoy mission to the Yuan court in 1314, referred to the Yuan dynasty as Hồ (胡), meaning barbarians, in his poem Bắc sứ túc Khâu Ôn dịch (北使宿丘溫驛): 江山有限分南北， The land is divided into North and South 胡越同風各弟兄。 "Hồ" and Viet are brothers with same customs Later on, Wu Bozong 吳伯宗 (b. 1334-d. 1384)

1848-411: The Trần clan, headed by Trần Lý. During this time, the crown prince decided to marry Trấn Lý's daughter Trần Thị Dung in 1209. Afterward, it was the Trần clan who helped emperor Lý Cao Tông and crown prince Lý Sảm to restore their power and return to capital Thăng Long . As a result, the emperor appointed several members of the Trần clan to key positions in the imperial court, such as Tô Trung Từ , who

1925-462: The Trần dynasty were so fearful that Prince Trần Nhật Hiệu , the younger brother of Thái Tông, even suggested to the Emperor that they might escape from Đại Việt to the Song dynasty . Trần Thái Tông submitted to the Mongols after the loss of a prince and the capital. In 1258, the Trần commenced regular diplomatic relations and a tributary relationship with the Mongol court, treating them as equals to

2002-515: The Trần dynasty, Confucianist education began to spread across the country. The principal curricula during this time were the Four Books and Five Classics , and Northern history , which were at the beginning taught only at Buddhist pagodas and gradually brought to pupils in private classes organized by retired officials or Confucian scholars. Tr%E1%BA%A7n T%E1%BB%B1 Kh%C3%A1nh Marquis Chương Thành Trần Tự Khánh (1175 – 3 January 1224)

2079-564: The Trần loyalists forces against the Chinese. His base was first centered in Ninh Bình Province . He defeated the Ming forces in 1408 but failed to retake Đông Quan (Hanoi). Due to internal purges, his offensive eventually failed and he had to retreat to Nghệ An . A new emperor, Trùng Quang Đế , was installed by the generals in 1409. The Later Trần held the southern provinces before being defeated by Ming forces in 1413. To restore

2156-452: The battlefield and was responsible for putting down several revolts against the Lý dynasty. Although died before the coronation of his nephew Trần Thái Tông , Trần Tự Khánh was considered one of the main factors that led to the rising position of the Trần clan in the royal court and ultimately the overthrowing of the Lý dynasty by Trần Thủ Độ to create the Trần dynasty . Trần Tự Khánh was born as

2233-463: The capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa in January 1397. On the full moon of the third lunar month, 1398, under pressure from Hồ Quý Ly, Thuận Tông, had to cede the throne to his three-year-old son Trần An , now Trần Thiếu Đế , and held the title Retired Emperor at the age of only 20. Only one year after his resignation, Thuận Tông was killed on the orders of Hồ Quý Ly. Hồ Quý Ly also authorised

2310-496: The capital of Đại Việt. The Trần army could not withstand this attack and the Trần imperial court had to escape from Thăng Long, creating an opportunity for Chế Bồng Nga to violently loot the capital before withdrawing. In the twelfth lunar month of 1376 the Emperor Trần Duệ Tông decided to personally command a military campaign against Champa. Eventually, the campaign was ended by a disastrous defeat of Đại Việt's army at

2387-466: The collapse of the Lý Dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ was still afraid that the newly established Trần Dynasty might be overthrown by its political opponents. He therefore continued to eliminate members of the Lý imperial family: first the former emperor Lý Huệ Tông was coerced into suicide in the tenth lunar month of 1226, then other members of the Lý imperial family were massacred by the order of Trần Thủ Độ in

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2464-484: The collection Quốc ngữ thi tập ( Collection of national language poems ) or Hồ Quý Ly who wrote Quốc ngữ thi nghĩa to explain Shi Jing in the Vietnamese language. The achievement of Vietnamese language literature during the Trần era was the essential basis for the development of this language and the subsequent literature of Vietnam. The Trần dynasty was considered a golden age for music and culture. Although it

2541-580: The country's economy, which had been heavily damaged during the turbulent time at the end of the Lý dynasty, Emperor Trần Thái Tông decided to reform the nation's system of taxation by introducing a new personal tax ( thuế thân ), which was levied on each person according to the area of cultivated land owned. For example, a farmer who owned one or two mẫu , equal to 3,600 to 7,200 square metres (39,000 to 78,000 sq ft), had to pay one quan per year, while another with up to four mẫus had to pay two quan . Besides personal taxes, farmers were obliged to pay

2618-472: The destruction of the Mongol navy, both the Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and serve as tributary states in order to avoid further conflicts. Professor Liam Kelley noted that people from Song dynasty China, such as Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao , fled to the Tran dynasty after the Mongol invasion of the Song and helped the Tran fight against the Mongol invasion. Like

2695-532: The early history of Vietnam. Trần literature had a special role in the history of Vietnamese literature for its introduction and development of the Vietnamese language (Quốc ngữ) written in chữ nôm . Before the Trần dynasty, Vietnamese was only used in oral history or proverbs. Under the rule of the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông, it was used for the first time as the second language in official scripts of

2772-470: The economy of Đại Việt. The most significant change during this time was the replacement of copper coins with paper money in 1396. It was the first time in the history of Vietnam that paper money was used in trading. The Emperor set up trading posts at the coastal town of Vân Đồn , where Chinese merchants from Guangdong and Fujian would move in to engage in commerce. Ethnic Chinese are recorded in Tran and Ly dynasty records of officials. Trần literature

2849-539: The eighth lunar month of 1232. Trần Thái Tông was enthroned when he was only eight years old. There were several rebellions in Đại Việt at that time, so Trần Thủ Độ had to devote all of his efforts to consolidating the rule of Thái Tông in the imperial court and over the country. Right after the coronation of the Emperor in 1226, Nguyễn Nộn and Đoàn Thượng rose in revolt in the mountainous region of Bắc Giang and Hải Dương . By both military and diplomatic measures, such as sending an army and by awarding two leaders of

2926-426: The embattled Southern Song dynasty without renouncing their ties to the Song. Kublai Khan was dissatisfied with the arrangement at the end of the first invasion and requested greater tributary payments, including taxes to the Mongols in both money and labor, "incense, gold, silver, cinnabar, agarwood, sandalwood, ivory, tortoiseshell, pearls, rhinoceros horn, silk floss, and porcelain cups", and direct oversight from

3003-421: The execution of over 370 persons who opposed his dominance in the imperial court, including several prominent mandarins and the Emperor's relatives together with their families, such as Trần Khát Chân, Trần Hãng , Phạm Khả Vĩnh and Lương Nguyên Bưu . The end of the Trần dynasty came on the 28th day of the second lunar month (Gregorian: March 23) 1400, when Hồ Quý Ly decided to overthrow Thiếu Đế and established

3080-409: The family feud. Finally Trần Thủ Độ forcefully yet successfully persuaded Thái Tông to return to the throne, and Trần Liễu had to surrender after judging that he could not stand with his fragile force. All soldiers who participated in this revolt were killed; Trần Thủ Độ even wanted to behead Trần Liễu, but was stopped by Thái Tông. In 1257, the first Mongol invasion of Đại Việt was launched with

3157-531: The fifth lunar month of 1285, Trần Quang Khải fought the decisive battle in the Chương Dương , where the Yuan navy was almost destroyed and the balance in the battlefield tilted definitively in favor of the Trần dynasty. Ten days later Sogetu was killed and the Trần Emperor Nhân Tông and Emperor Emeritus Thánh Tông returned to the capital, Thăng Long, on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, 1285. In

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3234-456: The garrison of Trần Tự Khánh in Cửu Liên Marsh (now Yên Mỹ , Hưng Yên ). The first child of Huệ Tông and Lady Thuận Trinh, Princess Thuận Thiên was born here in June 1216. In December 1216 Lady Thuận Trinh was entitled as empress of the Lý dynasty, hence Trần Tự Khánh was appointed for the position of Regent of the Emperor and commander in charge of military training and preparing. Being

3311-466: The governor of Nghe An. This critical situation for the Trần dynasty began to change after the Toghan made the decision to retreat with the forward troops their victory in the fourth lunar month of 1285 at the Battle of Hàm Tử , where the troops commanded by Trần Nhật Duật , Prince Chiêu Thành, Trần Quốc Toản , and Nguyễn Khoái were finally able to defeat the fleet of general Sogetu. On the tenth day of

3388-417: The imperial court, besides Chinese . It was Hàn Thuyên , an official of Nhân Tông, who began to compose his literary works in the Vietnamese language, with the earliest recorded poem written in chữ Nôm in 1282. He was considered the pioneer who introduced chữ nôm in literature. After Hàn Thuyên, chữ Nôm was progressively used by Trần scholars in composing Vietnamese literature, such as Chu Văn An with

3465-484: The imperial court. This prompted the Prime Minister Trần Nguyên Trác and his son Trần Nguyên Tiết to plot the assassination of Nhật Lễ, but their conspiracy was discovered by the Emperor and they were killed afterwards. In the tenth lunar month of 1370, the Emperor's father-in-law, Trần Phủ , after receiving advice from several mandarins and members of the imperial family, decided to raise an army for

3542-400: The imperial family of the Trần dynasty defected to the Yuan side, including Thánh Tông's own brother, Prince Chiêu Quốc ( Trần Ích Tắc ), and Trần Kiện, who was the son of Prince Tĩnh Quốc ( Trần Quốc Khang ). To ensure the safety of Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông during their retreat, Princess An Tư was offered as a present and diversion for Prince Toghan, while Marquis Bảo Nghĩa ( Trần Bình Trọng )

3619-489: The imperial palace in Thăng Long. In 1389 general Trần Khát Chân was appointed by Nghệ Tông to take charge of stopping Champa. In the first lunar month of 1390, Trần Khát Chân had a decisive victory over Champa which resulted in the death of Chế Bồng Nga and stabilised situation in the southern part of Đại Việt. During the reign of Trần Nghệ Tông, Hồ Quý Ly , an official who had two aunts entitled as consorts of Minh Tông,

3696-529: The introduction of vernacular Vietnamese into the court was established, alongside Literary Chinese . This laid the foundation for the further development and solidifying of the Vietnamese language and identity. The ancestor of the Trần clan, Trần Kinh, (陳京) migrated from the modern province of Fujian to Đại Việt during the early 12th century. He settled in Tức Mặc village (now Mỹ Lộc , Nam Định ) and lived by fishing. His grandson Trần Lý (陳李; 1151–1210) became

3773-431: The northern border while the Yuan navy under general Sogetu advanced from the southern border through the territory of Champa . Initially, Trần Thánh Tông and Trần Nhân Tông had to order the army to retreat to avoid the pressure from the Yuan force when Prince Chiêu Minh Trần Quang Khải commanded his troops to stop Sogetu's fleet in the province of Nghệ An . Meanwhile, several high-ranking officials and members of

3850-418: The petition of receiving the Emperor, Trần Tự Khánh's action made Lý Huệ Tông suspected that he in fact wanted to overpower the Emperor, Huệ Tông thus ordered an issue of imprisoning Trần Tự Khánh and downgrading his sister Trần Thị Dung from Royal Consort ( nguyên phi ) to palace maid ( ngự nữ ). The imprisonment of Trần Tự Khánh was not carried out and he again brought troops near Thăng Long in January 1214 with

3927-440: The proclamation Hịch tướng sĩ ( Call of Soldiers ), written by general Trần Quốc Tuấn, which was the most popular work of the hịch (appeal, call) form in Vietnamese literature. Besides members of the Trần clan, there were several mandarins and scholars who were well known for patriotic works such as Trương Hán Siêu , an eminent author of the phú form, or general Phạm Ngũ Lão with his famous poem Thuật hoài . As Buddhism

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4004-526: The purpose of opening a southern front against the Song dynasty, whom they were fighting for more than two decades . The Mongols had already conquered parts of modern-day Sichuan and the Dali kingdom in modern-day Yunnan in order to besiege the Southern Song from the west. Trần Thái Tông opposed the encroachment of a foreign army across his territory and so dispatched soldiers on elephants to deter

4081-512: The purpose of overthrowing Nhật Lễ. After one month, his plan succeeded and Trần Phủ became the new emperor of Đại Việt, ruling as Trần Nghệ Tông, while Nhật Lễ was downgraded to Duke of Hôn Đức (Hôn Đức Công) and was killed afterwards by an order of Nghệ Tông. After the death of Hôn Đức Công, his mother fled to Champa and begged King Chế Bồng Nga to attack Đại Việt. Taking advantage of his neighbour's lack of political stability, Chế Bồng Nga commanded troops and directly assaulted Thăng Long ,

4158-416: The reign of the Trần dynasty were patriotic and Buddhist literature. To commemorate the victory of Đại Việt against the second Mongol invasion the grand chancellor Trần Quang Khải composed a poem, named Tụng giá hoàn kinh ( Return to the capital ), which was considered one of the finest examples of Vietnamese patriotic literature during the dynastic era. Patriotism in Trần literature was also represented by

4235-457: The relations between Đại Việt and Champa remained strained for a long time afterwards. After the death of the retired Emperor Trần Minh Tông in 1357, the Trần dynasty began to fall into chaos during the reign of Trần Dụ Tông . While being modest and diligent under the regency of Minh Tông, the reign of Emperor Dụ Tông saw extravagant spending on the building of several luxurious palaces and other indulgences. Dụ Tông introduced theatre, which

4312-515: The revolt in Chương Mỹ, Trần Tự Khánh advised the Emperor to pardon Nguyễn Nộn and appoint him to take charge of putting down the Chương Mỹ's revolt. Trần Tự Khánh died in December 1223 and was posthumously entitled as Prince Kiến Quốc (Kiến Quốc đại vương). Although unable to witness the successful plot to overthrow the Lý dynasty and found Trần dynasty by his cousin Trần Thủ Độ in 1225, Trần Tự Khánh

4389-686: The revolt the title of Prince ( Vương ), Trần Thủ Độ was able to put down these revolts in 1229. According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư , Thái Tông and his wife, the Empress Chiêu Thánh , did not have their first son for some time. This situation worried the grand chancellor Trần Thủ Độ because he had profited from similar circumstances with the Emperor Lý Huệ Tông in overthrowing the Lý dynasty. Therefore, in 1237 Trần Thủ Độ decided to force Prince Hoài Trần Liễu , Thái Tông's elder brother, to give up his wife, Princess Thuận Thiên, for

4466-472: The rule of the Lý dynasty. One of them, Đoàn Thượng , even self-entitled as Prince (Vương) and was so powerful that no generals of the Emperor could put down his revolt. These revolts with the incapability of the royal court made the ruling Lý dynasty gradually weaken. In February 1213, afraid that his sister was ill-treated by the Empress Mother Đàm, Trần Tự Khánh led his army to the royal palace with

4543-584: The same petition. Afraid that Trần Tự Khánh had a conspiracy against the royal family, Lý Huệ Tông decided to escape from Thăng Long to Lạng Sơn , always with the pursuit of Trần Tự Khánh. Only after Trần Tự Khánh put down the revolt of Đinh Khả and Bùi Đô in May 1214, the Emperor restored his sister as Lady Thuận Trinh (Thuận Trinh phu nhân). However, she was still distrusted by the Empress Mother Đàm who tried to force Trần Thị Dung commit suicide several times and finally Lý Huệ Tông had to escape with Lady Thuận Trinh to

4620-685: The second son of Trần Lý who made his great fortune by fishing in Lưu Gia village (now Hưng Hà, Thái Bình ). He had an elder brother Trần Thừa , who fathered the future first emperor of Trần dynasty Trần Thái Tông , and a younger sister Trần Thị Dung . During the troubled time under the reign of Lý Cao Tông , the Crown Prince Lý Sảm sought refuge in Trần Lý's family and decided to marry his beautiful daughter Trần Thị Dung in 1209. In March 1210 Trần Tự Khánh with his army of Trần's house servants helped

4697-464: The third lunar month of 1287, the Yuan dynasty launched their third invasion of Đại Việt. This time, unlike the second invasion, commander-in-chief Prince Hưng Đạo (Trần Quốc Tuấn) assured the Emperor that Đại Việt's army could easily break the Yuan military campaign. After occupying and looting the capital, Toghan decided to retreat with the forward troops. This invasion was indeed ended one year later by

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4774-502: The throne in 1400, at the age of five years old in favor of his maternal grandfather, Hồ Quý Ly . The Trần improved Chinese gunpowder , enabling them to expand southward to defeat and vassalize the Champa . They also started using paper money for the first time in Vietnam. The period was considered a golden age in Vietnamese language, arts, and culture. The first pieces of Chữ Nôm literature were written during this period, while

4851-516: The throne of the Lý dynasty to crown princess Lý Chiêu Hoàng in October of the lunar calendar, 1224. Ascending the throne at the age of only six, Lý Chiêu Hoàng ruled under the dominant influence of the commander of the imperial guard, Trần Thủ Độ. Even the Empress Regnant's servants were chosen by Trần Thủ Độ; one of them was his 7-year-old nephew Trần Cảnh . When Trần Cảnh informed Trần Thủ Độ that

4928-517: The war, the mobilization of men away from the rice fields, and floods or drought. There was a relatively long period of prosperity and peace during the reigns of Trần Anh Tông , Trần Minh Tông , and Trần Hiến Tông . Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor to reign without facing attacks from the Mongol Empire . Despite the deaths of the two most important generals of the early Trần dynasty, Trần Quang Khải in 1294 and Trần Quốc Tuấn in 1300,

5005-581: Was de facto the national religion of the Trần dynasty, there were many works of Trần literature that expressed the spirit of Buddhism and Zen , notably the works of the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông and other masters of Trúc Lâm School. `Besides the literature created by the upper classes, folk narratives of myths, legends, and ghost stories were also collected in Việt Điện U Linh Tập by Lý Tế Xuyên and Lĩnh Nam chích quái by Trần Thế Pháp . These two collections held great value not only for folk culture but also for

5082-410: Was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái Tông ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Lý dynasty . The Trần dynasty defeated three Mongol invasions , most notably during the decisive Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288. The final emperor of the dynasty was Thiếu Đế , who was forced to abdicate

5159-403: Was a general of the Lý dynasty during the reigns of Lý Cao Tông and Lý Huệ Tông . He was son of Trần Lý, head of the Trần clan, and brother of Trần Thừa and Trần Thị Dung who married to Lý Huệ Tông. Renowned as a skilled general, Trần Tự Khánh was one of the most prominent figures during the turbulent time at the end of Cao Tông and the beginning of Huệ Tông's rule. He had many victories on

5236-410: Was able to return to Đại Việt, but Chế Chí , the successor of Chế Mân, no longer wished to abide by the peace treaty with Đại Việt. After that event, Anh Tông himself, along with the generals Trần Quốc Chân and Trần Khánh Dư, commanded three groups of Đại Việt military units to attack Champa in 1312. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion, and Anh Tông installed a hand-picked successor, but

5313-472: Was an uncle of Trần Thị Dung, and Trần Tự Khánh and Trần Thừa , who were all Trần Lý's sons. In 1211 the crown prince Lý Sảm was enthroned as Lý Huệ Tông after the death of Lý Cao Tông . By that time the Trần clan's position began to rise within the imperial court. After a period of political crisis, the Emperor Lý Huệ Tông , who had been mentally ill for a long time, ultimately decided to pass

5390-530: Was appointed to one of the highest positions in the imperial court. Despite his complicity in the death of the Emperor Duệ Tông, Hồ Quý Ly still had Nghệ Tông's confidence and came to hold more and more power at the imperial court. Facing the unstoppable rise of Hồ Quý Ly in the court, the Emperor Trần Phế Đế plotted with minister Trần Ngạc to reduce Hồ Quý Ly's power, but Hồ Quý Ly pre-empted this plot by

5467-462: Was born to a couple of hát tuồng performers. To celebrate the victory over the 1288 Mongol invasion, Trần Quang Khải and Trần Nhật Duật created the Múa bài bông ( dance of flowers ) for a major three-day festival in Thăng Long. This dance has been handed down to the present and is still performed at local festivals in the northern region. Although Buddhism was considered the national religion of

5544-410: Was captured and later killed in the Battle of Đà Mạc defending the two emperors. The mass defections were the result of the significant effect that recent Mongol conquest of the Southern Song had on contemporary observers, with a Mongol conquest of Vietnam appearing inevitable to many. At the southern border, Trần Quang Khải also had to retreat under the pressure of Sogetu's navy and the defection of

5621-510: Was considered at the time to be a shameful pleasure, into the imperial court. The Emperor died on the 25th day of the fifth lunar month, 1369, at the age of 28, after appointing his brother's son Dương Nhật Lễ despite the fact that his appointee was not from the Trần clan. Like his predecessor Dụ Tông, Nhật Lễ neglected his administrative duties and concentrated only on drinking, theatre, and wandering. He even wanted to change his family name back to Dương. Such activities disappointed everyone in

5698-476: Was sent as Ming ambassador to Vietnam. Wu wrote in the Rongjinji (榮進集) that when he asked the Tran monarch about Annam's affairs, the Tran ruler said that the kingdom still adhered to Tang dynasty and Han dynasty customs. 欲問安南事， Asking about Annam situation? 安南風俗淳。 Annam customs are traditional 衣冠唐制度， Clothing are Tang's standard 禮樂漢君臣 Music and Rites are similar to Han's court After

5775-428: Was still seen as a shameful pleasure at that time, theatre rapidly developed towards the end of the Trần dynasty with the role of Lý Nguyên Cát (Li Yuan Ki), a captured Chinese soldier who was granted a pardon for his talent in theatre. Lý Nguyên Cát imported many features of Chinese theatre (also see 话剧) in the performing arts of Đại Việt such as stories, costumes, roles, and acrobatics. For that reason, Lý Nguyên Cát

5852-402: Was successfully conducted by Trần Tự Khánh's subordinate Phùng Tá Chu who also helped general Tô Trung Từ pacify the revolt of Đỗ Quảng near Thăng Long. As a result, Tô Trung Từ was promoted to Regent of the Emperor while Trần Tự Khánh was also granted the title Marquis Chương Thành (Chương Thành hầu). Besides the revolt of Đỗ Quảng, there were many warlords who rose up their troops against

5929-402: Was traditionally considered the founder of the art of hát tuồng in Vietnam. However this is nowadays a challenged hypothesis because hát tuồng and Beijing opera differed in the way of using painted faces, costumes, or theatrical conventions. The art of theatre was introduced to the imperial court by Trần Dụ Tông and eventually the emperor even decided to cede the throne to Dương Nhật Lễ, who

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