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28-610: The Keeper , or its plural The Keepers , may refer to: Films [ edit ] The Keepers (1959 film) , English-language release of French film La Tête contre les murs The Keeper (1976 film) , starring Christopher Lee The Keeper of Traken , a 1981 serial from the television programme Doctor Who The Keeper (1995 film) , starring Regina Taylor The Keeper (2002 film) , with music composed by Evan Evans The Keeper (2004 film) , starring Dennis Hopper and Asia Argento The Keeper: The Legend of Omar Khayyam ,

56-423: A 2005 film starring Vanessa Redgrave The Keeper (2009 film) , starring Steven Seagal The Keepers , a 2017 film documentary series about the murder of American nun Cathy Cesnik The Keeper (2018 film) , a film about footballer Bert Trautmann Music [ edit ] "The Keeper", a song written by Chris Cornell for the 2011 film Machine Gun Preacher "The Keepers", a song by Santigold from

84-470: A December 2020 ProPublica article, by 2017 the federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), in discussion with then Attorney General Jeff Sessions , had begun to search for suppliers of pentobarbital to be used in lethal injections. The BOP was aware that the use of pentobarbital as their "new drug choice" would be challenged in the courts because some lawyers had said that "pentobarbital would flood prisoners' lungs with froth and foam, inflicting pain and terror akin to

112-431: A death by drowning." BOP claimed that these concerns were unjustified and that their two expert witnesses asserted that the use of pentobarbital was "humane". On 25 July 2019, US Attorney General William Barr directed the federal government to resume capital punishment after 16 years. The federal protocol provides for intravenous administration of two syringes each containing 2.5 grams of pentobarbital sodium followed by

140-448: A grip on his life. At the end of the visiting hour, François tries to sneak out with the other people leaving the hospital, but is caught by one of the wardens. Under the influence of pentobarbital , François tells Varmont that he blames his father for his mother's suicide when he was still a boy. From Heurtevent François learns of the ward of Dr. Emery, whose methods of treatment are more progressive than Varmont's, but Emery does not have

168-628: A saline flush. Like other barbiturates, pentobarbital binds to the barbiturate-binding site on the GABA-A receptor . This action increases the duration of ion-channel opening. At high doses, pentobarbital is capable of opening the ion channel in the absence of GABA . Pentobarbital undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver and possibly the intestines. Administration of ethanol , benzodiazepines , opioids , antihistamines , other sedative-hypnotics , and other central nervous system depressants will cause possible additive effects. Pentobarbital

196-400: Is a short-acting barbiturate typically used as a sedative , a preanesthetic , and to control convulsions in emergencies. It can also be used for short-term treatment of insomnia but has been largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs. In high doses, pentobarbital causes death by respiratory arrest . It is used for veterinary euthanasia and is used by some US states and

224-452: Is induced within 30 seconds, and the heart stops beating within 3 minutes. Oral administration is also used. A Swiss pharmacist reported in 2022 that the dose for assisted suicide had been raised to 15 grams because with lower doses death was preceded by a coma of up to 10 hours in some cases. Pentobarbital has been used or considered as a substitute for the barbiturate sodium thiopental used for capital punishment by lethal injection in

252-548: Is preceded by an antiemetic to prevent vomiting. It is taken by mouth for physician-assisted death in the United States states of Oregon, Washington, Vermont, and California (as of January 2016). The oral dosage of pentobarbital indicated for physician-assisted suicide in Oregon is typically 10 g of liquid. In Switzerland , sodium pentobarbital is administered to the patient intravenously . Once administered, sleep

280-418: Is synthesized by methods analogous to that of amobarbital , the only difference being that the alkylation of α-ethylmalonic ester is carried out with 2-bromopentane in place of 1-bromo-3-methylbutane to give pentobarbital. Pentobarbital can occur as a free acid , but is usually formulated as the sodium salt , pentobarbital sodium. The free acid is only slightly soluble in water and in ethanol while

308-452: Is trademarked and manufactured by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck (now produced by Akorn Pharmaceuticals) is the only injectable form of pentobarbital approved for sale in the United States. Abbott discontinued its Nembutal brand of pentobarbital capsules in 1999, largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs. Abbott's Nembutal, known on the streets as "yellow jackets",

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336-515: Is used for euthanasia for humans as well as animals. It is taken alone, or in combination with complementary agents such as phenytoin , in commercial animal euthanasia injectable solutions. In the Netherlands , pentobarbital is part of the standard protocol for physician-assisted suicide for self-administration by the patient. It is given in liquid form, in a solution of sugar syrup and alcohol , containing 9 grams of pentobarbital. This

364-488: The United States federal government for executions of convicted criminals by lethal injection . In some countries and states, it is also used for physician-assisted suicide . Pentobarbital was widely abused beginning in the late 1930s and sometimes known as "yellow jackets" due to the yellow color of Nembutal-branded capsules. Pentobarbital in oral (pill) form is not commercially available. Pentobarbital

392-420: The 2012 album Master of My Make-Believe "The Keeper", a song by Blossoms from the 2020 album Foolish Loving Spaces Other uses [ edit ] The Keeper (2014 novel) , a 2014 novel by John Lescroart The Keeper (Dekker novel) , a 2011 short story by Ted Dekker and Tosca Lee "The Keeper" (short story) , a 1957 short story by H. Beam Piper The Keeper, a character in " The Cage ",

420-601: The United States when that drug became unavailable. In 2011 the U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental stopped production, and importation of the drug proved impossible. Pentobarbital was used in a U.S. execution for the first time in December 2010 in Oklahoma, as part of a three-drug protocol. In March 2011 pentobarbital was used for the first time as the sole drug in a U.S. execution, in Ohio. Since then several states as well as

448-506: The Wall François, the carefree son of an influential lawyer, has no qualifications and no job. To mix with rich and superficial friends, he has borrowed money that he cannot repay. In search of money, he breaks into his father's desk, steals his cash, and wantonly burns one of his legal documents. Rather than call the police, his father has him committed to an isolated psychiatric hospital in the country. François discovers that many of

476-474: The benzodiazepine family of drugs. Pentobarbital can reduce intracranial pressure in Reye's syndrome , treat traumatic brain injury and induce coma in cerebral ischemia patients. Pentobarbital-induced coma has been advocated in patients with acute liver failure refractory to mannitol . Pentobarbital is also used as a veterinary anesthetic agent. Pentobarbital can cause death when used in high doses. It

504-451: The capacities to accept new patients. After telling Dr. Varmont he wants to be reconciled, François is paid a visit by his father, but the meeting is a failure, and release seems remote. Together with Heurtevent, he makes an escape attempt, but his friend collapses in an epileptic seizure while he himself is wounded by a local with his gun. In despair, Heurtevent later hangs himself. François plans another escape during Heurtevent's funeral, as

532-559: The federal government have used pentobarbital for lethal injections; some use three-drug protocols and others use pentobarbital alone. Pentobarbital is produced by the Danish company Lundbeck . Use of the drug for executions is illegal under Danish law, and when this was discovered, after public outcry in Danish media, Lundbeck stopped selling it to US states that impose the death penalty and prohibited US distributors to sell it to any customers, such as state authorities, that practice or participate in executions of humans. Texas began using

560-456: The hospital cemetery is located outside the walls of the institution. Lenoir gives him an address in Paris where he can find a job and a place to sleep. Making a successful getaway, François finds out that the given address is an illegal gambling den. Unsure if this is a milieu he wants to enter, he goes unannounced to Stéphanie's room, who lets him stay at her place and spends the night with him. In

588-424: The inmates are not seriously deranged, but Dr. Varmont, senior doctor of the ward where he is interned, is of the opinion that the mentally ill should be locked away from society. François befriends Lenoir, a criminal hiding from gangland revenge, and Heurtevent, a gentle epileptic. To his joy, Stéphanie, a girl he met on his last night of freedom, pays him a visit. She knows that he is not insane and urges him to get

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616-557: The madness behind reality, because it is for him the only way to rediscover the true face of reality behind this madness […] Franju demonstrates the necessity of Surrealism if one considers it as a pilgrimage to the sources." In February 2005, the French soundtrack record label Play Time released Maurice Jarre 's film music on Compact Disc, along with other scores Jarre composed for films by Franju. Pentobarbital Pentobarbital (US) or pentobarbitone (British and Australian)

644-542: The morning, two plainclothes men looking for François appear at Stéphanie's door, but she pretends not to know his whereabouts. François makes preparations to escape, refusing Stéphanie's offer to accompany him. He slips out and, caught in the stairway by the two men who had been waiting for him, is rushed back to the asylum. Upon its release, Head Against the Wall received praise by the critics of Cahiers du Cinéma , especially by Jean-Luc Godard , who noted that Franju "seeks

672-452: The pilot episode of Star Trek The Keeper, a character in " The Gamekeeper ", an episode of Stargate SG-1 The Keepers (Australian TV series) , a 1984 Australian television series The Keepers , a 1989 Australian play by Bob Maza See also [ edit ] Keeper (disambiguation) Keepers (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

700-475: The single-drug pentobarbital protocol for executing death-row inmates on 18 July 2012, because of a shortage of pancuronium bromide , a muscle paralytic previously used as one component of a three-drug cocktail. In October 2013, Missouri changed its protocol to allow for pentobarbital from a compounding pharmacy to be used in a lethal dose for executions. It was first used in November 2013. According to

728-447: The sodium salt shows better solubility. Pentobarbital is the INN , AAN , BAN , and USAN while pentobarbitone is a former AAN and BAN. One brand name for this drug is Nembutal , coined by John S. Lundy, who started using it in 1930, from the structural formula of the sodium salt —Na (sodium) + ethyl + methyl + butyl + al (common suffix for barbiturates ). Nembutal

756-449: The title The Keeper . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Keeper&oldid=1250717604 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Head Against

784-408: Was developed by Ernest H. Volwiler and Donalee L. Tabern  [ de ] at Abbott Laboratories in 1930. Typical applications for pentobarbital are sedative , short term hypnotic , preanesthetic , insomnia treatment, and control of convulsions in emergencies. Abbott Pharmaceutical discontinued manufacture of their Nembutal brand of Pentobarbital capsules in 1999, largely replaced by

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