22-512: The Paradisus Londonensis (full title The Paradisus Londonensis : or Coloured Figures of Plants Cultivated in the Vicinity of the Metropolis ) is a book dated 1805–1808, printed by D.N. Shury, and published by William Hooker. It consists of coloured illustrations of 117 plants drawn by William Hooker , with explanatory text by Richard Anthony Salisbury . The Paradisus Londinensis
44-436: A nomen rejiciendum that cannot be used anymore. Outright rejection is possible for a name at any rank. Rejection (suppression) of individual names is distinct from suppression of works ( opera utique oppressa ) under Article 34, which allows for listing certain taxonomic ranks in certain publications which are considered not to include any validly published names. Conflicting conserved names are treated according to
66-486: A conserved name is the dinosaur genus name Pachycephalosaurus , which was formally described in 1943. Later, Tylosteus (which was formally described in 1872) was found to be the same genus as Pachycephalosaurus (a synonym). By the usual rules, the genus Tylosteus has precedence and would normally be the correct name. But the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) ruled that
88-539: A new genus, based on the same species as Salisbury's Hookera coronaria , naming the genus Brodiaea in honour of Scottish botanist James Brodie . (The presentation was not published until 1810.) George Boulger , writing in the Dictionary of National Biography , says that Smith's actions were deliberately intended to deprive Salisbury of credit for the genus Hookera . In the text for figure 117, dated 1 September 1808, Salisbury says that "Smith, to suit his own purpose,
110-453: A separate volume holds the bulk of the appendices (except appendix I, on names of hybrids). The substance of the second volume is generated from a database which also holds a history of published proposals and their outcomes, the binding decisions on whether a name is validly published (article 38.4) and on whether it is a homonym (article 53.5). The database can be queried online. In the course of time there have been different standards for
132-668: Is considered as a synonym, either in full or in part, for Dichelostemma congestum , and the epithet pulchella is not used, although Britten had argued for its priority. The 117 plants illustrated in The Paradisus Londinensis are listed below. Salisbury's original orthography is given in brackets where different from modern usage. Accepted names as of September 2013 are taken from The Plant List , unless otherwise referenced. An asterisk indicates that no accepted name has been found. William Hooker (botanical illustrator) William Hooker (1779–1832)
154-455: Is different from that for zoological names. Under the botanical code, names may also be "suppressed", nomen rejiciendum (plural nomina rejicienda or nomina utique rejicienda , abbreviated as nom. rej. ), or rejected in favour of a particular conserved name, and combinations based on a suppressed name are also listed as “ nom. rej. ”. In botanical nomenclature, conservation is a nomenclatural procedure governed by Article 14 of
176-526: Is retained, even though it violates one or more rules which would otherwise prevent it from being legitimate. Nomen conservandum is a Latin term, meaning "a name to be conserved". The terms are often used interchangeably, such as by the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN), while the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature favours the term " conserved name ". The process for conserving botanical names
198-399: Is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name . This article about a British botanist is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Conserved name A conserved name or nomen conservandum (plural nomina conservanda , abbreviated as nom. cons. ) is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection. That is, the name
220-668: The Linnean Society in 1788. Salisbury on the other hand was a supporter of the natural system of classification, in particular that of Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , published in Genera Plantarum in 1789 – the system used in Paradisus Londinensis . In his 1807 work, An introduction to physiological and systematical botany , Smith had used newly discovered plants from the west coast of British Columbia , Canada (plants which he did not name) to support
242-484: The ICN. Its purpose is Conservation is possible only for names at the rank of family , genus or species . It may effect a change in original spelling, type , or (most commonly) priority. Besides conservation of names of certain ranks (Art. 14), the ICN also offers the option of outright rejection of a name ( nomen utique rejiciendum ) also called suppressed name under Article 56, another way of creating
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#1732786652261264-472: The acceptance of botanical names first published by Salisbury, in this work and others. Smith and Salisbury had become friends while studying at the University of Edinburgh . Later in life, in 1802, they quarrelled. Smith was a strong supporter of Linnaeus's systema sexuale ( sexual system ) for classifying plants. He had bought Linnaeus's entire collection of books, manuscripts and specimens, and founded
286-520: The glossary of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the code for names of animals, one of several nomenclature codes ), this definition is given: This is a more generalized definition than the one for nomen protectum , which is specifically a conserved name that is either a junior synonym or homonym that is in use because the senior synonym or homonym has been made a nomen oblitum ("forgotten name"). An example of
308-624: The majority required for a decision. However, for decades the Nomenclature Section has required a 60% majority for an inclusion in the Code , and the Committees have followed this example, in 1996 adopting a 60% majority for a decision. For zoology, the term "conserved name", rather than nomen conservandum , is used in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , although informally both terms are used interchangeably. In
330-412: The normal rules of priority. Separate proposals (informally referred to as "superconservation" proposals) may be made to protect a conserved name that would be overtaken by another. However, conservation has different consequences depending on the type of name that is conserved: Conserved and rejected names (and suppressed names) are listed in the appendices to the ICN. As of the 2012 (Melbourne) edition,
352-449: The parts as follows: The Paradisus Londinensis (abbreviated to Parad. Lond. in botanical citations) is a significant source of botanical names , with around 150 attributed to Salisbury on the basis of this publication. Some have been superseded, but others are still in use. The names include: The Paradisus Londinensis preserves a record of a dispute between Salisbury and James Edward Smith which had (and still has) consequences for
374-485: The supposed internal petals were actually stamens (three sterile ones and the bases of three normal ones). He also disputed Smith's association of the plant with Agapanthus , placing it instead with Allium . He says "I regret much to dissent so often from the celebrated lecturer [Smith]". Shortly afterwards in 1808, Smith named a moss genus Hookeria and read to the Linnean Society a formal description of
396-464: The then established name Brodiaea should be replaced by Hookera , which had priority. (He also showed how many of Salisbury's other names had been ignored.) However, Smith's Hookeria and Brodiaea had become so widely used that they were made conserved names , and Hookera was not reinstated. Salisbury's epithet coronaria in his Hookera coronaria is still used in the combination Brodiaea coronaria . As of September 2013, Hookera pulchella
418-403: The view that the tepals of lilioid monocots were actually sepals , since their flowers had what Smith regarded as six internal petals. In The Paradisus Londinensis , in the notes to number 98, dated 1 March 1808, Salisbury named these plants as the genus Hookera with two species H. coronaria and H. pulchella . (The latter is illustrated as number 117.) Salisbury pointed out that
440-673: Was a British illustrator of natural history . He studied under Franz Bauer (1758–1840), becoming the official artist of the Royal Horticultural Society from 1812 until retirement in 1820, whose publications he illustrated. His paintings of fruit were particularly appreciated. Hooker also worked on the "Oriental Memoirs" of James Forbes and The Paradisus Londinensis with descriptions by Richard Anthony Salisbury (1761–1829). He contributed illustrations for "Hooker's Finest Fruits" until his death in 1832. The standard author abbreviation W.Hook.
462-435: Was constructed as two volumes, each of two parts. The plates were in one part, the text in the other. The title page of the first volume and part bears the date 1805 and identifies the illustrator and publisher as Hooker. The title page of the second part identifies the author of the text as Salisbury. It has often been catalogued as 1805–1807, although some later plates are dated 1808. The International Plant Names Index dates
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#1732786652261484-431: Was utterly silent" on the prior naming of the genus by Salisbury, and that Smith's "multiplied acts of injustice to me whether open or concealed, I sincerely forgive." If it was Smith's deliberate intention to suppress Salisbury's botanical names by giving a moss a confusingly similar name and by renaming Hookera to Brodiaea , he was, initially at least, successful. James Britten , writing much later in 1886, argued that
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