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114-594: The book was first published in 1969 by Cambridge University Press . It first appeared in the Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume VI in 1965, but it was expanded for the 1969 edition. The book deals with innovations and inventions that brought about modernization and technological developments in Western Europe beginning in the 18th century. The book explores why Europe was the first to industrialize and argues that industrialization

228-564: A Calvinistic Puritanism that was too radical for James. The translators of the Geneva Bible had translated the word king as tyrant about four hundred times—the word tyrant does not appear once in the KJV. Because of this, it has been assumed King James purposely had the translators of the KJV translate the word tyrant as either "troubling", "oppressor", or some other word to avoid people being critical of his monarchy. James convened

342-404: A Press & Assessment Board; and to an Academic Publishing Committee and an English Language Teaching & Education Publishing Committee. The Press & Assessment Board was responsible for setting overarching strategic direction. The Publishing Committees provide quality assurance and formal approval of the publishing strategy. The operational responsibility of the press was delegated by

456-443: A book burning". The press pointed out that, at that time, it had already sold most of its copies of the book. The press defended its actions, saying it had acted responsibly and that it was a global publisher with a duty to observe the laws of many different countries. In this case, originally filed in 2008, CUP et al. accused Georgia State University of infringement of copyright. The case closed on 29 September 2020, with GSU as

570-714: A bookshop in Cambridge, sells through Amazon, and has a conference venues business in Cambridge at the Pitt Building and the Sir Geoffrey Cass Sports and Social Centre. It also served as the King's Printer . Cambridge University Press, as part of the University of Cambridge, was a non-profit organization. Cambridge University Press joined The Association of American Publishers trade organization in

684-583: A descriptive phrase, is found being used as early as 1814. "The King James Version" is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855. The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source. In the United States, the "1611 translation" (actually editions following the standard text of 1769, see below) is generally known as the King James Version today. The followers of John Wycliffe undertook

798-651: A false London imprint. However, few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616, and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation. In the period of the English Civil War , soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called "The Soldiers' Bible" . In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version

912-682: A landmark agreement with the University of California. In its 2019 Annual Report, Cambridge University Press stated that it saw such agreements "as an important stepping stone in the transition to Open Access". In 2019, the press joined with the University of Cambridge 's research and teaching departments to give a unified response to Plan S , which calls for all publications resulting from publicly funded research to be published in compliant open access journals or platforms from 2020. The response emphasized Cambridge's commitment to an open access goal which works effectively for all academic disciplines,

1026-406: A non-fiction book on European history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a book on political philosophy or theory is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge . Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it

1140-525: A number of other apparatus , including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong , and a calendar , an almanac , and a table of holy days and observances. Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752, and thus modern editions invariably omit it. So as to make it easier to know a particular passage, each chapter

1254-581: A qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes (which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ). King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : Exodus 1:19, where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by

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1368-548: A revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes, but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text. After the English Restoration , the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era. Furthermore, disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through

1482-617: A roman typeface, which itself made a political and a religious statement. Like the Great Bible and the Bishops' Bible , the Authorized Version was "appointed to be read in churches". It was a large folio volume meant for public use, not private devotion; the weight of the type—blackletter type was heavy physically as well as visually—mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it. However, smaller editions and roman-type editions followed rapidly, e.g. quarto roman-type editions of

1596-457: A single platform to access its publishing ("the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press" ). It provided significantly enhanced interfaces and upgraded navigation capabilities, as well as article-level and chapter-level content selection. A year after Cambridge Core went live, the press launched Cambridge Core Share, functionality to allow users to generate and share links with free access to selected journal articles, an early sign of

1710-682: A successful list which includes its first humanities title, Modern Language Review . 1956 saw the first issue of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics . The press has published 170+ Nobel Prize winners , the first in 1895. In 1913, the Monotype system of hot-metal mechanised typesetting was introduced at the press. In 1949, the press opened its first international branch in New York. The press moved to its current site in Cambridge in 1963. The mid-century modern building, University Printing House,

1824-591: A translation of the New Testament. Tyndale's translation was the first printed Bible in English. Over the next ten years, Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship, and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament. Despite some controversial translation choices, and in spite of Tyndale's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated Bible,

1938-660: A translation that became known as the Geneva Bible . This translation, dated to 1560, was a revision of Tyndale's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages. Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558, problems with both the Great and Geneva Bibles (namely, that the latter did not "conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy") became apparent to church authorities. In 1568,

2052-487: Is actually no more than a department of the University, with no independent status of its own, governed by academic senior members of the University" and that it was not "an almost semi-independent 'international publisher'....Without adequate academic leadership, it would be all too easy for commercial concerns to override academic values, removing public benefit....If the Regent House does zippo to provide leadership on

2166-483: Is considered one of the important literary accomplishments of early modern England. The KJV was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities: The first had been the Great Bible (1535), and the second had been the Bishops' Bible (1568). In Switzerland the first generation of Protestant Reformers had produced the Geneva Bible which was published in 1560 having referred to

2280-438: Is just one part of a larger process of modernization during which a culture significantly changes its social order, institutional order, attitudes, values, and government in order to promote and accommodate further change. In addition, the book also discusses the economic boom that has occurred since the industrial revolution began and argues that only through continued industrialization can the world sustain itself economically in

2394-547: Is most commonly referred to as "The Bible without notes", thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva "Bible with notes". There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam—one as late as 1715 which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes; one such edition was printed in London in 1649. During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend

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2508-469: The ' Vulgar Latin ' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms "... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James" , and "The Geneva French" (i.e. Olivétan ). Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred. For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that, while it had been of vital importance to provide

2622-637: The Bishops' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators, and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained. If the Bishops' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation, the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list: the Tyndale Bible , the Coverdale Bible , Matthew's Bible , the Great Bible , and

2736-658: The Geneva Bible . In addition, later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay–Rheims Bible . It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been "translated out of the original tongues, and with the former translations diligently compared and revised, by His Majesty's special commandment." As

2850-510: The Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker , the King's Printer, in 1611 as a complete folio Bible. It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings , or bound for twelve. Robert Barker's father, Christopher, had, in 1589, been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer, with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England. Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing

2964-751: The Gold Open Access and Green Open Access requirements of major research funders. It published Gold Open Access journals and books and works with publishing partners such as learned societies to develop Open Access for different communities. It supports Green Open Access (also called Green archiving) across its journals and monographs, allowing authors to deposit content in institutional and subject-specific repositories. It also supports sharing on commercial sharing sites through its Cambridge Core Share service. In recent years it has entered into several Read & Publish Open Access agreements with university libraries and consortia in several countries, including

3078-567: The Great Bible ), 'They were not obedient;' the original being, 'They were not disobedient.' Thirdly, psalm cvi. 30 (also from the Great Bible), 'Then stood up Phinees and prayed,' the Hebrew hath, 'executed judgment.' Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to use formal equivalence and limit the Puritan influence on this new translation. The Bishop of London added

3192-639: The Hachette v. Internet Archive lawsuit which resulted in the removal of access to over 500,000 books from global readers. Cambridge University Press was the oldest university press in the world. It originated from letters patent granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry VIII in 1534. Cambridge was one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press ). Authors published by Cambridge have included John Milton , William Harvey , Isaac Newton , Bertrand Russell , and Stephen Hawking . University printing began in Cambridge when

3306-654: The Hampton Court Conference in January 1604, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans , a faction of the Church of England. James gave translators instructions intended to ensure the new version would conform to the ecclesiology , and reflect the episcopal structure, of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy. In common with most other translations of

3420-412: The Hebrew midwives , and also II Chronicles 15:16, where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous 'mother', Queen Maachah (Maachah had actually been Asa's grandmother, but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary, Queen of Scots ). Further, the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that

3534-635: The Old Testament , 14 books of Apocrypha , and the 27 books of the New Testament . Noted for its "majesty of style", the King James Version has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English-speaking world. The King James Version remains the preferred translation of many Protestant Christians, and is considered the only valid one by some Evangelicals . It

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3648-569: The Puritan faction of the Church of England. Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First, Galatians iv. 25 (from the Bishops' Bible). The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is, bordereth neither expressing the force of the word, nor the apostle's sense, nor the situation of the place. Secondly, psalm cv. 28 (from

3762-514: The historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters – together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself, and to the New Testament. In the Great Bible, readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type . In the Geneva Bible, a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators, or thought needful for English grammar but not present in

3876-431: The "New Translation" was the only edition on the market. F. F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the "Old Translation" (i.e. Geneva) as being in 1674. The Authorized Version ' s acceptance by the general public took longer. The Geneva Bible continued to be popular, and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam, where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying

3990-427: The 100 most sought after titles on Amazon.com and eBay in the United States. The press sent a letter to libraries asking them to remove copies from circulation. The press subsequently sent out copies of an "errata" sheet for the book. The American Library Association issued a recommendation to libraries still holding Alms for Jihad : "Given the intense interest in the book, and the desire of readers to learn about

4104-529: The 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version, and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with then current practice—and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction. Over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew, Greek and the Latin Vulgate as

4218-590: The 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings —though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version. The case was different in Scotland, where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church Bible. It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version

4332-455: The 17th and 18th centuries was "our English translation" or "our English version", as can be seen by searching one or other of the major online archives of printed books. In Britain, the 1611 translation is generally known as the "Authorized Version" today. The term is somewhat of a misnomer because the text itself was never formally "authorized", nor were English parish churches ever ordered to procure copies of it. King James' Version, evidently

4446-410: The 17th century, so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation. The Authorized Version became the only then current version circulating among English-speaking people. A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation. Hugh Broughton , who was the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time but had been excluded from

4560-548: The 1850s. It was in this period that the press turned down what later became the Oxford English Dictionary – a proposal for which was brought to Cambridge by James Murray before he turned to Oxford. The press journals publishing programme began in 1893 with the Journal of Physiology and then the Journal of Hygiene and Biometrika . By 1910 the press had become a well-established journal publisher with

4674-598: The 18th century, the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in then current use in Protestant churches, and was so dominant that the Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay–Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original. However, general standards of spelling, punctuation, typesetting, capitalization and grammar had changed radically in

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4788-550: The 19th century, this version of the Bible had become the most widely printed book in history, almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 , and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha. Today the unqualified title "King James Version" usually indicates this Oxford standard text. The title of the first edition of the translation, in Early Modern English , was "THE HOLY BIBLE, Conteyning

4902-574: The 2014 Hong Kong protests , and ethnic tensions in Xinjiang and Tibet . On 21 August 2017, in the face of growing international protests, Cambridge University Press announced it would immediately repost the articles to uphold the principle of academic freedom on which the university's work was founded. In a discussion reported in the Cambridge University Reporter , D.K.K.Chow declared, "Without academic leadership on

5016-420: The 2nd year of our reign of England, France, and of Ireland, and of Scotland xxxvii. The six committees started work towards the end of 1604. The Apocrypha committee finishing first, and all six completed their sections by 1608. From January 1609, a General Committee of Review met at Stationers' Hall, London to review the completed marked texts from each of the committees, and were paid for their attendance by

5130-575: The Act) was not exercised in the course of the actual carrying out of a primary purpose of the University". In November 1975, with CUP facing financial collapse, CUP's chief executive Geoffrey Cass wrote a 60-page "preliminary letter" to the Inland Revenue again seeking tax-exemption. A year later Cass's application was granted in a letter from the Inland Revenue, though the decision was not made public. After consulting CUP, Cambridge's 'sister' press,

5244-592: The Authorized Version (and indeed the English language) entirely. Walton's reference text throughout is the Vulgate. The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651. Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers (e.g., Job 41:24, not Job 41:33) for his head text. In Chapter 35: ' The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God ' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19:5, first in his own translation of

5358-415: The Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been—compositors freely varying spelling, capitalization and punctuation —and also, over the years, introducing about 1,500 misprints (some of which, like the omission of "not" from the commandment "Thou shalt not commit adultery" in the " Wicked Bible ", became notorious). The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore

5472-565: The Barker and Norton printing dynasties, while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible. In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing, for their own university presses—and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629, and 1638. The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from

5586-421: The Bible in 1612. This contrasted with the Geneva Bible, which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface (although black-letter editions, particularly in folio format, were issued later). In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops' Bible , which had both been extensively illustrated, there were no illustrations in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version, the main form of decoration being

5700-553: The Bible in the Geneva Version, as small editions were available at a relatively low cost. At the same time, there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay–Rheims New Testament of 1582, undertaken by exiled Catholics. This translation, though still derived from Tyndale, claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate. In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of

5814-444: The Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy. The scholars worked in six committees, two based in each of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Westminster . The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies, as well as high churchmen . Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in

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5928-438: The Church of England responded with the Bishops' Bible , a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version. While officially approved, this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age, in part because the full Bible was printed only in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds. Accordingly, Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read

6042-490: The Church of Scotland at Saint Columba's Church in Burntisland , Fife , at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as James I. The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604. That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by

6156-531: The Greek or Hebrew; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purpose, albeit sparsely and inconsistently. This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text. When, from the later 17th century onwards, the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type, the typeface for supplied words

6270-734: The Old Teſtament, AND THE NEW: Newly Tranſlated out of the Originall tongues: & with the former Tranſlations diligently compared and reuiſed, by his Maiesties ſpeciall Cõmandement ". The title page carries the words "Appointed to be read in Churches", and F. F. Bruce suggests it was "probably authorised by order in council ", but no record of the authorisation survives "because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19". For many years it

6384-674: The Press Syndicate (formerly Curators)...However, the Council's report proposes a Press and Assessment Syndicate, without such academic leadership....The proposed change in composition of the Syndicate...is in stark contrast to the arguments used by the Press to obtain its current tax exemption. In a landmark letter to the Inland Revenue in 1975, Sir Geoffrey Cass, then Chief Executive of the Press, wrote: "The Press of Cambridge University

6498-621: The Press and Assessment Syndicate, treating Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment as cash cows, there is little reason for the University to continue owning them." In 2007, controversy arose over the press's decision to destroy all remaining copies of its 2006 book Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World , by Burr and Collins, as part of the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Saudi billionaire Khalid bin Mahfouz . Within hours, Alms for Jihad became one of

6612-609: The Reader , a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version. It observes the translators' stated goal, that they "never thought from the beginning that [they] should need to make a new translation, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one, ... but to make a good one better, or out of many good ones, one principal good one, not justly to be excepted against; that hath been our endeavour, that our mark." They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations, stating, "We do not deny, nay, we affirm and avow, that

6726-524: The Stationers' Company. The General Committee included John Bois , Andrew Downes , John Harmar , and others known only by their initials, including "AL" (who may be Arthur Lake ). John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations (in Latin) ;– which has partly survived in two later transcripts. Also surviving of the translators' working papers are a bound set of marked-up corrections to one of

6840-510: The Syndics to the secretary of the syndicate and chief executive. In 2020 the university announced its decision to merge Cambridge University Press with Cambridge Assessment . Until August 2021, Cambridge University Press had three publishing groups: From 1 August 2021 onwards, Cambridge University Press became solely the academic and bible publishing division of Cambridge University Press & Assessment . The English and education arms of

6954-438: The University of Cambridge. The press has, since 1698, been governed by the press 'Syndics' (originally known as the 'Curators'), 18 senior members of the University of Cambridge who, along with other non-executive directors, bring a range of subject and business expertise. The chair of the syndicate was currently Professor Stephen Toope (Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge ). The syndicate has delegated its powers to

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7068-499: The Wycliffe Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate , and because it also contained no heterodox readings, the ecclesiastical authorities had no practical way to distinguish the banned version. Consequently, many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries (such as Thomas More ) took these manuscripts of English Bibles and claimed that they represented an anonymous earlier orthodox translation. In 1525, William Tyndale , an English contemporary of Martin Luther , undertook

7182-438: The academic leadership of the University.'" King James Bible The King James Version ( KJV ), also the King James Bible ( KJB ) and the Authorized Version ( AV ), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England , which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I . The 80 books of the King James Version include 39 books of

7296-419: The bishops of the province of Cant.[erbury] signifying unto them, that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that (all excuses set apart) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men, as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West.[minister] on 2 and 20 July, in

7410-446: The city", where the second reads "she went into the city"; these are known colloquially as the "He" and "She" Bibles. The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized, and when printers, as a matter of course, expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places, so as to achieve an even column of text. They set v for initial u and v , and u for u and v everywhere else. They used

7524-413: The coming years. The book is considered by many to be one of the most significant books on the economic history of industrialization in Western Europe . It is considered to be one of the preeminent works on the economic history of industrialization in Western Europe. It has been reprinted numerous times and was published in a second edition with new commentary by Landes in 2003. This article about

7638-513: The controversy first hand, we recommend that U.S. libraries keep the book available for their users." The publisher's decision did not have the support of the book's authors and was criticized by some who claimed it was incompatible with freedom of speech and with freedom of the press and that it indicated that English defamation laws were excessively strict. In the New York Times Book Review (7 October 2007), United States Congressman Frank R. Wolf described Cambridge's settlement as "basically

7752-411: The early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic: it is found both in a "historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible" published in Massachusetts in 1815 and in an English publication from 1818, which explicitly states that the 1611 version is "generally known by the name of King James's Bible". This name was also found as King James' Bible (without

7866-407: The exemption of its printing and publishing profits from taxation, equivalent to charitable status. After a November 1940 Inland Revenue hearing, CUP's application was refused "on the ground that, since the Press was printing and publishing for the outside world and not simply for the internal use of the University, the Press's trade went beyond the purpose and objects of the University and (in terms of

7980-545: The final "s"): for example in a book review from 1811. The phrase "King James's Bible" is used as far back as 1715, although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description. The use of Authorized Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814. For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as "our present, and only publicly authorised version" (1783), "our Authorized version" (1731, 1792 ) and "the authorized version" (1801, uncapitalized) are found. A more common appellation in

8094-411: The first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century. These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards . The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but it was circulated very widely in manuscript form, often inscribed with a date which was earlier than 1409 in order to avoid the legal ban. Because the text of the various versions of

8208-610: The first practising University Printer, Thomas Thomas, set up a printing house in 1584. The first publication was a book, Two Treatises of the Lord His Holie Supper . In 1591, the first Cambridge Bible was printed by John Legate and in 1629, Cambridge folio edition of the King James Bible was printed by Thomas and John Buck. In July 1697, the Duke of Somerset made a loan of £200 to the university "towards

8322-459: The forty Bishops' Bibles —covering the Old Testament and Gospels; and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles , excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops' Bible . Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes, of which one was the term "bishopricke" at Acts 1:20. The original printing of

8436-610: The giant Oxford University Press presented their own submission and received similar exemption. In 2003 OUP's tax exemption was publicly attacked by Joel Rickett of The Bookseller in The Guardian . In 2007, with the new 'public benefit' requirement of the revised Charities Act, the issue was re-examined with particular reference to the OUP. In 2008 CUP's and OUP's privilege was attacked by rival publishers. In 2009 The Guardian invited author Andrew Malcolm to write an article on

8550-467: The long s ( ſ ) for non-final s . The letter or glyph j occurs only after i , as in the final letter in a Roman numeral , such as XIIJ. Punctuation was relatively heavy (frequent) and differed from modern practice. When space needed to be saved, the printers sometimes used ye for the (replacing the Middle English thorn , Þ, with the continental y ), set ã for an or am (in

8664-412: The margins. The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other. The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work. Instead, a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well-paid livings as these fell vacant. Several were supported by

8778-409: The matter, the University's basic ethical values were cast aside by commercial considerations. This instigated public debate, which would have been avoided had academic leadership been more vigilant, causing unnecessary damage to the University's reputation. The Press statement explained that lack of academic leadership was to blame: 'This decision was taken as a temporary measure pending discussion with

8892-468: The merits of Tyndale's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English. With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale , in 1539, Tyndale's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible . This was the first "authorised version" issued by the Church of England during

9006-777: The name "Rhemish Testament" for the Douay–Rheims Bible version. Similarly, a "History of England", whose fifth edition was published in 1775, writes merely that "[a] new translation of the Bible, viz. , that now in Use, was begun in 1607, and published in 1611". King James's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation (on a par with the Genevan Bible or the Rhemish Testament) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae (first published 1797). Other works from

9120-640: The new edition, and consequently ran into serious debt, such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers, Bonham Norton and John Bill. It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text, share printed sheets with the others, and split the proceeds. Bitter financial disputes broke out, as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits, while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money. There followed decades of continual litigation, and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of

9234-486: The new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England. Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church. For example, old ecclesiastical words such as the word "church" were to be retained and not to be translated as "congregation". The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy. The source material for

9348-467: The number of 4 and 50, for the translating of the Bible, and in this number, divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all, or else so very small, as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time cannot well remedy it, therefor we do hereby require you, that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York, as to the rest of

9462-623: The only English translation used in Anglican and other English Protestant churches, except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England. Over the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of

9576-407: The organisation merged with the equivalent departments of Cambridge Assessment to form new, merged divisions. In 2011, Cambridge University Press adopted SAP software. Cambridge University Press works closely with IT services firm Tech Mahindra on SAP, and with Cognizant and Wipro on other systems. In 2016, Cambridge Books Online and Cambridge Journals Online were replaced by Cambridge Core –

9690-608: The original Hebrew and Greek scriptures, which was influential in the writing of the Authorized King James Version. The English Church initially used the officially sanctioned "Bishops' Bible", which was hardly used by the population. More popular was the named "Geneva Bible", which was created on the basis of the Tyndale translation in Geneva under the direct successor of the reformer John Calvin for his English followers. However, their footnotes represented

9804-424: The original translators. This did not, however, impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers, especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version . Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611, which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3:15; the first edition reading "he went into

9918-417: The panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament, issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version. He especially criticized the translators' rejection of word-for-word equivalence and stated that "he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation (KJV) should ever be foisted upon the English people". Walton's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards

10032-449: The period, the New Testament was translated from Greek , the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic , and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin . In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings, and as such was authorized by an Act of Parliament. By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as

10146-405: The press's commitment to open research. In 2020, partnered with online library Perlego to offer students access to digital textbooks. In 2021, the press acquired CogBooks. The technology adapts and responds to users, "recommending course material needed to optimise learning". In 2021, the press began migrating its website onto Drupal . In May 1940, CUP applied to the Inland Revenue for

10260-437: The prevailing party. On 18 August 2017, following an "instruction" from a Chinese import agency, Cambridge University Press used the functionality that had been built into Cambridge Core to temporarily delete politically sensitive articles from The China Quarterly on its Chinese website. The articles focused on topics China regards as taboo, including the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre , Mao Zedong 's Cultural Revolution ,

10374-501: The printing house and press" and James Halman , Registrary of the university, lent £100 for the same purpose. A new home for the press, The Pitt Building, on Trumpington Street in the centre of Cambridge was completed in 1833, which was designed by Edward Blore . It became a listed building in 1950. In the early 1800s, the press pioneers the development of stereotype printing , allowing successive printings from one setting. The press began using steam-powered machine presses by

10488-459: The proper text—while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators' work, chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note. A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration , in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer , but Parliament then decided against it. By the first half of

10602-534: The reign of King Henry VIII . When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553, she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country, some establishing an English-speaking community in the Protestant city of Geneva . Under the leadership of John Calvin , Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship. These English expatriates undertook

10716-430: The scans on the website their only public source. In 2021, the documents were cited in a discussion on the formation of Cambridge University Press & Assessment reported in the Cambridge University Reporter . D.D.K.Chow of Trinity College, expressed concerns about the lack of academic leadership of the new body: "For 323 years, the Press has been tightly controlled under the University's academic leadership through

10830-457: The scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people, nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so, Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin. It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles. In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges, successive printings of

10944-460: The shop expanded into 27 Market Hill where its specialist Education and English Language Teaching shop opened the following year. The press bookshop sells Press books as well as Cambridge souvenirs such as mugs, diaries, bags, postcards, maps. In 1993, the Cass Centre was opened to provide sports and social facilities for employees and their families. In 1999, Cambridge Dictionaries Online

11058-501: The standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines, and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself—so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture. In the 18th century there was a serious shortage of Bibles in the American colonies. To meet the demand various printers , beginning with Samuel Kneeland in 1752, printed

11172-421: The style of scribe's shorthand ), and set & for and . In contrast, on a few occasions, they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded. Later printings regularized these spellings; the punctuation has also been standardized, but still varies from current usage. As can be seen in the example page on the left, the first printing used a blackletter typeface instead of

11286-537: The subject. In 2007, from the National Archives at Kew, Malcolm obtained scans of CUP's unsuccessful applications for tax-exemption made in the 1940s and 1950s and their later successful applications in the 1970s. He then indexed and posted these on the Akmedea website. Late in 2020, the papers held at Kew were withdrawn from public access and ruled closed for 50 years until 1 January 2029. This rendered

11400-697: The translation of the New Testament was the Textus Receptus version of the Greek compiled by Erasmus ; for the Old Testament, the Masoretic text of the Hebrew was used; for some of the apocrypha , the Septuagint Greek text was used, or for apocrypha for which the Greek was unavailable, the Vulgate Latin. James' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers. The text of

11514-420: The various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, while others were promoted to bishoprics , deaneries and prebends through royal patronage . On 22 July 1604 King James VI and I sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project. Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well. Whereas we have appointed certain learned men, to

11628-432: The very meanest translation of the Bible in English, set forth by men of our profession, (for we have seen none of theirs [Catholics] of the whole Bible as yet) containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of God." As with the first preface, some British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings do not. Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first. The first printing contained

11742-412: The work proceeded, more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated, including the requirement that words supplied in English to 'complete the meaning' of the originals should be printed in a different type face. The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars, although 54 were originally approved. All were members of

11856-491: Was called Cambridge University Press & Assessment . In 2022, Amira Bennison was elected chair of the Cambridge University Press academic committee, replacing Kenneth Armstrong. Cambridge University Press has stated its support for a sustainable transition to open access . It offers a range of open access publishing options under the heading of Cambridge Open, allowing authors to comply with

11970-408: Was changed to italics , this application being regularized and greatly expanded. This was intended to de-emphasize the words. The original printing contained two prefatory texts; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to "the most high and mighty Prince" King James. Many British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings do not. The second preface was called Translators to

12084-553: Was common not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as "the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James". A 1761 "Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English" refers to the 1611 version merely as "a new, compleat, and more accurate Translation", despite referring to the Great Bible by its name, and despite using

12198-423: Was constructed in 1961–1963. The building was designed by Beard, Bennett, Wilkins and Partners. In 1975, the press launched its English language teaching publishing business. In 1981, the press moved to a new site on Shaftsbury Road. The Edinburgh Building was purpose-built with an adjoining warehouse to accommodate the press's expansion. It was built in 1979–80 by International Design and Construction. The site

12312-519: Was demolished in 2017 to make way for the construction of Cambridge Assessment 's Triangle Building. In 1989, the press acquired the long-established Bible and prayer-book publisher Eyre & Spottiswoode , which gave the press the ancient and unique title of The Queen's Printer. In 1992, the press opened a bookshop at 1 Trinity Street, Cambridge , which was the oldest-known bookshop site in Britain as books have been sold there since 1581. In 2008

12426-600: Was financially sustainable for institutions and high-quality peer review, and which leads to an orderly transition. The press was a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association and the International Association of STM Publishers. In 2023, more than 50 per cent of Cambridge University Press research articles are in open access mode. Cambridge University Press was a non-teaching department of

12540-434: Was headed by a brief précis of its contents with verse numbers. Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries, or omitted such material entirely. Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts. The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England . No record of its authorization exists; it

12654-512: Was launched. In 2012, the press sold its printing operation to MPG Books Group and now uses third parties around the world to provide its print publications. In 2019, the press released a new concept in scholarly publishing through Cambridge Elements where authors whose works are either too short to be printed as a book or too long to qualify as a journal article could have these published within 12 weeks. In 2021, Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessment . The new organisation

12768-598: Was printed—in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I . The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . However, official policy favoured the Authorized Version, and this favour returned during the Commonwealth —as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell —and

12882-472: Was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council , but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19, and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom. The King's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops' Bible , so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England. In

12996-642: Was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessment to form Cambridge University Press and Assessment under Queen Elizabeth II 's approval in August 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries , it published over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries. Its publications include more than 420 academic journals , monographs , reference works , school and university textbooks, and English language teaching and learning publications. It also published Bibles, runs

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