The Hyundai Theta is a gasoline four-cylinder automobile engine family. The third all- aluminum engine of Hyundai Motor Company debuted in the fourth-generation Hyundai Sonata sedan (codenamed NF), which was unveiled in August 2004 in South Korea . Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama (HMMA) built a Theta II engine shop on the grounds of their Montgomery, Alabama automobile factory.
126-476: The Global Engine Alliance was a joint venture between Chrysler , Mitsubishi Motors , and the Hyundai Motor Company for developing a line of shared four-cylinder engines. Each manufacturer configured their variants of the initial design differently based on their needs. In 2009, Chrysler bought out Mitsubishi and Hyundai's stake in the joint-venture; however, each company retained rights to build
252-582: A 60 Minutes interview with Steve Kroft , Sergio Marchionne responded "just to rectify the record I paid back the loans at 19.7% Interest. I don't think I committed to do to a commercial on top of that" and characterized the Republican reaction as "unnecessary and out of place". In 2014, Chrysler started using a new slogan, "America's Import" in ads introducing their all-new 2015 Chrysler 200 , targeting foreign automakers from Germany to Japan with such ads (German performance and Japanese quality), and at
378-399: A fuel 's ability to withstand compression in an internal combustion engine without causing engine knocking . The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating. Octane rating does not relate directly to the power output or the energy content of the fuel per unit mass or volume, but simply indicates the resistance to detonating under pressure without
504-415: A knock sensor that monitors if knock is being produced by the fuel being used. In modern computer-controlled engines, the ignition timing will be automatically altered by the engine management system to reduce the knock to an acceptable level. Octanes are a family of hydrocarbons that are typical components of gasoline. They are colorless liquids that boil around 125 °C (260 °F). One member of
630-401: A $ 50 million stock offering. $ 180 million was to come from concessions from dealers and suppliers. Also in 1978, Iacocca offloaded the ailing European operation to PSA Peugeot Citroën for a nominal $ 1, taking with it the group's substantial losses and debts which had been dragging the rest of the business down. After a period of plant closures and salary cuts agreed to by both management and
756-465: A 19.9% stake. The economic collapse during the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 pushed the company to the brink. On April 30, 2009, the automaker filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection to be able to operate as a going concern, while renegotiating its debt structure and other obligations, which resulted in the corporation defaulting on over $ 4 billion in secured debts. The U.S. government described
882-590: A March 27 mediation to try to settle the lawsuit over the clothing company's use of "Imported from Detroit" slogan. Pure Detroit stated that Chrysler has made false claims about the origins of three vehicles - Chrysler 200, Chrysler 300 and Chrysler Town & Country - none of which are built in Detroit. Pure Detroit also said that Chrysler's Imported From Detroit merchandise is not being made in Detroit. In 2012 Chrysler and Pure Detroit came to an undisclosed settlement. Chrysler's Jefferson North Assembly , which makes
1008-609: A bailout from the U.S. government through the Troubled Asset Relief Program . On June 10, 2009, Chrysler emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S.p.A. , and the U.S. and Canadian governments as principal owners. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $ 4 billion in debts. In May 2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to
1134-561: A bigger turbocharger to improve power, its used in the i30N and Veloster N, compression ratio is 9.5:1 and the engine develops 250–275 PS (184–202 kW; 247–271 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 36 kg⋅m (260 lb⋅ft; 353 N⋅m) of torque between 1,450 rpm and 4,700 rpm, for the Kona N and Elantra N the power output is 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 40 kg⋅m (289 lb⋅ft; 392 N⋅m) of torque between 2,100 rpm and 4,700 rpm. For
1260-577: A defect in the Theta 2 engines used in them. Eventually, 520,000 vehicles were recalled in South Korea. Owners started suing after the automaker refused to pay the thousands of dollars to repair or replace the engines, with one lawsuit from 2015 alleging a dealer wanted $ 4,500 to do the work. Kia was also served papers over a class-action lawsuit in 2016 filed by owners of vehicles equipped with Theta engines. NHTSA says it took action to "investigate both
1386-413: A flame wave initiate at the spark plug and then "travel in a fairly uniform manner across the combustion chamber" with the expanding gas mix pushing the piston throughout the entirety of the power stroke. A stable gasoline and air mix will combust when the flame wave reaches the molecules, adding heat at the interface. Knock occurs when a secondary flame wave forms from instability and then travels against
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#17327876083851512-520: A joint review by Hyundai and the NHTSA, of which the 2.4L Theta II MPI engines were a part of. This marks the first instance of the MPI variants of these engines being recalled. Affected vehicles include the 2011-2013 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid, 2012 Hyundai Santa Fe, 2012-2013 Kia Sorento, 2011-2013 Kia Optima Hybrid, 2012-2013 Kia Forte and Forte Koup, and the 2012 Kia Sportage 2.4l. On 2013-11-05, Hyundai announced
1638-440: A lighter fuel that's less prone to autoignition is a wise "insurance policy". For the same reasons, those lighter fuels which are better solvents are much less likely to cause any "varnish" or other fouling on the "backup" spark plugs. In almost all general aviation piston engines, the fuel mixture is directly controlled by the pilot, via a knob and cable or lever similar to (and next to) the throttle control. Leaning — reducing
1764-461: A new FCA logo were announced. The most challenging launch for this new company came immediately in January 2014 with a completely redesigned Chrysler 200 . The vehicle's creation is from the completely integrated company, FCA, executing from a global compact-wide platform. On December 16, 2014, Chrysler Group LLC announced a name change to FCA US LLC. On January 12, 2017, FCA shares traded at
1890-466: A nominal $ 1. The company struggled to adapt to changing markets, increased U.S. import competition, and safety and environmental regulation in the 1970s. It began an engineering partnership with Mitsubishi Motors , and began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. On the verge of bankruptcy in the late 1970s, it was saved by $ 1.5 billion in loan guarantees from
2016-486: A relatively low octane rating; the isomer iso-octane causes less knocking because it is more branched and combusts more smoothly. In general, branched compounds with a higher intermolecular force (e.g., London dispersion force for iso-octane) will have a higher octane rating, because they are harder to ignite. Octane isomers such as n-octane and 2,3,3-trimethylpentane have an octane rating of -20 and 106.1, respectively ( RON measurement). The large differences between
2142-648: A similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern pump gasoline will be about 8 to 12 lower than the RON, but there is no direct link between RON and MON. See the table below. In most countries in Europe, and in Australia and New Zealand,
2268-412: A smaller turbo for improved responsiveness and fuel economy, it was used in the seventh generation Sonata and fourth generation Optima, compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine develops 245–248 PS (180–182 kW; 242–245 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 36 kg⋅m (260 lb⋅ft; 353 N⋅m) of torque between 1,350 rpm and 4,000 rpm. The high power version of the second iteration uses
2394-404: A spark. Whether or not a higher octane fuel improves or impairs an engine's performance depends on the design of the engine. In broad terms, fuels with a higher octane rating are used in higher-compression gasoline engines , which may yield higher power for these engines. The added power in such cases comes from the way the engine is designed to compress the air/fuel mixture, and not directly from
2520-401: A strong likelihood of winning its case. Therefore, Pure Detroit's owner, Detroit retailer Moda Group LLC, can continue selling its "Imported from Detroit" products. Tarnow also noted that Chrysler does not have a trademark on "Imported from Detroit" and rejected the automaker's argument that trademark law is not applicable to the case. In March 2012, Chrysler Group LLC and Pure Detroit agreed to
2646-595: A subsidiary of Stellantis , the company formed from the 2021 merger of FCA and PSA Group (Peugeot Société Anonyme). After founding the company, Walter Chrysler used the General Motors brand diversification and hierarchy strategy that he had become familiar with when he worked in the Buick division at General Motors. He then acquired Fargo Trucks and the Dodge Brothers Company , and created
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#17327876083852772-671: A total system power of 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) at 5,500 rpm and 27 kg⋅m (195 lb⋅ft; 265 N⋅m) of torque. The 2.0 L (1,998 cc) engine features LPI injection and makes 136–144 PS (100–106 kW; 134–142 hp) at 6,000 rpm with 18.7–19.3 kg⋅m (135–140 lb⋅ft; 183–189 N⋅m) of torque at 4,250 rpm. The 2.4 L (2,359 cc) engine features LPI injection and makes 159 PS (117 kW; 157 hp) at 5,500 rpm with 23 kg⋅m (166 lb⋅ft; 226 N⋅m) of torque at 4,250 rpm. Hyundai and Kia vehicles equipped with Theta II engines (GDI) were recalled, due to
2898-580: A two-way VIS and comes in two sizes, the 2.0L and 2.4L. The 2.0L Theta II MPi engine has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and it produces 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) at 6,200 rpm and 20.1–20.2 kg⋅m (145–146 lb⋅ft; 197–198 N⋅m) of torque at 4,500–4,600 rpm. The 2.4L Theta II MPi engine (G4KE) has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and it produces 178–179 PS (131–132 kW; 176–177 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 23.2–23.5 kg⋅m (168–170 lb⋅ft; 228–230 N⋅m) of torque at 4,000 rpm. The 2.4L Theta II FR MPi engine (G4KG)
3024-470: Is 9.0:1 and the newer version now producing 260–264 PS (191–194 kW; 256–260 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 36 kg⋅m (260 lb⋅ft; 353 N⋅m) of torque between 2,000 and 4,500 rpm on 91 RON/87 octane ( AKI ) gasoline, and 275–279 PS (202–205 kW; 271–275 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 38 kg⋅m (275 lb⋅ft; 373 N⋅m) of torque between 2,000 and 4,500 rpm on 98 RON/93 octane. The first iteration of 2.0L T-GDI engine
3150-443: Is 9.5:1 and it produces 210–213 PS (154–157 kW; 207–210 hp) at 6,000 rpm and on 91 RON/87 octane ( AKI ) gasoline, and 226 PS (166 kW; 223 hp) at 6,000 rpm on 98 RON/93 octane ( AKI ). Torque remains the same at 30.5 kg⋅m (221 lb⋅ft; 299 N⋅m) at 2,000 rpm. For the facelifted 2013–2014 Genesis Coupe, the engines got upgraded with a new twin-scroll turbocharger, compression ratio
3276-689: Is EMS-II from Siemens VDO and the 32-bit PCM (Powertrain Control Module) calculates the amount of intake air by utilizing a contamination-proof hot-film type MAF ( mass air flow ) sensor. The first version of the Theta Engine had three variants, 1.8L, 2.0L and 2.4L. The 1.8L version is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a 10.5:1 compression ratio; the engine makes 133–138 PS (98–101 kW; 131–136 hp) at 6,000–6,200 rpm and 16.9–17.5 kg⋅m (122–127 lb⋅ft; 166–172 N⋅m) of torque at 4,250 rpm. The 2.0L version
3402-519: Is a Mitsubishi TD04 model, the block used is very similar to the 4B11T engine found in Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X , however most of the rotating assembly is different, with different rod lengths, bearing sizes, and piston compression heights. Additionally the 4B11T is a semi-closed deck block, where the Theta is an open deck block. For RWD based applications, the 2.0L turbo MPI in the 2009–2012 Genesis Coupe, compression ratio
3528-480: Is a measured and/or calculated rating of the fuel's ability to resist autoignition, the higher the octane of the fuel, the harder that fuel is to ignite and the more heat is required to ignite it. The result is that a hotter ignition spark is required for ignition. Creating a hotter spark requires more energy from the ignition system, which in turn increases the parasitic electrical load on the engine. The spark also must begin earlier in order to generate sufficient heat at
3654-493: Is a mixture of many hydrocarbons and often other additives). Octane ratings are not indicators of the energy content of fuels. (See Effects below and Heat of combustion ). They are only a measure of the fuel's tendency to burn in a controlled manner, rather than exploding in an uncontrolled manner. Where the octane number is raised by blending in ethanol, energy content per volume is reduced. Ethanol energy density can be compared with gasoline in heat-of-combustion tables. It
3780-406: Is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a bore and stroke of 86 mm and a 10.5:1 compression ratio; the engine makes 144–151 PS (106–111 kW; 142–149 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 19.1–19.8 kg⋅m (138–143 lb⋅ft; 187–194 N⋅m) of torque at 4,000–4,250 rpm. It uses a timing chain instead of belt, and the engine dry weight is 134 kg (295 lb). The 2.4L version
3906-412: Is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a bore of 88.0 mm, stroke of 97.0 mm and a 10.5:1 compression ratio; the engine dry weight is 146 kg (322 lb) and it makes 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) at 5,800 rpm and 22.3–23 kg⋅m (161–166 lb⋅ft; 219–226 N⋅m) of torque at 4,250 rpm. The second generation Theta engine added CVVT on the exhaust side as well as
Hyundai Theta engine - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-406: Is available on several current and was available on several discontinued Chrysler models including the current Dodge Dart , Chrysler 300 , Aspen , Sebring , Town and Country , Dodge Avenger , Caliber , Grand Caravan , Challenger , Charger , Journey , Nitro , and Ram . Octane rating#Anti-Knock Index (AKI) or (R+M) An octane rating , or octane number , is a standard measure of
4158-425: Is derived from testing the gasoline in ordinary multi-cylinder engines (rather than in a purpose-built test engine), normally at wide open throttle. This type of test was developed in the 1920s and is still reliable today. The original RdON tests were done in cars on the road, but as technology developed the testing was moved to chassis dynamometers with environmental controls to improve consistency. The evaluation of
4284-794: Is for RWD applications and has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and it produces 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 23.2 kg⋅m (168 lb⋅ft; 228 N⋅m) of torque at 4,200 rpm. The Theta II GDi was announced in November 2009 starting with the 6th generation Sonata , improvements include switching to GDI . Compression ratio is 11.3:1, early versions were rated at 201–203 PS (148–149 kW; 198–200 hp) at 6,300 rpm and 25.5 kg⋅m (184 lb⋅ft; 250 N⋅m) of torque at 4,250 rpm while later versions were rated at 188 PS (138 kW; 185 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 24.6 kg⋅m (178 lb⋅ft; 241 N⋅m) of torque at 4,000 rpm. The turbo used
4410-413: Is formed using a high-pressure die-cast method, has a unique Metaldyne -supplied cassette-type balance shaft module with a two-stage oil pump built-in. In the lower-end, the block is reinforced by a ladder frame. Other notable features include fracture-split sinter-forged connecting rods manufactured by Sinteron and a stainless-steel exhaust manifold . Theta's EMS ( engine management system ) software
4536-415: Is non-transferable. After Chrysler's restructuring, the warranty program was replaced by five-year/100,000 mile transferable warranty for 2010 or later vehicles. In 2008, as a response to customer feedback citing the prospect of rising gas prices as a top concern, Chrysler launched the "Let's Refuel America" incentive campaign, which guaranteed new-car buyers a gasoline price of $ 2.99 for three years. With
4662-411: Is possible for a fuel to have a Research Octane Number (RON) more than 100, because iso-octane is not the most knock-resistant substance available today. Racing fuels, avgas , LPG and alcohol fuels such as methanol may have octane ratings of 110 or significantly higher. Typical "octane booster" gasoline additives include MTBE , ETBE , iso-octane and toluene . Lead in the form of tetraethyllead
4788-435: Is the octane number of the fuel. For example, gasoline with the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% heptane would have an octane rating of 90. A rating of 90 does not mean that the gasoline contains just iso-octane and heptane in these proportions, but that it has the same detonation resistance properties (generally, gasoline sold for common use never consists solely of iso-octane and heptane; it
4914-500: Is the smallest of the "Big Three" U.S. automakers (Stellantis North America, Ford Motor Company , and General Motors ). In 2020, FCA US sold just over 1.8 million vehicles. Chrysler was the world's 11th largest vehicle manufacturer as ranked by OICA in 2012. Total Chrysler vehicle production was about 2.37 million that year. The company has since become a wholly-owned subsidiary and no longer reports global sales. In 2007, Chrysler began to offer vehicle lifetime powertrain warranty for
5040-573: Is used for the European market. The 2.4L Theta II Hybrid engine compression ratio is 13.0:1, it features multi-point fuel injection and the gasoline engine produce 171 PS (126 kW; 169 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 21.6 kg⋅m (156 lb⋅ft; 212 N⋅m) of torque at 4,500 rpm, the electric motor is rated 41 PS (30 kW; 40 hp) between 1,400 and 6,000 rpm with 20.9 kg⋅m (151 lb⋅ft; 205 N⋅m) of torque between 0 and 1,400 rpm. Total system output with
5166-528: The Chrysler Voyager in Austria for European markets in 1992. In 1998, Chrysler and its subsidiaries entered into a partnership dubbed a "merger of equals" with German-based Daimler-Benz AG, creating the combined entity DaimlerChrysler AG . To the surprise of many stockholders, Daimler acquired Chrysler in a stock swap before Chrysler CEO Bob Eaton retired. Under DaimlerChrysler, the company
Hyundai Theta engine - Misplaced Pages Continue
5292-583: The Jeep/Eagle division as a "specialty" arm to market products distinctly different from the K-car-based products with the Eagle cars targeting import buyers. Former AMC dealers sold Jeep vehicles and various new Eagle models, as well as Chrysler products, strengthening the automaker's retail distribution system. Eurostar , a joint venture between Chrysler and Steyr-Daimler-Puch , began producing
5418-492: The Plymouth and DeSoto brands in 1928. Facing postwar declines in market share, productivity, and profitability, as GM and Ford were growing, Chrysler borrowed $ 250 million in 1954 from Prudential Insurance to pay for expansion and updated car designs. Chrysler expanded into Europe by taking control of French, British, and Spanish auto companies in the 1960s; Chrysler Europe was sold in 1978 to PSA Peugeot Citroën for
5544-513: The Super Bowl . Its two-minute February 5, 2012 Super Bowl XLVI advertisement was titled "Halftime in America". The ad drew criticism from several leading U.S. conservatives , who suggested that its messaging implied that President Barack Obama deserved a second term and, as such, was political payback for Obama's support for the federal bailout of the company. Asked about the criticism in
5670-557: The four-stroke cycle . In a simple explanation, the forward moving wave of combustion that burns the hydrocarbon + oxygen mixture inside the cylinder like a wave that a surfer would wish to surf upon is violently disrupted by a secondary wave that has started elsewhere. The shock wave of these two separate waves creates the characteristic metallic "pinging" sound, and cylinder pressure increases dramatically. Effects of engine knocking range from inconsequential (incremental heating plus power loss) to completely destructive (detonation while one of
5796-423: The ideal gas law . Higher compression ratios necessarily add parasitic load to the engine, and are only necessary if the engine is being specifically designed to run on high-octane fuel. Aircraft engines run at relatively low speeds and are " undersquare ". They run best on lower-octane, slower-burning fuels that require less heat and a lower compression ratio for optimum vaporization and uniform fuel-air mixing, with
5922-596: The "headline" octane rating prominently displayed on the pump is the RON, but in Canada, the United States, and Mexico, the headline number is the simple mean or average of the RON and the MON, called the Anti-Knock Index ( AKI ), and often written on pumps as (R+M)/2 . AKI is also sometimes called PON (Pump Octane Number). Because of the 8 to 12 octane number difference between RON and MON noted above,
6048-448: The 2015 recall by including another 572,000 vehicles with Theta II engines, including 2013-2014 Hyundai Sonata and Santa Fe Sport vehicles. Hyundai told safety regulators the same metal debris problem caused the expanded recall. Near that same time, Kia told NHTSA about a recall of more than 618,000 model year 2011-2014 Kia Optima, 2012-2014 Sorento and 2011-2013 Sportage vehicles because the Theta engine bearings wore out too early and caused
6174-779: The 47% ownership of AMC that was held by Renault . The remaining outstanding shares of AMC were bought on the NYSE by August 5, 1987, making the deal valued somewhere between US$ 1.7 billion and US$ 2 billion, depending on how costs were counted. Chrysler CEO Lee Iacocca wanted the Jeep brand, particularly the Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ) that was under development, the new world-class manufacturing plant in Bramalea, Ontario , and AMC's engineering and management talent that became critical for Chrysler's future success. Chrysler established
6300-551: The AKI shown in Canada and the United States is 4 to 6 octane numbers lower than elsewhere in the world for the same fuel. This difference between RON and MON is known as the fuel's sensitivity, and is not typically published for those countries that use the Anti-Knock Index labelling system. See the table in the following section for a comparison. Another type of octane rating, called Observed Road Octane Number ( RdON ),
6426-581: The Big 3 US automakers, Chrysler lacked the financial resources to meet all of these challenges. In 1976, with the demise of the reliable Dart/Valiant, quality control declined. Their replacements, the Dodge Aspen and Plymouth Volare , were comfortable and had good roadability, but owners soon experienced major reliability problems which crept into other models as well. Engines failed and/or did not run well, and premature rust plagued bodies. In 1978, Lee Iacocca
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#17327876083856552-578: The Chalmers automobile was ended. In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile. The Chrysler Six was designed to provide customers with an advanced, well-engineered car, at an affordable price. Elements of this car are traceable to a prototype which had been under development at Willys during Chrysler's tenure The original 1924 Chrysler included a carburetor air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication, and an oil filter, features absent from most autos at
6678-692: The Chrysler Corporation began dividing its vehicle offerings by price class and function. The Plymouth brand was introduced at the low-priced end of the market (created essentially by once again reworking and rebadging the Chrysler Series 50 four-cylinder model). At the same time, the DeSoto brand was introduced in the medium-price field. Also in 1928, Chrysler bought the Dodge Brothers automobile and truck company and continued
6804-480: The Chrysler Corporation. The company was headquartered in the Detroit enclave of Highland Park , where it remained until completing the move to its present Auburn Hills location in 1996. Chrysler had arrived at the ailing Maxwell- Chalmers company in the early 1920s, hired to overhaul the company's troubled operations (after a similar rescue job at the Willys -Overland car company). In late 1923, production of
6930-491: The Chrysler brand as an upscale brand. In October 2009, Dodge's car and truck lines were separated, with the name "Dodge" being used for cars, minivans, and crossovers and "Ram" for light- and medium-duty trucks and other commercial-use vehicles. In 2011, Chrysler unveiled their "Imported From Detroit" campaign with ads featuring Detroit rapper Eminem , one of which aired during the Super Bowl. The campaign highlighted
7056-476: The French Simca , British Rootes , and Spanish Barreiros companies, merging them into Chrysler Europe in 1967. In the 1970s, an engineering partnership was established with Mitsubishi Motors , and Chrysler began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. Chrysler struggled to adapt to the changing environment of the 1970s. When consumer tastes shifted to smaller cars in
7182-599: The Jeep Grand Cherokee and Dodge Durango, is the only car manufacturing plant of any company remaining entirely in Detroit (General Motors operates a plant that is partly in Detroit and partly in Hamtramck). In 2011, Eminem settled a lawsuit against Audi alleging the defendant had ripped off the Chrysler 300 Super Bowl commercial in the Audi A6 Avant ad. Again in 2012, Chrysler advertised during
7308-652: The Marshall Mathers Foundation. In March 2011, Chrysler Group LLC filed a lawsuit against Moda Group LLC (owner of Pure Detroit clothing retailer) for copying and selling merchandise with the "Imported from Detroit" slogan. Chrysler claimed it had notified defendant of its pending trademark application February 14, but the defendant argued Chrysler had not secured a trademark for the "Imported From Detroit" phrase. On June 18, 2011, U.S. District Judge Arthur Tarnow ruled that Chrysler's request did not show that it would suffer irreparable harm or that it had
7434-575: The New York Stock Exchange lost value after the EPA accused FCA US of using emissions cheating software to evade diesel-emissions tests, however the company countered the accusations, and the chairman and CEO Sergio Marchionne sternly rejected them. The following day, shares rose as investors played down the effect of the accusations. Analysts gave estimates of potential fines from several hundred million dollars to $ 4 billion, although
7560-505: The RWD based applications, compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine develops 252–255 PS (185–188 kW; 249–252 hp) at 6,200 rpm and 36 kg⋅m (260 lb⋅ft; 353 N⋅m) of torque between 1,400 rpm and 4,000 rpm. A detuned version that develops 197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp) between 4,500 and 6,200 rpm and 36 kg⋅m (260 lb⋅ft; 353 N⋅m) of torque between 1,450 rpm and 3,500 rpm
7686-685: The Rambler ran fine in warm weather, but suffered hard starting in cooler temperatures and AMC decided not to use this EFI system on its 1957 Rambler Rebel production cars that were sold to the public. Chrysler also used the Bendix "Electrojector" fuel injection system and only around 35 vehicles were built with this option, on its 1958 production-built car models. Owners of EFI Chryslers were so dissatisfied that all but one were retrofitted with carburetors (while that one has been completely restored, with original EFI electronic problems resolved). The Valiant
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#17327876083857812-547: The U.S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $ 1.3 billion. Over the next few years, Fiat S.p.A. gradually acquired the other parties' shares. In January 2014, Fiat acquired the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A. In May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles was established by merging Fiat S.p.A. into
7938-550: The U.S. government. New CEO Lee Iacocca was credited with returning the company to profitability in the 1980s. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship. In 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation (AMC), which brought the profitable Jeep , as well as the newly formed Eagle , brands under the Chrysler umbrella. In 1998, Chrysler merged with German automaker Daimler-Benz to form DaimlerChrysler AG ;
8064-541: The U.S. purchase of eligible Chrysler, Jeep, and Dodge vehicles, customers could enroll in the program and receive a gas card that immediately lowers their gas price to $ 2.99 a gallon, and keeps it there for the three years. Chrysler plans for Lancia to codevelop products, with some vehicles being shared. Olivier Francois, Lancia's CEO, was appointed to the Chrysler division in October 2009. Francois plans to reestablish
8190-508: The United States and Canadian governments. The US Treasury, through the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), invested $ 12.5 billion in Chrysler and recovered $ 11.2 billion when the company shares were sold in May 2011, resulting in a $ 1.3 billion loss. On July 21, 2011, Fiat bought the Chrysler shares held by the US Treasury. The purchase made Chrysler foreign-owned again, this time as
8316-574: The United States, headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan . It is the American subsidiary of the multinational automotive company Stellantis . Stellantis North America sells vehicles worldwide under the Chrysler , Dodge , Jeep , and Ram Trucks nameplates. It also includes Mopar , its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT , its performance automobile division. The division also distributes Alfa Romeo , Fiat , and Maserati vehicles in North America. The original Chrysler Corporation
8442-404: The aircraft of World War II . The octane rating affected not only the performance of the gasoline, but also its versatility; the higher octane fuel allowed a wider range of lean to rich operating conditions. In spark ignition internal combustion engines , knocking (also knock , detonation , spark knock , pinging , or pinking ) occurs when combustion of some of the air/fuel mixture in
8568-699: The auto unions, the loans were repaid with interest in 1983. In November 1983, the Dodge Caravan/Plymouth Voyager was introduced, establishing the minivan as a major category, and initiating Chrysler's return to stability. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship. In 1985, Chrysler entered an agreement with American Motors Corporation to produce Chrysler M platform rear-drive, as well as Dodge Omnis front wheel drive cars, in AMC's Kenosha, Wisconsin , plant. In 1987, Chrysler acquired
8694-403: The available air) or "lean of peak" (less fuel, leaving some oxygen in the exhaust) as either will keep the fuel-air mixture from detonating prematurely. Because of the high cost of unleaded, high-octane avgas , and possible increased range before refueling, some general aviation pilots attempt to save money by tuning their fuel-air mixtures and ignition timing to run "lean of peak". Additionally,
8820-787: The company's action as a "prepackaged surgical bankruptcy". On June 10, 2009, substantially all of Chrysler's assets were sold to "New Chrysler", organized as Chrysler Group LLC. The federal government provided support for the deal with US$ 8 billion in financing at nearly 21%. Under CEO Sergio Marchionne , "World Class Manufacturing" or WCM, a system of thorough manufacturing quality, was introduced and several products were re-launched with quality and luxury. The Ram, Jeep, Dodge, SRT, and Chrysler divisions were separated to focus on their own identity and brand, and 11 major model refreshes occurred in 21 months. The PT Cruiser , Nitro , Liberty and Caliber models (created during DCX) were discontinued. On May 24, 2011, Chrysler repaid its $ 7.6 billion loans to
8946-539: The company's traditional four-make lineup to five (in order of price from bottom to top): Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler, and the now-separate Imperial. In 1954, Chrysler was the exclusive provider of its Hemi engine in the Facel Vega , a Paris coachbuilder that offered their own line of hand-built luxury performance cars, with the PowerFlite and TorqueFlite transmissions offered. The Facel Vega Excellence
9072-615: The company. Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15, 2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. As a result of the merger between FCA and PSA , on 17 January 2021 it became a subsidiary of the Stellantis Group . The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6, 1925, when the Maxwell Motor Company (est. 1904) was re-organized into
9198-557: The creation of a new factory crate engine program at the 2013 SEMA Show in Las Vegas, which initially included a 2.0-liter, turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The crate engine program began in December 2013. Chrysler FCA US, LLC , doing business as Stellantis North America and known historically as Chrysler ( / ˈ k r aɪ s l ər / KRY -slər ), is one of the " Big Three " automobile manufacturers in
9324-413: The cylinder does not result from propagation of the flame front ignited by the spark plug , but when one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. The fuel-air charge is meant to be ignited by the spark plug only, and at a precise point in the piston's stroke. Knock occurs when the peak of the combustion process no longer occurs at the optimum moment for
9450-421: The decreased air density at higher altitudes (such as Colorado) and temperatures (as in summer) requires leaning (reduction in amount of fuel per volume or mass of air) for the peak EGT and power (crucial for takeoff). The selection of octane ratings available at filling stations can vary greatly between countries. Due to its name, the chemical "octane" is often misunderstood as the only substance that determines
9576-482: The definition of octane rating. The following table lists octane ratings for various other fuels. Higher octane ratings correlate to higher activation energies : the amount of applied energy required to initiate combustion. Since higher octane fuels have higher activation energy requirements, it is less likely that a given compression will cause uncontrolled ignition, otherwise known as autoignition, self-ignition, pre-ignition, detonation, or knocking. Because octane
9702-597: The direct measurements required for research or motor octane numbers. An octane index can be of great service in the blending of gasoline. Motor gasoline, as marketed, is usually a blend of several types of refinery grades that are derived from different processes such as straight-run gasoline, reformate, cracked gasoline etc. These different grades are blended in amounts that will meet final product specifications. Most refiners produce and market more than one grade of motor gasoline, differing principally in their anti-knock quality. Being able to make sufficiently accurate estimates of
9828-463: The early 1970s, particularly after the 1973 oil crisis , Chrysler could not meet the demand, although their compact models on the "A" body platform, the Dodge Dart and Plymouth Valiant , had proven economy and reliability and sold very well. Additional burdens came from increased US import competition, and tougher government regulation of car safety, fuel economy, and emissions. As the smallest of
9954-493: The electric motor is rated 212 PS (156 kW; 209 hp) and 27 kg⋅m (195 lb⋅ft; 265 N⋅m) of torque. Newer revision of this engine combines a 159 PS (117 kW; 157 hp) at 5,500 rpm and 21 kg⋅m (152 lb⋅ft; 206 N⋅m) of torque at 4,500 rpm engine plus a 51 PS (38 kW; 50 hp) between 1,770 and 2,000 rpm with 20.9 kg⋅m (151 lb⋅ft; 205 N⋅m) of torque between 0 and 1,770 rpm electric motor for
10080-406: The end of the compression stroke by electric spark plugs . Therefore, being able to compress the air/fuel mixture without causing detonation is important mainly for gasoline engines. Using gasoline with lower octane than an engine is built for may cause engine knocking and/or pre-ignition . The octane rating of aviation gasoline was extremely important in determining aero engine performance in
10206-460: The ending of selected ads, the advertisement will say, "We Built This", indicating being built in America, instead of overseas. First introduced as MyGig, Chrysler Uconnect is a system that brings interactive ability to the in-car radio and telemetric-like controls to car settings. As of mid-2015, it was installed in hundreds of thousands of Fiat Chrysler vehicles. It connects to the Internet via
10332-507: The engine. Lighter and "thinner" fuel also has a lower specific heat , so the practice of running an engine "rich" to use excess fuel to aid in cooling requires richer and richer mixtures as octane increases. Higher-octane, lower-energy-dense "thinner" fuels often contain alcohol compounds incompatible with the stock fuel system components, which also makes them hygroscopic . They also evaporate away much more easily than heavier, lower-octane fuel which leads to more accumulated contaminants in
10458-720: The engines to seize. Kia said it didn't recall the vehicles in 2015 when Hyundai first recalled its cars because the Theta II engines in the Kia vehicles were built on a different production line and had different problems than Hyundai. In addition to customers complaining about the Theta II engines, a Korean whistleblower who worked for Hyundai as an engineer let NHTSA know what he knew. Also in April 2017, Hyundai and Kia Motors planned to recall 170,000 vehicles in South Korea from five models, including their Grandeur and Sonata, after acknowledging
10584-430: The engines. The engine features hollow stainless-steel dual overhead camshafts ( DOHC ) with powder-metal cam lobes, pent-roof combustion chambers and shimless bucket tappets in the cylinder head. BorgWarner Morse TEC supplies the complete timing system which uses the company's proprietary silent timing chains. Continuously variable valve timing (CVVT) works on the intake side. The aluminum alloy engine block, which
10710-401: The evaluation of the anti-knock quality of gasoline. Such substitute methods include FTIR, near infrared on-line analyzers, and others. Deriving an equation that can be used to calculate ratings accurately enough would also serve the same purpose, with added advantages. The term Octane Index is often used to refer to the use of an equation to determine a theoretical rating, in contradistinction to
10836-618: The fact that those engines were, and continue to be, the subject of an investigation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Safety regulators are investigating if Hyundai and Kia did enough in a timely manner with regards to the recalls of nearly 1.7 million vehicles with Theta engines, which were prone to an abnormal amount of noise and seizing. In September 2015, Hyundai recalled about 470,000 model year 2011-2012 Sonatas equipped with 2-liter and 2.4-liter Theta II engines. At
10962-528: The fall of 1955 at its Sandusky Ohio plant. On September 28, 1957, Chrysler announced the first production electronic fuel injection (EFI), as an option on some of its new 1958 car models (Chrysler 300D, Dodge D500, DeSoto Adventurer, Plymouth Fury). The first attempt to use this system was by American Motors on the 1957 Rambler Rebel . Bendix Corporation 's Electrojector used a transistor computer brain modulator box, but teething problems on pre-production cars meant very few cars were made. The EFI system in
11088-481: The first registered owner or retail lessee. The deal covered owner or lessee in U.S., Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, for 2009 model year vehicles, and 2006, 2007, and 2008 model year vehicles purchased on or after July 26, 2007. Covered vehicles excluded SRT models, Diesel vehicles, Sprinter models, Ram Chassis Cab, Hybrid System components (including transmission), and certain fleet vehicles. The warranty
11214-406: The fuel system. It is typically the hydrochloric acids that form due to that water and the compounds in the fuel that have the most detrimental effects on the engine fuel system components, as such acids corrode many metals used in gasoline fuel systems. During the compression stroke of an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the air-fuel mix rises as it is compressed, in accordance with
11340-449: The ignition spark coming as late as possible in order to extend the production of cylinder pressure and torque as far down the power stroke as possible. The main reason for using high-octane fuel in air-cooled engines is that it is more easily vaporized in a cold carburetor and engine and absorbs less intake air heat which greatly reduces the tendency for carburetor icing to occur. With their reduced densities and weight per volume of fuel,
11466-446: The lifespan of engines. In 1927, Graham Edgar devised the method of using iso-octane and n-heptane as reference chemicals, in order to rate the knock resistance of a fuel with respect to this isomer of octane, thus the name "octane rating". By definition, the isomers iso-octane and n-heptane have an octane rating of 100 and 0, respectively. Because of its more volatile nature, n-heptane ignites and knocks readily, which gives it
11592-623: The likelihood of a hefty fine was low. Senior United States Senator Bill Nelson urged the FTC to look into possible deceptive marketing of the company's diesel-powered SUVs. Shares dropped 2.2% after the announcement. FCA US would in 2022, plead guilty to a criminal charge of conspiring to defraud the US, to wire fraud, and to violate the Clean Air Act. On July 21, 2018, Sergio Marchionne stepped down as chairman and CEO for health reasons, and
11718-657: The lower of the two. One is referred to as the "aviation lean" rating, which for ratings up to 100 is the same as the MON of the fuel. The second is the "aviation rich" rating and corresponds to the octane rating of a test engine under forced induction operation common in high-performance and military piston aircraft. This utilizes a supercharger , and uses a significantly richer fuel/air ratio for improved detonation resistance. The most common currently used fuel, 100LL , has an aviation lean rating of 100 octane, and an aviation rich rating of 130. The RON/MON values of n- heptane and iso-octane are exactly 0 and 100, respectively, by
11844-482: The luxury division. The Chrysler 300 was badged Lancia Thema in some European markets (with additional engine options), giving Lancia a much-needed replacement for its flagship. On January 21, 2014, Fiat bought the remaining shares of Chrysler owned by the VEBA worth $ 3.65 billion. Several days later, the intended reorganization of Fiat and Chrysler under a new holding company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , together with
11970-445: The merger proved contentious with investors. As a result, Chrysler was sold to Cerberus Capital Management and renamed Chrysler LLC in 2007. Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was impacted by the automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 . The company remained in business through a combination of negotiations with creditors, filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on April 30, 2009, and participating in
12096-445: The mixture from its maximum amount — must be done with knowledge, as some combinations of fuel mixture and throttle position (that produce the highest ) can cause detonation and/or pre-ignition , in the worst case destroying the engine within seconds. Pilots are taught in primary training to avoid settings that produce the highest exhaust gas temperatures, and run the engine either "rich of peak EGT " (more fuel than can be burned with
12222-408: The mobile network of AT&T , providing the car with its own IP address. Internet connectivity using any Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep or Ram vehicle, via a Wi-Fi "hot-spot", is also available via Uconnect Web . According to Chrysler LLC, the hotspot range extends approximately 100 feet (30 m) from the vehicle in all directions, and combines both Wi-Fi and Sprint's 3G cellular connectivity. Uconnect
12348-479: The octane family, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (iso-octane), is used as a reference standard to benchmark the tendency of gasoline or LPG fuels to resist self-ignition. The octane rating of gasoline is measured in a test engine and is defined by comparison with the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and normal heptane that would have the same anti-knocking capability as the fuel under test. The percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in that mixture
12474-401: The octane number by either of the two laboratory methods requires a special engine built to match the tests' rigid standards, and the procedure can be both expensive and time-consuming. The standard engine required for the test may not always be available, especially in out-of-the-way places or in small or mobile laboratories. These and other considerations led to the search for a rapid method for
12600-493: The octane rating (or octane number) of a fuel. This is an inaccurate description. In reality, the octane rating is defined as a number describing the stability and ability of a fuel to prevent an engine from unwanted combustions that occur spontaneously in the other regions within a cylinder (i.e., delocalized explosions from the spark plug). This phenomenon of combustion is more commonly known as engine knocking or self-ignition, which causes damage to pistons over time and reduces
12726-414: The octane rating of gasoline is not directly related to the power output of an engine. Using gasoline of a higher octane than an engine is designed for cannot increase its power output. Octane became well known in American popular culture in the 1960s, when gasoline companies boasted of "high octane" levels in their gasoline advertisements. The compound adjective "high-octane", meaning powerful or dynamic,
12852-404: The octane rating that will result from blending different refinery products is essential, something for which the calculated octane index is specially suited. Aviation gasolines used in piston aircraft engines common in general aviation have a slightly different method of measuring the octane of the fuel. Similar to an AKI, it has two different ratings, although it is usually referred to only by
12978-418: The octane ratings for the isomers show that the compound octane itself is clearly not the only factor that determines octane ratings, especially for commercial fuels consist of a wide variety of compounds. "Octane" is colloquially used in the expression "high-octane". The term is used to describe a powerful action because of the association with the concept of "octane rating". This is a misleading term, because
13104-544: The other obvious benefit is that an aircraft with any given volume of fuel in the tanks is automatically lighter. And since many airplanes are flown only occasionally and may sit unused for weeks or months, the lighter fuels tend to evaporate away and leave behind fewer deposits such as "varnish" (gasoline components, particularly alkenes and oxygenates slowly polymerize into solids). Aircraft also typically have dual "redundant" ignition systems which are nearly impossible to tune and time to produce identical ignition timing, so using
13230-453: The path of the primary flame wave, thus depriving the power stroke of its uniformity and causing issues including power loss and heat buildup. The other rarely-discussed reality with high-octane fuels associated with "high performance" is that as octane increases, the specific gravity and energy content of the fuel per unit of weight are reduced. The net result is that to make a given amount of power , more high-octane fuel must be burned in
13356-415: The proper time for precise ignition. As octane, ignition spark energy, and the need for precise timing increase, the engine becomes more difficult to "tune" and keep "in tune". The resulting sub-optimal spark energy and timing can cause major engine problems, from a simple "miss" to uncontrolled detonation and catastrophic engine failure. Mechanically within the cylinder, stability can be visualized as having
13482-415: The rating of the gasoline. In contrast, fuels with lower octane (but higher cetane numbers ) are ideal for diesel engines because diesel engines (also called compression-ignition engines) do not compress the fuel, but rather compress only air, and then inject fuel into the air that was heated by compression. Gasoline engines rely on ignition of compressed air and fuel mixture, which is ignited only near
13608-636: The rejuvenation of the entire product lineup, which included the new, redesigned, and repackaged 2011 model year 200 sedans and 200 convertibles, the Chrysler 300 sedan, and the Chrysler Town & Country minivan. As part of the campaign, Chrysler sold a line of clothing items featuring the Monument to Joe Louis , with proceeds being funneled to Detroit-area charities, including the Boys and Girls Clubs of Southeast Michigan, Habitat for Humanity Detroit and
13734-399: The results with those for mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane. The compression ratio is varied during the test to challenge the fuel's antiknocking tendency, as an increase in the compression ratio will increase the chances of knocking. Another type of octane rating, called Motor Octane Number ( MON ), is determined at 900 rpm engine speed instead of the 600 rpm for RON. MON testing uses
13860-497: The successful Dodge line of automobiles and Fargo range of trucks. By the mid-1930s, the DeSoto and Dodge divisions would trade places in the corporate hierarchy. The Imperial name had been used since 1926 but was never a separate make, just the top-of-the-line Chrysler. However, in 1955, the company decided to offer it as its own make/brand and division to better compete with its rivals, Lincoln and Cadillac . This addition changed
13986-420: The time, Hyundai told NHTSA that manufacturing problems left metallic debris around the engine crankshaft, causing problems with oil flow. The pieces of metal interfere with the oil flow through the connecting rod bearings and damage the connecting rods. The automaker blamed the problem on a mechanical "deburring" process used to remove metallic machining debris from the crankshaft. By April 2017, Hyundai expanded
14112-403: The time. Among the innovations in its early years were the first practical mass-produced four-wheel hydraulic brakes, a system nearly completely engineered by Chrysler with patents assigned to Lockheed , and rubber engine mounts, called " Floating Power " to reduce vibration. Chrysler also developed a wheel with a ridged rim , designed to keep a deflated tire from flying off the wheel. This wheel
14238-554: The timeliness and scope of Hyundai's Theta II engine recalls, and Hyundai's compliance with reporting requirements." In Canada in 2019 Hyundai announced a recall for most vehicles using the affected engines, however a class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 as a result of failures of this engine used in Canadian Forte models and lack of manufacturer support against Kia Canada Inc. On December 1, 2020, Hyundai and Kia recalled 423,000 vehicles equipped with various engines following
14364-459: The valves is still open). Knocking should not be confused with pre-ignition —they are two separate events with pre-ignition occurring before the combustion event. However, pre-ignition is highly correlated with knock because knock will cause rapid heat increase within the cylinder eventually leading to destructive pre-detonation. Most engine management systems commonly found in automobiles today, typically electronic fuel injection (EFI), have
14490-492: Was a four-door hardtop with rear-hinged coach doors that listed for US$ 12,800 ($ 135,175 in 2023 dollars ). On April 28, 1955, Chrysler and Philco announced the development and production of the World's First All-Transistor car radio. The all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, developed and produced by Chrysler and Philco, was a $ 150 option on the 1956 Imperial automobile models. Philco began manufacturing this radio in
14616-624: Was again fined for the 2017 model year for not meeting the minimum domestic passenger car standard. FCA described the $ 79 million civil penalty as "not expected to have a material impact on its business." As part of a January 2019 settlement, Fiat Chrysler was to recall and repair approximately 100,000 automobiles equipped with a 3.0-liter V6 EcoDiesel engine having a prohibited defeat device , pay $ 311 million in total civil penalties to US regulators and CARB , pay $ 72.5 million for state civil penalties, implement corporate governance reforms, and pay $ 33.5 million to mitigate excess pollution. The company
14742-526: Was also introduced for the 1960 model year as a distinct brand. In the U.S. market, Valiant was made a model in the Plymouth line for 1961 and the DeSoto make was discontinued in 1961. With those exceptions per applicable year and market, Chrysler's range from lowest to highest price from the 1940s through the 1970s was Valiant, Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler, and Imperial. From 1963 through 1969, Chrysler increased its existing stakes to take full control of
14868-555: Was also to pay affected consumers up to $ 280 million and offer extended warranties on such vehicles worth $ 105 million. The total value of the settlement was about $ 800 million, though FCA did not admit liability, and it did not resolve an ongoing criminal investigation. In February 2024, Chrysler unveiled a concept for its first electric vehicle, the Chrysler Halcyon , a battery-electric sedan. As of 2022 , management positions of Stellantis North America include: Chrysler
14994-590: Was brought in to turn the company around, and in 1979 Iacocca sought US government help. Congress later passed the Loan Guarantee Act providing $ 1.5 billion in loan guarantees. The Loan Guarantee Act required that Chrysler also obtain $ 2 billion in concessions or aid from sources outside the federal government, which included interest rate reductions for $ 650 million of the savings, asset sales of $ 300 million, local and state tax concessions of $ 250 million, and wage reductions of about $ 590 million along with
15120-423: Was eventually adopted by the auto industry worldwide. The Maxwell brand was dropped after the 1925 model year, with the new, lower-priced four-cylinder Chryslers introduced for the 1926 year being badge-engineered Maxwells. The advanced engineering and testing that went into Chrysler Corporation cars helped to push the company to the second-place position in U.S. sales by 1936, which it held until 1949. In 1928,
15246-426: Was founded in 1925 by Walter Chrysler from the remains of the Maxwell Motor Company . In 1998, it merged with Daimler-Benz , which renamed itself DaimlerChrysler but in 2007 sold off its Chrysler stake. The company operated as Chrysler LLC through 2009, then as Chrysler Group LLC. In 2014, it was acquired by Fiat S.p.A. ; it subsequently operated as a subsidiary of the new Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ("FCA"), then as
15372-502: Was named DaimlerChrysler Motors Company LLC, with its U.S. operations generally called "DCX". The Eagle brand was retired soon after Chrysler's merger with Daimler-Benz in 1998 Jeep became a stand-alone division, and efforts were made to merge the Chrysler and Jeep brands as one sales unit. In 2001, the Plymouth brand was also discontinued. Eurostar also built the Chrysler PT Cruiser in 2001 and 2002. The Austrian venture
15498-486: Was once a common additive, but concerns about its toxicity have led to its use for fuels for road vehicles being progressively phased out worldwide beginning in the 1970s. The most common type of octane rating worldwide is the Research Octane Number ( RON ). RON is determined by running the fuel in a test engine at 600 rpm with a variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing
15624-541: Was replaced by John Elkann and Michael Manley, respectively. As a result of ending domestic production of more fuel-efficient passenger automobiles such as the Dodge Dart and Chrysler 200 sedans, FCA US elected to pay $ 77 million in fines for violating the anti-backsliding provision of fuel economy standards set under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 for its model year 2016 fleet. It
15750-487: Was sold to Magna International in 2002 and became Magna Steyr . The Voyager continued in production until 2007, whereas the Chrysler 300C , Jeep Grand Cherokee , and Jeep Commander were also built at the plant from 2005 until 2010. On May 14, 2007, DaimlerChrysler announced the sale of 80.1% of Chrysler Group to American private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management , L.P., thereafter known as Chrysler LLC, although Daimler (renamed as Daimler AG ) continued to hold
15876-453: Was used in the sixth generation Sonata and third generation Optima, compression ratio is 9.5:1 and the engine develops 261–278 PS (192–204 kW; 257–274 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 37.2 kg⋅m (269 lb⋅ft; 365 N⋅m) of torque between 1,750 rpm and 4,500 rpm. The updated second iteration of the engine changed the CVVT controls from hydraulic to electronic along with
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