Misplaced Pages

#326673

111-573: Various student actions began in June of the 1967–1968 school year when students protested the administration's decision to provide students' academic standing to the Selective Service Office in June 1967. When students returned from summer break, tensions escalated. On November 6, 1967, James Vasko, Gater editor, was assaulted by black students who were offended by the content and tone of one of his articles. Students began to protest both

222-471: A 2-D Selective Service classification. Men who were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1-N . Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4-F . Upon completion of military service the classification of 4-A was assigned. Draft classifications of 1-A were changed to 1-H (registrant not currently subject to processing for induction) for men not selected for service after

333-567: A "book-in," where students took books from around a library and placed them back at the Circulation Desk to clog library functions. In a 16 January interview with KQED, Ronald Reagan called the protesters, "a dissident faction of outright lawbreakers and anarchists." On January 24, the New York Times reported that 380 protesters were arrested on campus. On 4 February 1969, Judge Henry Rolph of San Francisco Superior Court ordered

444-453: A Convocation to discuss the protests, which continued throughout the 26th. During this time, President Smith resigned, and his position was filled by Dr. S. I. Hayakawa , whose first official act was to keep the campus closed. When the campus was reopened on 2 December, students resumed striking at the corner of 19th and Holloway Avenues, urging students to continue the strike and not attend classes. However, President Hayakawa climbed on top of

555-581: A School of Ethnic Studies within SF State to provide an education relevant to their communities. In addition, they fought for self-determination, open admissions for minority students, and more minority faculty. The AAPA organized a public, community protest against S.I. Hayakawa , the SF State president at the time, in order to express Japanese Americans' disapproval of him and distance the Japanese community from him. They also held community forums within

666-457: A Third World College. Even though UC Berkeley's TWLF called a moratorium on strike activities, they were adamant about their goal of winning a Third World College. The Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) was revived in 1999 at U.C. with a multiracial coalition of students organizing a hunger strike to push for more money for ethnic studies programs following a budget cut that resulted in the cutting of many Ethnic Studies courses. The TWLF organized

777-515: A belief that Black men were not brave enough. As such, the U.S. Army in particular did not form many divisions out of the Black men drafted, which limited the number of African-Americans subject to the draft. As a result of these practices, in early 1943 African-Americans made up 10.6% of the American population, but only 6% of the men serving in the military. The issue of conscientious objectors

888-399: A conscientious objector (CO) to war when registering, but they can make such a claim when being drafted. Some people choose to write on the registration card "I am a conscientious objector to war" to document their conviction, even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft. A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file

999-553: A critical need, without regard to age or sex". During 2018 and 2019, the commission held both public and closed-door meetings with members of the public and invited experts and other witnesses. In February 2019, a challenge to the Military Selective Service Act, which provides for the male-only draft, by the National Coalition for Men , was deemed unconstitutional by Judge Gray H. Miller in

1110-425: A draft card, and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card. As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration, Solomon Amendment laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid, federal grants and loans, certain government benefits, eligibility for most federal employment, and (if the person is an immigrant) eligibility for citizenship,

1221-694: A few days later against Nazi Germany , the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war, plus a six-month service in the Organized Reserves. Until late 1942, both the U.S. Navy and the Marine Corps relied only on volunteers and all those drafted prior to late 1942 went only to the Army or the Army Air Corps. Of those called up for service during the war, nearly 2 million Americans were rejected by

SECTION 10

#1732773236327

1332-467: A preliminary field exercise in fiscal year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in fiscal year 1999. The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20–54 in 57 job categories. Until their 26th birthdays, registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding their status, such as name, current mailing address , permanent residence address, and "all information concerning his status... which

1443-676: A range of immigration generations . Additionally, the AAPA drew political activists , community workers, and students from other social organizations at UC Berkeley, such as the Chinese Students Club and the Nisei Students Club. Floyd Huen, a member of the Berkeley AAPA, wrote that the AAPA "raised the political and social level of the debate; it consciously considered the formation of a 'yellow caucus' within

1554-578: A service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications. Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread. The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

1665-580: A service period of 12 months. In 1941, the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. In 1940, the act had registered 16 million men between the ages of 21-36. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the Empire of Japan and

1776-629: A similar provision to its version of the bill. If the bill including this provision had been enacted into law, it would have authorized (but not require) the president to order young women as well as young men to register with the Selective Service System. The House-Senate conference committee for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 removed the provision of the House version of

1887-438: A social or cultural club. The words "Asian American" were used to signify that this group was created as a multi-ethnic group to unite all Asians. In fact, this was the first use of the term "Asian American" instead of terms like " Oriental " that were used before. The AAPA drew Asian Americans from a multitude of ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds, including Chinese , Filipino , and Japanese Americans , as well as from

1998-535: A strike on November 6 if Murray was suspended, and presented their 15 demands. The next day, 1 November, President Smith suspended George Murray. On 6 November, exactly a year after the Gater incident, the Black Students Union and Third World Liberation Front members struck for a larger Black Studies Program and for the reinstatement of George Murray. Administration called police after students marched on

2109-429: A ten-hour-long occupation of Barrows Hall and presented eight demands to the university administration seeking to expand ethnic studies. Six students were involved in a hunger strike outside of California Hall while students set up a twenty-four-hour camp drawing hundreds of supporters every day. The Ethnic Studies faculty, including Professor Ron Takaki, Professor Carlos Munoz, and Professor Elaine Kim, joined in supporting

2220-699: A term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948. In 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War (1950–1953). The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951. This lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 + 1 ⁄ 2 , increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set

2331-531: A written record stating their beliefs. In 1987, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting "persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care occupation " in case such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress. In response, the Selective Service published plans for the "Health Care Personnel Delivery System" (HCPDS) in 1989, and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent

SECTION 20

#1732773236327

2442-415: A young man had to be registered (or had to have been registered, if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26) with the Selective Service. Those who were required to register, but failed to do so before they turned 26, are no longer allowed to register, and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits, unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure

2553-666: Is constitutional on the basis that "only the Supreme Court may revise its precedent." A congressionally mandated commission recommended in March 2020 that women should be eligible for the draft. In September 2021, the House of Representatives passed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 , which included an amendment that stated that "all Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 must register for selective service." This struck off

2664-567: Is still required for contingency planning and preparation for two types of draft: a general draft based on registration lists of males aged 18–25, and a special-skills draft based on professional licensing lists of workers in specified health care occupations. In the event of either type of draft, the Selective Service System would send out induction notices, adjudicate claims for deferments or exemptions, and assign draftees classified as conscientious objectors to alternative service work. All male U.S. citizens and immigrant non-citizens who are between

2775-635: The Bandung Conference as a past example of solidarity and opposing American imperialism , such as the Vietnam War, which they believed was a war waged by the US in the interests of corporations. Additionally, the AAPA argued strongly against the model minority myth because they believed that it purposefully separated Asian Americans and other racialized groups by inaccurately portraying Asian Americans as docile, obedient, and successful. Instead,

2886-681: The Black Panther Party and the Red Guards calling for justice for the Black Panther Party. It had especially close ties with the Black Panther Party because one of AAPA's prominent members, Richard Aoki, was a member of both the Black Panther Party and the AAPA. In particular, the AAPA supported the Free Huey movement, which aimed to get Huey Newton , the co-founder of the Black Panther Party, released from jail on

2997-430: The Black Panther Party , or the civil rights movement . Although most of them were students at UC Berkeley, they did not want AAPA to be a student organization; rather, they aimed to create a wide-reaching, community grassroots organization . They purposefully chose the words "Political" and "Alliance" as part of their name in order to show that they were a political organization aimed towards Third World liberation , not

3108-610: The Fund for Education and Training (FEAT) and Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants . Some registrants are not U.S. citizens, or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country; they fall instead into one of the following categories: The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution which says Congress "shall have Power To... provide for calling forth

3219-466: The I-Hotel movement . Some of the AAPA's everyday activities included holding meetings to raise political consciousness and focus on political action. The AAPA also took part in activities surrounding WWII internment camps . Floyd Huen, a member of the Berkeley AAPA, wrote that Yuji Ichioka "educated all of us about the trauma and danger of the internment of his community during the war, first raising

3330-520: The Selective Service Act of 1917 (40 Stat. 76) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18, 1917, creating the Selective Service System. President Woodrow Wilson signed the act into law after the U.S. Army failed to meet its target of expanding to 1 million men after six weeks. The act gave the president the power to conscript men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to enlist for military service for

3441-518: The U.S. airstrike on Baghdad International Airport . An Internet meme about the event being the beginning of World War III began gaining in popularity very quickly, causing an influx of visitors to the Selective Service System website, which was not prepared to handle it. Under current law, all male U.S. citizens between 18 and 25 (inclusive) years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthdays. In addition, certain categories of non-U.S. citizen men between 18 and 25 living in

Third World Liberation Front - Misplaced Pages Continue

3552-756: The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas . Miller's opinion was based on the Supreme Court 's past argument in Rostker v. Goldberg (1981) which had found the male-only draft constitutional because the military then did not allow women to serve. As the Department of Defense has since lifted most restrictions on women in the military, Miller ruled that the justifications no longer apply, and thus

3663-528: The United States House of Representatives on February 10, 2016. H.R. 4523 would end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the president to order anyone to register for the draft, abolish the Selective Service System, and effectively repeal the "Solomon Amendments" making registration for the draft a condition of federal student aid, jobs, and job training. The bill would leave in place, however, laws in some states making registration for

3774-407: The "Solomon Amendment", which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the "most vocal" non-registrants for prosecution, after

3885-764: The AAPA played a large role in the Asian American movement and was influential in encouraging other Asian Americans to get involved in political action. The AAPA was created in May 1968 at UC Berkeley by Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee . Ichioka and Gee had noticed that most of the Asian Americans who were taking part in student protests were only participating as individuals rather than as a coalition. Because of this, they wanted to create an organization to unite all Asian Americans under one group to fight for social and political change . To do this, they looked through

3996-605: The AAPA rejected assimilation into whiteness and tried to build relationships with other people of color. On July 28, 1968, Richard Aoki gave a speech at an AAPA rally at UC Berkeley, where he described the AAPA's ideology in depth. "We Asian-Americans believe that American society has been, and still is, fundamentally a racist society, and that historically we have accommodated ourselves to this society in order to survive...We Asian-Americans support all non-white liberation movements and believe that all minorities in order to be truly liberated must have complete control over

4107-461: The AAPA tried to unite multiple Asian ethnicities together. The support for the Free Huey movement emphasized the AAPA's anti-assimilation ideology and support for other racialized groups. Eventually the charges were overturned and Newton was released on August 5, 1970. The AAPA was strongly against the Vietnam War. In 1969, the AAPA stated that it opposed the Vietnam War not because American soldiers were being killed, but because it recognized that

4218-739: The AAPA's participation in it showed the potential of Asian American activism. According to scholar Karen Umemoto, this strike "marked a 'shedding of silence' and an affirmation of identity" for Asian American students. On January 11, 1969, the UC Berkeley AAPA, along with the Berkeley Chinese Students Club and Nisei Students Club, organized a symposium titled "The Asian Experience in America/Yellow Identity" in order to discuss Asian identity, talk about Asian American studies, and garner support for

4329-565: The Administration Building. The campus closed during the week of 13 November, due to the escalating number of student-police confrontations. Governor Ronald Reagan and school trustees called for the reopening of campus on November 18, 1968. Additionally, a faculty grievance committee reported back that George Murray was suspended without due process. On 20 November, approximately 10% of the students returned to campus for departmental discussions. The administration had also created

4440-403: The Department of Ethnic Studies. Selective Service System The Selective Service System ( SSS ) is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains a database of registered male U.S. citizens and other U.S. residents potentially subject to military conscription (i.e., the draft). Although the U.S. military is currently an all-volunteer force, registration

4551-851: The FAFSA form were eliminated on July 1, 2023. Most states, as well as the District of Columbia , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Virgin Islands , have passed laws requiring registration for men 18–25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per-jurisdiction basis but typically include driver's licenses, state-funded higher education benefits, and state government jobs. Alaska also requires registration to receive an Alaska Permanent Fund dividend. Eleven states (California, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, and Wyoming) have no such requirements, though Indiana and Washington do give men 18–25

Third World Liberation Front - Misplaced Pages Continue

4662-509: The Japanese American community to build support for the student strike by showing how the strike would positively affect the Japanese American community. The Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) strike at SF State became the longest student strike in history. Eventually, they were successful in challenging school officials and getting the first School of Ethnic Studies, including a department for Asian American Studies. Furthermore,

4773-500: The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 that established conscription based on random selection (lottery). The first draft lottery was held on December 1, 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, for registrants born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1950. The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 195. The second lottery, on July 1, 1970, pertained to men born in 1951. The highest lottery number called for possible induction

4884-801: The Militia to execute the Laws of the Union;" The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions. The act has been challenged in light of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits " involuntary servitude ". These challenges, however, have not been supported by the courts; as the Supreme Court stated in Butler v. Perry (1916): The amendment

4995-837: The Native American Student Union. They participated in the TWLF strike at Berkeley in 1969, which helped lead to the establishment of an Ethnic Studies department, which contained a division for Asian American studies. In addition, they negotiated with the university administration to establish an experimental course in Asian/American Studies in winter of 1969, which contained topics such as the Vietnam War, imperialism and colonialism in Asia , and Asian American history , and contemporary Asian American issues. The AAPA coordinated events and demonstrations with

5106-761: The SF State AAPA's activities and ideologies were similar to or influenced by the Berkeley AAPA, and they often met with Berkeley AAPA members to study works by Mao Zedong and Black Power leaders. The SF State AAPA joined the SF State Third World Liberation Front in summer of 1968 along with many other student groups of color, including the BSU (Black Student Union), MASC (Mexican American Students Confederation), PACE (Philippine-American Collegiate Endeavor), and ICSA (Intercollegiate Chinese for Social Action). Together, they fought for

5217-546: The SSS using their Social Security Number and the sex designation associated with that number. It is possible to change the sex associated with a Social Security Number (SSN), and the Social Security Administration (SSA) does not require medical or legal evidence of a sex designation to do so. However, despite some states now allowing an "X" designation on official identification, like birth certificates,

5328-544: The San Francisco State AFT local to end the strike. Nathan Hare and George Mason Murray were both not rehired for the second year and strikes continued. Finally, on March 20, 1969, representatives of the TWLF, the Black Students Union, and the members of the Select Committee signed an agreement concerning the resolution of the fifteen demands and other issues arising from the student strike, and

5439-1391: The San Francisco State College TWLF strike. On January 22, 1969, the Afro-American Studies Union, the Mexican-American Student Confederation (MASC), the Native American Student Alliance (NASA), and the Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) coalesced to form the Third World Liberation Front at UC Berkeley. The demands were as follows: "1. Establishment of a Third World College with four departments; 2. Minority persons be appointed to administrative, faculty, and staff positions at all levels in all campus units; 3. Additional demands included admission, financial aid, and academic assistance for minority students; Work-study positions for minority students in minority communities and on high school campuses; 4. Minorities be allowed to control all minority-related programs on campus; 5. No disciplinary action against student strikers." The strike

5550-428: The Selective Service registration requirement for all 18- to 26-year-old male citizens born on or after January 1, 1960. As a result, only men born between March 29, 1957, and December 31, 1959, were completely exempt from Selective Service registration. The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21, 1980, for men born in calendar year 1960. Pursuant to

5661-432: The Selective Service. All men between the ages of 18 and 25 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months. This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves, with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total. Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the regular United States Army for

SECTION 50

#1732773236327

5772-703: The TWLF strike. This symposium brought together college students from all over California, who came together to write a resolution to fully support the SF State strike and express Asian American solidarity with other people of color. After the SF State strike, the Berkeley AAPA helped to form the Berkeley Third World Liberation Front along with the Afro-American Student Union, the Mexican American Students Confederation, and

5883-490: The U.S. Army was forced to take remedial work. During the course of the war, 25,000 Army dentists pulled 15 million rotten teeth and placed 2.5 million sets of dentures while Army optometrists fitted 2.25 million men with eyeglasses. Nearly a million men took educational courses to teach them how to read and write. In November 1942, Congress passed the Tydings Amendment which exempted all agricultural workers from

5994-440: The U.S. military practiced segregation during the war as Black Americans did not serve alongside men of other races and in practice Black men were only drafted to keep the all Black units of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Army Air Force up to strength. Furthermore, the military as a general rule preferred to use Black servicemen only in menial roles and as much as possible tried to avoid sending African-Americans into combat out of

6105-563: The US and throughout the world, particularly in colonized or recently decolonized countries. The AAPA's participation in the Third World Liberation Front strikes at SF State and UC Berkeley resulted in the creation of a School of Ethnic Studies at SF State and an Ethnic Studies department at UC Berkeley. The AAPA was also involved in movements such as the Black Power Movement and the anti-Vietnam War movement . Although both main chapters were short-lived and disbanded in 1969,

6216-415: The United States must register, particularly permanent residents , refugees , asylum seekers , and illegal immigrants . Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students , visitors , and diplomats, are not required to register, so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States and under

6327-534: The United States to participate in political organizing and fight for social change. After it disbanded, its members continued to participate in many Asian American organizations and causes. For example, some members decided to establish the Asian Community Center, which participated in the protests to save International Hotel. In addition, the AAPA inspired organizations like Triple A and I Wor Kuen . The SF State AAPA's activism helped contribute to

6438-550: The Vietnamese people were struggling for self-determination and independence against U.S. imperialism . The AAPA made their opposition to the Vietnam War an integral tenet of its ideology, and declared that it opposed the imperialistic policies of the U.S. and instead supported the demands of the Vietnamese National Liberation Front . The UC Berkeley chapter of AAPA disbanded in 1969 after

6549-438: The act is proving a violation of the act was intentional, i.e. knowing and willful. In the opinion of legal experts, this is almost impossible to prove unless there is evidence of a prospective defendant knowing about his obligation to register and intentionally choosing not to do so. Or, for example, when there is evidence the government at any time provided notice to the prospective defendant to register or report for induction, he

6660-489: The act requiring only men to register would now be considered unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause . The government appealed this decision to the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. Oral arguments on the appeal were heard on March 3, 2020. The District Court decision was reversed by the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. A petition for review was declined by the U.S. Supreme Court. In December 2019,

6771-400: The age of 26, he will be required to register. Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for U.S. citizenship. Currently, citizens who are at least 17 years and 3 months old can pre-register so when they are eligible for registration, their information will automatically be added into the system. In the current registration system, a person cannot indicate that they are

SECTION 60

#1732773236327

6882-588: The ages of 18 and 25 are required by law to have registered within 30 days of their 18th birthdays, and must notify the Selective Service within ten days of any changes to any of the information they provided on their registration cards, such as a change of address. The Selective Service System is a contingency mechanism for the possibility that conscription becomes necessary. Registration with Selective Service may be required for various federal programs and benefits, including job training, federal employment, and naturalization . The Selective Service System provides

6993-403: The bill that would have authorized the president to order women as well as men to register with the Selective Service System, but added a new section to create a " National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service " (NCMNPS). This provision was enacted into law on December 23, 2016 as Subtitle F of Public Law 114–328. The commission was to study and make recommendations by March 2020 on

7104-502: The bipartisan "Selective Service Repeal Act", a bill to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and abolish the Selective Service System, H.R. 5492, was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by Representatives Peter DeFazio (D-OR) and Rodney Davis (R-IL). This bill was reintroduced in both the House (H.R. 2509) and the Senate (S. 1139) on April 14, 2021. In January 2020, the Selective Service System website crashed following

7215-474: The building of a new and a better world." In 1969, the AAPA published a newspaper, "AAPA Perspectives", which further detailed its core values, beliefs, and goals. "[The AAPA] is a people's alliance to effect social and political changes. We believe that the American society is historically racist and one which has systematically employed social discrimination and economic imperialism , both domestically and internationally, exploiting all non-white people in

7326-402: The calendar year they were eligible for the draft. (These – and other – draft classifications were in place long before 1971.) Also, draft board membership requirements were reformed: minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18, members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire, and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of

7437-820: The campaign to repeal the McCarran Act." Some of the other actions the AAPA was involved in include participating in Chinatown forums and the MASC boycott at UC Berkeley. The AAPA was also a member of the Asian Association and the Asian Coalition. Furthermore, it supported the United Farm Workers strike in 1970 by sending members to Delano, California to investigate issues faced by Chicano and Filipino farmworkers, where they found that

7548-419: The case in World War One.. About 75,000 Americans called for national service claimed conscientious objector status, and about half of these claims were accepted by the draft boards. Married men were exempt from the draft and in late 1940 about 40% called up for the draft were able to evade it by promptly getting married. In February 1942, General Hershey, who was in charge of the draft, complained "that most of

7659-408: The changes the students were facing and the Vietnam war. As a result of the campus unrest, Dr. John Summerskill , the president of the college, resigned in February 1968, effective in September. On March 23, 1968, the TWLF occupied the YMCA office on campus and evicted the YMCA. Student actions continued throughout May, calling for an end to Air-Force ROTC on campus, the admission of 400 students from

7770-446: The charges of killing a police officer. AAPA used posters with "Free Huey" written in multiple languages, including English , Mandarin Chinese , Japanese, and Tagalog . Even though most AAPA members spoke English, they chose to also use other Asian languages to demonstrate that Asian Americans stood in solidarity with Newton because they were also people of color. Furthermore, the presence of many different Asian languages illustrated how

7881-572: The classifying authority mails him a request therefor". Selective Service bases the registration requirement on gender at birth. According to the SSS, individuals who were born male are required to register regardless of their current gender identity or gender reassignment. This includes transgender women . People who are born female who have transitioned, or are in the process of transitioning ( transgender men ), are not required to register. Individuals who identify as non-binary are required to register if they were born male. U.S. citizens register for

7992-521: The college. President Smith also announced the creation of a Black Studies Department and named Professor of Sociology, Dr. Nathan Hare, Acting Chair. At the end of the month, California State College Trustees voted to ask President Smith to reassign George Murray to a non-teaching position after he reportedly made controversial statements at Fresno State College and at San Francisco State. President Smith refused. On 31 October, Chancellor Glenn Dumke ordered President Smith to suspend Murray. The BSU proposed

8103-541: The current SSN system is only designed for male or female designations. The SSA is looking into more diverse designation options for the future. In February 2019, the male-only military draft registry was ruled to be unconstitutional by a federal district judge in National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System . Following the ruling, Selective Service System attorney Jacob Daniels told reporters: "Things continue here at Selective Service as they have in

8214-687: The draft a condition of some state benefits. On June 9, 2016, a similar bill was introduced in the United States Senate , called the "Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act". On April 27, 2016, the House Armed Services Committee voted to add an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 to extend the authority for draft registration to women. On May 12, 2016, the Senate Armed Services Committee voted to add

8325-584: The draft as required, signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens. On July 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter , signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979, retroactively re-establishing

8436-497: The draft boards for "neuropsychiatic reasons". The most common "neuropsychiatic reason" was homosexuality, which was a considered to be a very serious mental illness in the 1940s and as such the military refused to accept homosexuals. Another four million American men called for national service were rejected for either medical or educational reasons, such as being near-sighted, having rotten teeth or being illiterate. As too many men were being rejected for health or educational reasons,

8547-453: The draft, draft registration, registration of women, and "the feasibility and advisability of modifying the military selective service process in order to obtain for military, national, and public service individuals with skills (such as medical, dental, and nursing skills, language skills, cyber skills, and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) skills) for which the Nation has

8658-508: The draft, thereby exempting 2 million American men from serving in the war. The question of drafting Black men caused much controversy as President Franklin D. Roosevelt had promised several African-American civil rights leaders in 1940 that the draft would be a color-blind one and in fact the Selective Service Act of 1940 stated "there shall be no discrimination against any person on the account of race or color". However,

8769-498: The executive order went into effect were still exempt. President Ronald Reagan revoked both of them with Executive Order 12553 (signed on February 25, 1986). The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 55. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first. On November 26, 1969, President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to

8880-600: The ghetto in the fall semester, and the hiring of nine minority faculty members to help the minority students. 26 people were arrested. In June 1968, Dr. Robert Smith was hired to replace Summerskill as the President of San Francisco State College. In the following September, George Mason Murray, a graduate student in English and Black Panther Minister of Education, was hired as a teaching assistant to teach special introductory English classes for 400 special students admitted to

8991-419: The government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution; and Elgin v. Department of Treasury , 567 U.S. 1 (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of federal employment for non-registrants. Asian American Political Alliance The Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA )

9102-547: The local community. On January 27, 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft. The seventh and final lottery drawing was held on March 12, 1975, pertaining to men born in 1956, who would have been called to report for induction in 1976. But no new draft orders were issued after 1972. On March 29, 1975, President Gerald Ford , whose own son, Steven , had earlier failed to register for

9213-714: The names of all registrants to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies ( JAMRS ) program for inclusion in the JAMRS Consolidated Recruitment Database. The names are distributed to the Services for recruiting purposes on a quarterly basis. Regulations are codified at Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations , Chapter XVI. Following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6,

9324-471: The nascent Peace and Freedom Party...[it] represented the earnings of a racially common group of American youth were who tired of being labeled 'oriental and 'meek and passive' and who wanted self-define like other groups." The AAPA sought to build a multi-ethnic Asian American political movement and create alliances with other people of color. It advocated for self-determination for Asian Americans and all people of color, supported all oppressed people around

9435-569: The next several years, however, such legislation was never passed. President John F. Kennedy set up Executive Order 11119 (signed on September 10, 1963), granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26. His vice president and later successor as president, Lyndon B. Johnson , later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by Executive Order 11241 (signed on August 26, 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date). However, married men with children or other dependents and men married before

9546-460: The option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a driver's license or an identification card. The Department of Motor Vehicles of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18–25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses, learner permits, or non-driver identification cards. There are some third-party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits, including

9657-437: The past, which is men between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register with Selective Service. And at this time, until we receive guidance from either the court or from Congress, women are not required to register for Selective Service." On August 13, 2020, the federal district judge's opinion was unanimously overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit. The Court held that male-only military draft registration

9768-908: The political, economic, and social institutions within their respective communities. We unconditionally, support the struggles of the Afro-American people , the Chicanos , and the American Indians to attain freedom, justice, and equality… We are unconditionally against the war in Vietnam… In conclusion, I would like to add that the Asian American Political Alliance is not just another Sunday social club. We are an action-oriented group, and we will not just restrict our activities to merely ethnic issues, but to all issues that are of fundamental importance pertaining to

9879-416: The presidential proclamation, all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week. Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week. Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5, 1981. Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days before or after their 18th birthday. A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in

9990-562: The process of building up their affluent society...The goal of AAPA is political education and advancement of the movement among Asian people, so that they may make all decisions that affect their own lives." AAPA was involved in many political movements, including the Third World Liberation Front Strikes at both SF State College and UC Berkeley, the Free Huey movement , the anti-Vietnam War movement, and

10101-448: The recent marriages...might have been for the purpose of evading the draft". In his 1945 State of the Union address , President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested that the draft be expanded to include female nurses (male nurses were not allowed), to overcome a shortage that was endangering military medical care. This began a debate over the drafting of all women, which was defeated in the House of Representatives. A bill to draft nurses

10212-505: The reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG) , 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the constitutionality of

10323-518: The roster of the Peace and Freedom Party and invited everyone with Asian surnames to discuss the idea for a potential group at a meeting. The first meeting was held in Ichioka and Gee's apartment, where they decided to form the Asian American Political Alliance. Many of the original founding members from this first meeting had prior political experience through anti-war movements , United Farm Workers ,

10434-735: The state, such as services in the army, militia, on the jury, etc. During the First World War, the Supreme Court ruled in Arver v. United States (1918), also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases , that the draft did not violate the Constitution. Later, during the Vietnam War, a federal appellate court concluded in Holmes v. United States (1968) that the draft was constitutional even during peacetime. Since

10545-425: The statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, which was extended as long as they were students. A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over

10656-531: The strike officially ended on the 21st. The Afro-American Student Union submitted a proposal for a Black Studies Department at UC Berkeley in April 1968. After months of negotiations, the AASU became frustrated and joined with other Third World students to demand a Third World College. Chicano, Asian American, and Native American students were also organizing during the fall of 1968. They also organized in solidarity with

10767-620: The students. On the fourth night of the hunger strike, the University of California Police Department raided the camp and arrested eighty-three protesters. After eight days, the university administration agreed to seven of the eight student demands, and conditionally to the eighth demand. The strike resulted in the creation of the Multicultural Community Center, the Center for Race and Gender, and more faculty hires in

10878-421: The successful Third World Liberation Front strike at UC Berkeley. The SF State AAPA also decided in 1969 after the TWLF strike at SF State to disband. On November 10, 2018, past and present members of AAPA at UC Berkeley commemorated the 50th anniversary of its founding at 2005 Hearst Ave., its former meeting place. The AAPA was a major influence in inspiring both its own members and other Asian Americans across

10989-564: The truck and disconnected the wires from the speakers. Later in December, on the 11th, more than 50 American Federation of Teachers members set up an informational picket line around the campus, to pressure the Trustees to negotiate with the students. Two days later, the campus closed for the winter holidays, one week earlier than usual. When school resumed on 6 January 1969, actions by teachers and students continued, including more pickets and

11100-630: The word "Male" which extended a potential draft to women; however, the amendment was removed before the National Defense Authorization Act was passed. In 1980, men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison, fines of up to $ 50,000 or both if convicted. The potential fine was later increased to $ 250,000. Despite these possible penalties, government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only twenty indictments, of which nineteen were instigated in part by self-publicized and self-reported non-registration. A principal element for conviction under

11211-520: The workers faced racial discrimination, poverty, and inadequate healthcare. In the summer of 1968, Penny Nakatsu and two other Japanese American women founded the San Francisco State College AAPA after they met at a Berkeley AAPA meeting and agreed that SF State College needed a chapter of its own. The SF State AAPA had a large Japanese American membership, with many 3rd generation Japanese Americans, or Sansei . Many of

11322-721: The world, and declared solidarity with colonized and decolonized nations around the world. The AAPA was heavily influenced by the Black Power movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, and the Third World Liberation Movement . In fact, members often met to read political writings, including Mao Zedong , Franz Fanon , and the Black Panther Party Newspaper, in order to provide context for the activism they were involved in. The AAPA showed support for Third World movements by praising

11433-698: Was 125. The third was on August 5, 1971, pertaining to men born in 1952; the highest lottery number called was 95. In 1971, the Military Selective Service Act was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthdays. Registrants were classified 1-A (eligible for military service), 1-AO ( conscientious objector available for non-combatant military service), and 1-O (conscientious objector available for alternate community service). Student deferments were ended, except for divinity students , who received

11544-772: Was a political organization started at University of California, Berkeley in 1968 that aimed to unite all Asian Americans under one identity to push for political and social action. The two main chapters were at UC Berkeley, and San Francisco State College , both of which became heavily involved in the larger Asian American movement throughout the 1960s, including at the Third World Liberation Front strikes at SF State and at UC Berkeley. The AAPA identified as an anti-imperialistic , Third World political organization that fought for self-determination and liberation for Asian Americans. They expressed solidarity and support for other people of color throughout

11655-808: Was a controversial one during the war.. In World War One, only the so-called "peace churches", namely the Mennonites, the Quakers and the Brethren had been allowed to reject national service on grounds of conscience.. The 1940 Selective Service Act allowed the same exemption to the "peace churches", but also allowed anyone "who, by reason of religious training or belief, is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form". In practice, draft boards would exempt anyone who prove they were opposed to war on grounds of some sort of religious belief, which allowed more to claim conscientious objectors status than been

11766-468: Was adopted with reference to conditions existing since the foundation of our government, and the term 'involuntary servitude' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which, in practical operation, would tend to produce like undesirable results. It introduced no novel doctrine with respect of services always treated as exceptional, and certainly was not intended to interdict enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to

11877-528: Was given an opportunity to comply, and the prospective defendant chose not to do so. The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986. In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants. No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess, carry, or show

11988-464: Was met with violent opposition with the police using tear gas and beating protesters. Chancellor Heyns declared that "Sather Gate will be kept open by any means necessary" and a "state of emergency" was called on February 4, 1969, which resulted in the presence of the national guard on campus for the first time. After ten weeks of struggle, the academic senate voted 550 to 4 to establish an interim Department of Ethnic Studies pending further negotiations for

12099-434: Was not knowing and willful. There is a procedure to provide an "information letter" to the Selective Service for those in these situations, for example recent citizens who entered the U.S. after their 26th birthday. The federal law requiring Selective Service registration as a condition of federal financial aid for higher education was overridden in December 2020, and the questions about Selective Service registration status on

12210-525: Was passed by Congress on September 16, 1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history. It required all men between the ages of 18 and 64 to register with the Selective Service. To register, men typically completed a D.S.S. Form 1 Military Draft Registration Card from the Director of Selective Service. Over 49 million draft cards were completed, including The Old Man's Draft . It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for

12321-434: Was passed by the House, but died without a vote in the Senate. The publicity caused more nurses to volunteer and agencies streamlined recruiting. The Selective Service System created by the 1940 act was terminated by the act of 31 March 1947. The Selective Service Act of 1948 , enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, the basis for the modern system. All men 18 years and older had to register with

#326673