Misplaced Pages

#533466

30-463: The period of the 31st Dynasty was the second occasion in which Persian pharaohs ruled Egypt, hence the term "Second Egyptian Satrapy". Before the 31st Dynasty was founded, Egypt had enjoyed a brief period of independence, during which three indigenous dynasties reigned (the 28th , 29th , and 30th dynasties). The period before this is referred to as the "First Egyptian Satrapy" or the 27th Dynasty (525–404 BC). In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on

60-610: A campaign to recover Egypt, which had revolted under his father, Artaxerxes II. At the same time, a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor, which, being supported by Thebes , threatened to become serious. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II . After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh , Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by

90-1570: A demonstration of loyalty to the new rulers." ( Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi ( Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon

120-532: A name harking back to the site's period of Roman occupation) had much left to be unearthed. Petrie discovered a great deal that Naville had not believed existed. He completed the excavation of the temple of Heryshef, and attempted to find other remains in an area around the temple. In so doing, he succeeded in discovering such previously unknown features. such as a house's remains from the Roman period of occupation. He also identified another temple that he attributed to

150-733: A while Egypt was a satrapy in Alexander's empire . Later the Ptolemies and the Romans successively ruled the Nile valley. Occasionally Egyptians wore foreign costumes and jewelry. The taste for non- Egyptian fashion arose during periods of extensive trade or diplomatic contact with distant courts, or when Egypt was controlled by a foreign power. The Persians, who twice invaded the Nile Valley from their West Asia homeland, dominated Egypt during

180-775: Is the Roman name of the capital of the 20th nome of ancient Upper Egypt , known in Ancient Egyptian as nn nswt . The site is located approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) west of the modern city of Beni Suef , in the Beni Suef Governorate of Egypt. In Ancient Egypt , Heracleopolis Magna was called nn nswt , meaning Child of the King (appearing as hnn nswt or hwt nn nswt ; also transcribed Henen-Nesut or Hut-Nen-Nesut ). This later developed into Coptic : Ϩⲛⲏⲥ or ϩⲛⲉⲥ ( /ǝhnes/ ), which

210-612: Is usually classified as the third dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian Late Period . The 28th Dynasty lasted from 404 BC to 398 BC and it includes only one Pharaoh , Amyrtaeus (Amenirdis), also known as Psamtik V or Psammetichus V. Amyrtaeus was probably the grandson of the Amyrtaeus of Sais, who carried on a rebellion in 465–463 BC with the Egyptian chief, Inarus (himself a grandson of Psamtik III ), against

240-690: The Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC), Herakleopolis again rose in importance. There were many renovations and new constructions of the temple and mortuary centers that existed in the city, and it again became an important religious and political center. By the Ptolemaic Kingdom (332–30 BC), Herakleopolis was still an important religious and cultural center in Egypt. The Greek rulers of this period, in an attempt to find connections and comparisons between their own gods and

270-563: The sacred lake of Heryshef at Nenj-neswt , the ancient name of the city, suggests that it was already in existence by the mid First Dynasty , c. 2970 BC. Herakleopolis first came to prominence and reached its apogee of power during the First Intermediate Period , between 2181 and 2055 BC. Eventually after the collapse of the Old Kingdom , Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt . Herakleopolis became

300-583: The satrap Achaemenes of Achaemenid Egypt . As early as 411 BC, Amyrtaeus, a native Egyptian, revolted against Darius II , the Achaemenid Persian King and the last Pharaoh of the 27th Dynasty. Amyrtaeus succeeded in expelling the Persians from Memphis in 405 BC with assistance from Cretan mercenaries, and in 404 BC, following the death of Darius, proclaimed himself Pharaoh of Egypt. Although Artaxerxes II , Darius' successor as King of Persia attempted to lead an expedition to retake Egypt he

330-414: The 11th Dynasty. From the later Roman periods, Petrie found numerous objects associated with many of the mortuary sites that he unearthed, including iron tools, pottery, and icons. While other excavations are not numerous and are naturally overshadowed by that of Flinders Petrie and his famous expedition, there have been several more recent excavations that have also increased knowledge of the site. During

SECTION 10

#1732772907534

360-632: The 1980s, a Spanish team conducted excavations and uncovered such artefacts as a libation altar and a pair of decorated eyes, presumably from a statue, all attributed to a temple dated to the Third Intermediate Period. A Spanish team also conducted excavations as recently as 2008, under the direction of María del Carmen Pérez-Die of the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid, Spain. Their efforts revealed

390-712: The 19th Dynasty, as well as the aforementioned additions to the Temple of Heryshef associated with Ramesses the Great . Other than archaeological features, the artefacts found by Petrie during his excavation are numerous, and span the entire chronological range of settlement. Relating specifically to artefacts found from the end of the First Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, Petrie uncovered numerous pot sherds he associated with

420-660: The Egyptians and occupied the Lower Delta of the Nile. Following Nectanebo's flight to Ethiopia, all of Egypt submitted to Artaxerxes. The Jews in Egypt were sent either to Babylon or to the south coast of the Caspian Sea , the same location where the Jews of Phoenicia had earlier been sent. After this victory over the Egyptians, Artaxerxes had the city walls destroyed, started a reign of terror, and set about looting all

450-831: The Elder Siamun Psusennes II Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef ( Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVIII , alternatively 28th Dynasty or Dynasty 28 )

480-518: The Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes, in addition to his 330,000 Persians, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks furnished by the Greek cities of Asia Minor: 4,000 under Mentor , consisting of the troops which he had brought to the aid of Tennes from Egypt; 3,000 sent by Argos; and 1000 from Thebes. He divided these troops into three bodies, and placed at

510-770: The Twenty-seventh Dynasty (525– 404 B.C.E.) and the Thirty-first Dynasty (342–332 B.C.E.). This statue dates to the later period of Persian rule in Egypt. According to the Brooklyn Museum , "The long skirt shown wrapped around this statue’s body and tucked in at the upper edge of the garment is typically Persian. The necklace, called a torque, is decorated with images of ibexes, symbols in ancient Persia of agility and sexual prowess. The depiction of this official in Persian dress may have been

540-485: The country, intersected by numerous canals, and full of strongly fortified towns, was in his favour and Nectanebo II might have been expected to offer a prolonged, if not even a successful, resistance. But he lacked good generals, and over-confident in his own powers of command, he found himself out-manoeuvered by the Greek mercenary generals. His forces were defeated by the combined Persian armies near Pelusium . After his defeat, Nectanebo hastily fled to Memphis , leaving

570-408: The de facto capital of Upper Egypt, ancient Thebes . Between the latter part of the First Intermediate Period and the early Middle Kingdom , the city became the religious center of the cult of Heryshaf , and the Temple of Heryshaf was constructed. Heracleopolis Magna and its dynasty was defeated by Mentuhotep II in c. 2055–2004 BC, which ushered in the Middle Kingdom period. By the time of

600-525: The death of Alexander the Great . The Roman Empire used a Latinised form of the Greek name. Some Egyptologists and Biblical scholars connect the biblical city of Hanes ( Hebrew : חָנֵס Ḥānês ) mentioned in Isaiah 30:4 with Heracleopolis Magna. The date of the earliest settlements on the site of Herakleopolis is not known, but an entry on the Palermo Stone reporting king Den 's visit to

630-442: The fortified towns to be defended by their garrisons. These garrisons consisted of partly Greek and partly Egyptian troops, between whom jealousies and suspicions were easily sown by the Persian leaders. As a result, the Persians were able to rapidly defeat numerous towns across Lower Egypt and were advancing upon Memphis when Nectanebo decided to quit the country and flee southwards to Ethiopia. The Persian army then completely routed

SECTION 20

#1732772907534

660-527: The gods of the land that they were now ruling, associated Haryshef with Heracles in the interpretatio graeca , thus the name often used by modern scholars for Herakleopolis. The site of Herakleopolis was occupied even into Roman times . Near the Necropolis of Sedmet el-Gebel , houses dating to this period were found, which in and of itself implies a continued occupation of the area. The first person to undertake an extensive excavation at Herakleopolis

690-457: The head of each a Persian and a Greek. The Greek commanders were Lacrates of Thebes, Mentor of Rhodes and Nicostratus of Argos while the Persians were led by Rhossaces, Aristazanes, and Bagoas , the chief of the eunuchs. Nectanebo II resisted with an army of 100,000 of whom 20,000 were Greek mercenaries. Nectanebo II occupied the Nile and its various branches with his large navy. The character of

720-479: The principal city of Lower Egypt and was able to exercise its control over much of the region. Herakleopolis exerted such great control over Lower Egypt during this time that Egyptologists and Egyptian archaeologists sometimes refer to the period between the 9th and 10th Dynasties (2160–2025 BC) as the Herakleopolitan Period. During this period, Herakleopolis often found itself in conflict with

750-417: The temples. Persia gained a significant amount of wealth from this looting. Artaxerxes also imposed high taxes and attempted to weaken Egypt enough that it could never revolt against Persia again. During the 10 years that Persia controlled Egypt, believers in the native religion were persecuted and sacred books were stolen. Before he returned to Persia, he appointed Pherendares as satrap of Egypt . With

780-409: The wealth gained from his reconquest of Egypt, Artaxerxes was able to amply reward his mercenaries. He then returned to his capital, having successfully completed his invasion and occupation of Egypt. It is not known who served as satrap after Artaxerxes III, but Pherendates II was an early satrap of Egypt. Under Darius III (336–330 BC) there was Sabaces , who fought and died at Issus and

810-483: Was borrowed into early Egyptian Arabic : اهناس Ahnās . The site is now known as Ihnasiyyah Umm al-Kimam "Ihnasiyyah, Mother of the Shards" and as Ihnasiyyah al-Madinah "The City of Ihnasiyyah". The Greek name meant "City of Heracles ", with the epithet "great" being added to distinguish it from other towns with that name . The Greek form became more common during the Ptolemaic Kingdom , which came to power after

840-474: Was succeeded by Mazaces . Egyptians also fought at Issus, for example, the nobleman Somtutefnekhet of Heracleopolis , who described on the "Naples stele" how he escaped during the battle against the Greeks and how Arsaphes, the god of his city, protected him and allowed him to return home. In 332 BC, Mazaces handed over the country to Alexander the Great without a fight. The Achaemenid empire had ended, and for

870-497: Was the Swiss Egyptologist Edouard Naville . After excavating what he believed to be the entirety of the Temple of Heryshef, Naville came to the conclusion that he had found all that Herakleopolis had to offer. His friend Sir Flinders Petrie , on the other hand, “...in 1879 suspected that the region already cleared was only a part of the temple,” and thus Herakleopolis (or Ehnasya as he called it,

900-645: Was unable to do so, due to political problems with his brother, Cyrus the Younger . This allowed Amyrtaeus to solidify Egyptian rule over Egypt. Very little is known about Amyrtaeus' reign. No monuments from this dynasty have been found. In 398 BC Amyrtaeus was overthrown and executed by Nefaarud I , ending the 28th Dynasty and beginning the 29th Dynasty. Heracleopolis Magna Heracleopolis Magna ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Μεγάλη Ἡρακλέους πόλις , Megálē Herakléous pólis ), Heracleopolis ( Ἡρακλεόπολις , Herakleópolis ) or Herakleoupolis ( Ἡρακλεούπολις )

#533466