According to Chinese mythology and traditional Chinese historiography , the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ( Chinese : 三皇五帝 ; pinyin : Sān huáng wǔ dì ) were a series of sage Chinese emperors, and the first Emperors of China . Today, they are considered culture heroes , but they were widely worshipped as divine "ancestral spirits" in ancient times. According to received history, the period they existed in preceded the Xia dynasty , although they were thought to exist in later periods to an extent in incorporeal forms that aided the Chinese people, especially with the stories of Nüwa existing as a spirit in the Shang dynasty and Shennong being identified as the godly form of Hou Ji and a founder of the Zhou dynasty .
13-504: In myth, the Three Sovereigns were demigods who used their abilities to help create mankind and impart to them essential skills and knowledge. The Five Emperors were exemplary sages who possessed great moral character, and were from a golden age when "communications between the human order and the divine were central to all life" and where the sages embodied the divine, or aided humans in communicating divine forces. In this period
26-421: A more peaceful approach by selecting their leaders via an electoral process. This method drew its inspiration from the time-honored military democratic custom. In this system, the head of the tribal coalition was chosen through a democratic procedure involving representatives from each tribe. A well-known instance of this mechanism at work is the resignation of Emperor Yao . As he aged, Yao endeavored to identify
39-625: A part of political discussions throughout history. Huandou The Four Perils ( Chinese : 四凶 ; pinyin : Sì Xiōng ) are four malevolent beings that exist in Chinese mythology . In the Book of Documents , they are defined as the "Four Criminals" ( 四罪 ; Sì Zuì ): In Zuo Zhuan , Shanhaijing , and Shenyijing , the Four Perils ( Hanzi : 四凶; pinyin : Sì Xiōng) are defined as: Zhang Shoujie's Correct Meanings of
52-462: A successor who could carry on his legacy. He called upon the chieftains of different tribes and inquired, "Who can assume my role?" A minister recommended the skilled and righteous Shun, who was subsequently assessed and promoted to the rank of Emperor Shun . This method facilitated a nonviolent transition of power, with the leader's role being transferred through dialogue and a democratic approach instead of through conflict and aggression. This system
65-733: The Taoist pantheon, such as the Human Sovereign 's cloud-chariot and their supernatural abilities. Upon his death, the Yellow Emperor was "said to have become" a xian . The Yellow Emperor is supposedly the ancestor of the Huaxia people. The Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor was established in Shaanxi to commemorate the ancestry legend. The Three Sovereigns are ascribed various identities in different historical texts, as shown in
78-577: The Yan Emperor . The Three Sovereigns, sometimes known as the Three August Ones, were said to be god-kings or demigods who used their magical powers, divine powers, or being in harmony with the Tao to improve the lives of their people. Because of their lofty virtue, they lived to a great age and ruled over a period of great peace. The Sovereigns have elements in common with xian from
91-544: The abdication system was used before Qi of Xia violently seized power and established a hereditary monarchy. Taoist beliefs consisted of parables involving shamanistic themes, as were most ancient stories about the Sovereigns Fuxi , Nüwa , and Shennong . There are six to seven known variations on which people constitute the Three Sovereigns and the Five Emperors, depending on the source. Many of
104-594: The death of his father Yu the Great , he argues this with traces of violence discovered around that time. The idea was most influential in the 4th century BC and declined in later periods. According to Chinese mythology , following the rule of the Yellow Emperor, chieftains of different tribes in the Yellow River basin, including Yao, Shun, and Yu, came together to create a tribal alliance. Rather than engaging in warfare to establish dominance, these tribes opted for
117-696: The known sources were written in much later dynasties. Groupings of the Three Sovereigns consist of some combination of the following: Fuxi , Nüwa , Shennong , Suiren , Zhu Rong , Gonggong , the Heavenly Sovereign , the Earthly Sovereign , the Human Sovereign (in two varieties), and the Yellow Emperor . Groupings of the Five Emperors consist of some combination of the following: the Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu , Emperor Ku , Emperor Yao , Emperor Shun , Shaohao , Taihao , and
130-532: The table below: The Five Emperors were traditionally thought to have invented "fire, writing and irrigation". Like the Three Sovereigns, they are ascribed different identities depending on historical source, as shown in the table below: There is the legend of the Four Clans (四氏) who took part in creating the world, Youchao -shi (有巢氏), Suiren -shi (燧人氏), Fu Xi -shi (伏羲氏), and Shennong -shi (神農氏). These Sovereigns and Emperors are said to have helped introduce
143-939: The use of fire, taught people how to build houses, and invented farming. The Yellow Emperor's wife is credited with the invention of silk culture . The discovery of medicine and invention of the calendar and Chinese script are also credited to the kings. After their era, Yu the Great founded the Xia dynasty , traditionally considered the first dynasty in Chinese historiography . Three Exalted Ones: Suiren · Fuxi · Taihao · Nüwa · Zhurong · Shennong · Yandi · Gonggong · Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) Four Perils: Gonggong · Huandou · Gun · Sanmiao · Hundun · Qiongqi · Taowu · Taotie Five Primal Emperors: Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) · Shaohao · Zhuanxu · Ku · Zhi · Yao · Shun Abdication system Philosophers Works The abdicational system ( Chinese : 禪讓制 ; pinyin : Shán ràng zhì )
SECTION 10
#1732764967047156-476: Was a historical Chinese political system . According to Chinese mythology , it was the system used by the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors before the switch to hereditary rule in the Xia dynasty . Emperor Yao abdicated and chose Emperor Shun as his successor. Chinese archaeologist Feng Shi ( 冯時 ; 馮時 ) argues Qi of Xia had violently seized power and established a hereditary system after
169-416: Was widespread in ancient China, particularly during the advanced phases of primitive society . A resurgence of curiosity in the abdication system has been sparked by the discovery of four brief texts unearthed in recent Chinese archeological excavations. Although the primary texts were lost in the burning of books and burying of scholars that took place between 213 and 212 BCE, the concept continued to be
#46953