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59-703: The forest district office, the Tiadaghton Resource Management Center, is located just north of the town of Waterville , in Lycoming County , Pennsylvania in the United States . Tiadaghton is the Iroquois name for Pine Creek, but its meaning is unknown. As the timber was exhausted and the land burned, many companies simply abandoned their holdings. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that

118-677: A Shawnee village and burial ground just to the north of Little Pine State Park on Little Pine Creek. By the mid 19th century the demand for lumber reached the Upper Pine Bottom area, where white pine and hemlock covered the surrounding mountainsides. Lumbermen came and harvested the trees and sent them down Pine Creek to the West Branch Susquehanna River to the Susquehanna Boom and sawmills at Williamsport . James and John English were

177-677: A hedge . Some cultivars are used in bonsai . Cultivars have been selected for small to dwarf mature forms, and foliage color characteristics. They include: Smaller specimens are popular as live Christmas trees . Eastern white pines are noted for holding their needles well, even long after being harvested. They also are well suited for people with allergies, as they give little to no aroma. A standard 1.8-meter (6 ft) tree takes around 6 to 8 years to grow in ideal conditions. Sheared varieties are usually desired because of their stereotypical Christmas tree conical shape, as naturally grown ones can be sparse, or grow bushy in texture. The branches of

236-574: A dwelling. Of light weight, it has borne transportation to the farms of the west, where it is used for building purposes in dwellings, barns, and corn cribs, while as a fencing material it has no superior. Aside from those conditions which demand a dense strong timber, such as ship-building or in wagon-making, white pine has been found adaptable to all the economic uses in which lumber is required, not excluding its use in coarser articles of furniture. No wood has found greater favor or entered more fully into supplying all those wants of man which could be found in

295-420: A number of quite efficient antimicrobials. Generally, a wet pulp from the inner bark, or pine tar mixed with beeswax or butter was applied to wounds and used as a salve to prevent infection. P. strobus is cultivated by plant nurseries as an ornamental tree , for planting in gardens and parks. The species is low-maintenance and rapid-growing as a specimen tree. With regular shearing, it can also be trained as

354-423: A role in rich color development. This wood is also favored by patternmakers for its easy working. Cottontail, snowshoe rabbits, porcupines, can eat the bark. Red squirrels can eat the cones by extracting the seeds. Seeds are eaten by crossbills, pine siskin, and white tailed deer. Eastern white pine needles exceed the amount of vitamin C of lemons and oranges and make an excellent herbal tea . The cambium

413-400: A rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip, often resinous. The seeds are 4–5 mm ( 5 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 16  in) long, with a slender 15–20 mm ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 4  in) wing, and are dispersed by wind. Cone production peaks every 3 to 5 years. The branches are spaced about every 18 inches on the trunk with five or six branches appearing like spokes on

472-471: A wagon wheel. Eastern white pine is self-fertile, but seeds produced this way tend to result in weak, stunted, and malformed seedlings. Mature trees are often 200–250 years old, and some live over 400 years. A tree growing near Syracuse, New York , was dated to 458 years old in the late 1980s and trees in Michigan and Wisconsin were dated to roughly 500 years old. The eastern white pine has been described as

531-544: Is 51.54 m (169 ft 1 in) tall. The NTS maintains precise measurements of it. A private property in Claremont, New Hampshire , has approximately 60 specimens that are 45 m (148 ft) tall. Diameters of the larger pines range from 1.0–1.6 m (3 ft 3 in – 5 ft 3 in), which translates to a circumference (girth) range of 3.1–5.0 m (10 ft 2 in – 16 ft 5 in). However, single-trunked white pines in both

590-605: Is a large pine native to eastern North America. It occurs from Newfoundland , Canada, west through the Great Lakes region to southeastern Manitoba and Minnesota , United States, and south along the Appalachian Mountains and upper Piedmont to northernmost Georgia and very rare in some of the higher elevations in northeastern Alabama . It is considered rare in Indiana . The Haudenosaunee maintain

649-421: Is edible. It is also a source of resveratrol . Linnaeus noted in the 18th century that cattle and pigs fed pine bark bread grew well, but he personally did not like the taste. Pine tar is produced by slowly burning pine roots, branches, or small trunks in a partially smothered flame. Pine tar mixed with beer can be used to remove tapeworms (flat worms) or nematodes (round worms). Pine tar mixed with sulfur

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708-519: Is in western Lycoming County and is bordered by Gallagher Township in Clinton County to the west, McHenry Township to the northwest, Pine Township to the north, Cogan House Township to the northeast, Mifflin Township to the east, and Watson Township to the south. Pennsylvania Route 44 passes through the western part of the township, following Pine Creek south from Waterville and

767-677: Is known as the "Weymouth pine" in the United Kingdom, after Captain George Weymouth of the British Royal Navy , who brought its seeds to England from Maine in 1605. P. strobus is found in the nearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome of eastern North America. It prefers well-drained or sandy soils and humid climates, but can also grow in boggy areas and rocky highlands. In mixed forests, this dominant tree towers over many others, including some of

826-935: Is now naturalizing in the Outer Western Carpathians subdivision of the Carpathian Mountains in Czech Republic and southern Poland. It has spread from specimens planted as ornamental trees . Like most members of the white pine group , Pinus subgenus Strobus , the leaves ("needles") are coniferous, occurring in fascicles (bundles) of five, or rarely three or four, with a deciduous sheath . The leaves are flexible, bluish-green, finely serrated , and 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. The seed cones are slender, 8–16 cm ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) long (rarely longer than that) and 4–5 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 –2 in) broad when open, and have scales with

885-409: Is somewhat resistant to fire, mature survivors are able to reseed burned areas. In pure stands, mature trees usually have no branches on the lower half of their trunks. The white pine weevil ( Pissodes strobi ) and white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola ), an introduced fungus, can damage or kill these trees. Mortality from white pine blister rust in mature pine groves was often 50–80% during

944-470: Is useful to treat dandruff, and marketed in present-day products. Pine tar can also be processed to make turpentine . The name "Adirondack", an Iroquois word that means tree-eater, referred to their neighbors (more commonly known as the Algonquians ) who collected the inner bark of P. strobus , Picea rubens , and others during times of winter starvation. The white, soft inner bark (cambial layer)

1003-421: Is yellowish white or a pale straw color, but pine wood which has aged many years tends to darken to a deep, rich, golden tan. Occasionally, one can find light brown pine boards with unusual yellowish-golden or reddish-brown hues. This is the famous "pumpkin pine". Slow growing pines in old-growth forests are thought to accumulate colored products in the heartwood, but genetic factors and soil conditions may also play

1062-947: The Linville Gorge Wilderness in North Carolina , United States. Small groves or individual specimens of old-growth eastern white pines are found across the range of the species in the USA, including in Ordway Grove, Maine ; Ice Glen , Massachusetts ; and Adirondack Park , New York. Many sites with conspicuously large specimens represent advanced old-field ecological succession . The tall stands in Mohawk Trail State Forest and William Cullen Bryant Homestead in Massachusetts are examples. As an introduced species , P. strobus

1121-643: The Native Tree Society (NTS). Prior to their exploitation, it was common for white pines in northern Wisconsin to reach heights of over 61 m (200 ft). Three locations in the Southeastern United States and one site in the Northeastern United States have trees that are 55 m (180 ft) tall. Common height of 80 feet or more. The southern Appalachian Mountains have the most locations and

1180-655: The Pine Creek drainage basin. Little Pine Creek , one of Pine Creek's major tributaries, has its confluence with Pine Creek in the unincorporated village of Waterville. Cummings Township contains two Pennsylvania state parks . Little Pine State Park is on Little Pine Creek and Pennsylvania Route 4001, 4.0 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Waterville. Upper Pine Bottom State Park is on Upper Pine Bottom Run and Pennsylvania Route 44 , 2 miles (3 km) west of Pine Creek and 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of Waterville. Portions of Tiadaghton State Forest are also located in

1239-669: The U.S. Civil War , the wood is soft and tends to cup over time with wear. George Washington opted for the much harder southern yellow pine at Mount Vernon, instead. During the 17th and 18th centuries, tall white pines in the Thirteen Colonies became known as " mast pines". Marked by agents of the Crown with the broad arrow , a mast pine was reserved for the British Royal Navy . Special barge-like vessels were built to ship tall white pines to England. The wood

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1298-715: The Upper Peninsula of Michigan , United States; Hartwick Pines State Park in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan ; Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin ; Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area (SNA) and Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness in Minnesota ; White Pines State Park , Illinois ; Cook Forest State Park , Hearts Content Scenic Area , and Anders Run Natural Area in Pennsylvania ; and

1357-722: The confluence of Little Pine Creek and Pine Creek, where the largest part of the forest is now located. The southern tracts are along Bald Eagle Mountain , North White Deer Ridge, South White Deer Ridge, and the White Deer Hole Creek watershed. As of 2009, the Tiadaghton State Forest covered 146,500 acres (59,300 ha), chiefly in Lycoming County with small tracts in Clinton , Potter , Tioga , and Union Counties. The largest section of

1416-480: The county seat of Lycoming County, is 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Waterville. As of the census of 2000, there were 355 people, 153 households, and 106 families residing in the township. The population density was 5.2 people per square mile (2.0/km ). There were 400 housing units at an average density of 5.8/sq mi (2.2/km ). The racial makeup of the township was 99.72% White and 0.28% African American . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.28% of

1475-913: The old-growth forests remain after the extensive logging operations from the 18th century to early 20th century. Old-growth forests, or virgin stands, are protected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Other protected areas with known virgin forests, as confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society, include Algonquin Provincial Park , Quetico Provincial Park , Algoma Highlands in Ontario , and Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest in Quebec, Canada; Estivant Pines , Huron Mountains , Porcupine Mountains State Park, and Sylvania Wilderness Area in

1534-596: The 19th century, the harvesting of Midwestern white pine forests played a major role in America's westward expansion through the Great Plains . A quarter-million white pines were harvested and sent to lumber yards in Chicago in a single year. The white pine had aesthetic appeal to contemporary naturalists such as Henry David Thoreau ("There is no finer tree.") Beyond that, it had commercial applications . It

1593-610: The NTS. Before Hurricane Opal broke its top in October 1995, Boogerman Pine was 63 m (207 ft) tall, as determined by Will Blozan and Robert Leverett using ground-based measurements. The tallest specimens in Hartwick Pines State Park in Michigan are 45–48 m (148–157 ft) tall. In the northeastern USA, eight sites in four states currently have trees over 48 m (157 ft) tall, as confirmed by

1652-622: The NTS. The Cook Forest State Park of Pennsylvania has the most numerous collection of 45 m (148 ft) eastern white pines in the Northeast, with 110 trees measuring that height or more. The park's "Longfellow Pine" is the tallest presently living eastern white pine in the Northeast, at 55.96 m (183 ft 7 in) tall, as determined by tape drop. The Mohawk Trail State Forest of Massachusetts has 83 trees measuring 45 m (148 ft) or more tall, of which six exceed 48.8 m (160 ft). The "Jake Swamp Tree" located there

1711-422: The Northeast and Southeast with diameters over 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) are exceedingly rare. Notable big pine sites of 40 ha (99 acres) or less often have no more than two or three trees in the 1.2- to 1.4-m-diameter class. Common diameter of 2-3 feet. Unconfirmed reports from the colonial era gave diameters of virgin white pines of up to 2.4 m (8 ft). Because the eastern white pine tree

1770-899: The Pine Tree Tavern, he was attacked and nearly killed by an angry mob of colonists. This act of rebellion, later to become known as the Pine Tree Riot , may have fueled the Boston Tea Party in 1773. After the Revolutionary War, the fledgling United States used large white pines to build out its own navy. The masts of the USS Constitution were originally made of eastern white pine. The original masts were single trees, but were later replaced by laminated spars to better withstand cannonballs. In colonial times, an unusually large, lone, white pine

1829-640: The United States. An American National Natural Landmark, Cook Forest State Park in Pennsylvania, contains the tallest known tree in the Northeastern United States, a white pine named Longfellow Pine. Some white pines in Wisconsin are over 200 years old. Although widely planted as a landscape tree in the Midwestern states, native White pine is listed as "rare or uncommon" in Indiana . In

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1888-548: The area from Berks County in 1817. They helped to establish Waterville by building a sawmill and clearing some land for farming. A post office was established in Waterville in 1849. Other early business establishments were two stores and a hotel, which stands today. Tiadaghton State Forest lands were acquired by the state by the early 1900s. The site which became the Upper Pine Bottom State Park

1947-410: The average family size was 2.69. In the township the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 107.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.3 males. The median income for a household in the township

2006-521: The early 20th century. The fungus must spend part of its lifecycle on alternate hosts of the genus Ribes , the native gooseberry or wild currant. Foresters proposed that if all the alternate host plants were removed, white pine blister rust might be eliminated. A very determined campaign was mounted, and all land owners in commercial pine-growing regions were encouraged to uproot and kill all native gooseberry and wild currant plants. The ramifications for wildlife and habitat ecology were of less concern at

2065-598: The first to build a sawmill in the Little Pine area. They built two sawmills in 1809 on Little Pine Creek . In 1816, the village of English Mills sprang up around the two sawmills. The lumber era at Little Pine lasted until 1909, when the last log raft was floated down Little Pine Creek. Remnants of the lumber era can be seen today in and around the park. Waterville is the most significant population center in Cummings Township. Michael and Henry Wolf arrived in

2124-522: The forest growths. The species was imported in 1620 to England by Captain George Weymouth , who planted it for a timber crop, but had little success because of white pine blister rust disease. Old-growth pine in the Americas, of various Pinus species, was a highly desired wood since huge, knot-free boards were the rule rather than the exception. Pine was common and easy to cut, thus many colonial homes used pine for paneling, floors, and furniture. Pine

2183-623: The forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber companies and for a change in the philosophy of forest management. In 1895 Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . In 1897 the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed legislation which authorized

2242-634: The hub of pine logging and shipping. Portsmouth shipped 199 masts to England that year. In all, about 4500 masts were sent to England. The eastern white pine played a significant role in the events leading to the American Revolution . Marking of large white pines by the Crown had become controversial in the colonies by the first third of the 18th century. In 1734, the King's men were assaulted and beaten in Exeter, New Hampshire , in what

2301-594: The large broadleaf hardwoods. It provides food and shelter for numerous forest birds, such as the red crossbill , and small mammals such as squirrels. Fossilized white pine leaves and pollen have been discovered by Brian Axsmith , a paleobotanist at the University of South Alabama , in the Gulf Coastal Plain , where the tree no longer occurs. Eastern white pine forests originally covered much of north-central and northeastern North America. Only 1% of

2360-549: The largest specimens are around 28 m (990 cu ft), with some past giants possibly reaching 37 to 40 m (1,300 to 1,400 cu ft). Photographic analysis of giants suggests volumes closer to 34 m (1,200 cu ft). P. strobus grows about 1 m (3.3 ft) annually between the ages of 15 and 45 years, with slower height increments before and after that age range. The tallest presently living specimens are 50–57.55 m (164 ft 1 in – 188 ft 10 in) tall, as determined by

2419-515: The major purchases for it were made between 1900 and 1935. Prior to the July 1, 2005 realignment of Pennsylvania State Forest Districts, Tiadaghton State Forest included all state forest lands in Lycoming County and encompassed 215,500 acres (87,210 ha). After realignment, the state forest tracts in eastern Lycoming County became part of the new Loyalsock State Forest . The District #12 office will also move from South Williamsport to Waterville, at

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2478-406: The population. There were 153 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and

2537-486: The purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations" and the first Pennsylvania state forest lands were acquired the following year. On July 13, 1898, the state bought a 409-acre (166 ha) tract of land in Cummings Township for $ 72.99 ($ 2673 in 2024 terms). This was the first purchase for what became Tiadaghton State Forest, which surrounds the park. The state forest grew to 66,000 acres (27,000 ha) by 1908, and over 160,000 acres (65,000 ha) in 1933. Most of

2596-667: The side canyon of Upper Pine Bottom Run west from Waterville. PA 44 leads south 13 miles (21 km) to Jersey Shore and northwest 59 miles (95 km) to Coudersport . Pennsylvania Route 414 runs north up Pine Creek from Waterville, leading 16 miles (26 km) to Slate Run and 32 miles (51 km) to Morris . According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 70.0 square miles (181.3 km ), of which 69.4 square miles (179.8 km ) are land and 0.58 square miles (1.5 km ), or 0.81%, are water. The township lies entirely in

2655-591: The state forest consists of 105,000 acres (42,000 ha) in the Pine Creek valley. Waterville, Pennsylvania Cummings Township is a township in Lycoming County , Pennsylvania , United States. The population was 264 at the 2020 census , down from 273 in 2010 . It is part of the Williamsport , Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area . Cummings Township is home to Little Pine State Park and Upper Pine Bottom State Park . Cummings Township

2714-568: The tallest tree in eastern North America, perhaps sharing the prize with the deciduous tulip tree whose range overlaps with eastern white pine in a few areas. In natural precolonial stands, the pine is reported to have grown as tall as 70 m (230 ft). No means exist for accurately documenting the height of trees from these times, but eastern white pine may have reached this height on rare occasions. Even greater heights have been reported in popular, but unverifiable, accounts such as Robert Pike's Tall Trees, Tough Men . Total trunk volumes of

2773-633: The tallest trees in the present range of P. strobus . One survivor is a specimen known as the "Boogerman Pine" in the Cataloochee Valley of Great Smoky Mountains National Park . At 57.55 m (188 ft 10 in) tall, it is the tallest accurately measured tree in North America east of the Rocky Mountains , though this conflicts with citations for Liriodendron tulipifera . It has been climbed and measured by tape drop by

2832-510: The time than timber-industry protection. Today, native wild currants are relatively rare plants in New England, and planting wild currants or wild gooseberries is strongly discouraged, or even illegal in some jurisdictions. As an alternative, new strains of commercial currants have been developed that are highly resistant to white pine blister rust. Mortality in white pines from rust is only about 3% today. Old white pines are treasured in

2891-488: The township. Waterville is an unincorporated community in the dense woods of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau in south-central Cummings Township. It lies in the deep valley of Pine Creek, Pine Creek Gorge , at the mouth of Little Pine Creek. Pennsylvania Route 44 travels through Waterville, heading south-southeastward along Pine Creek to the borough of Jersey Shore . The city of Williamsport ,

2950-763: The tree as the central symbol of their multinational confederation, calling it the " Tree of Peace ", where the Seneca use the name o’sóä’ and the Kanienʼkehá:ka call it onerahtase'ko:wa . Within the Wabanaki Confederacy , the Mi'kmaq use the term guow to name the tree, both the Wolastoqewiyik and Peskotomuhkatiyik call it kuw or kuwes , and the Abenaki use the term kowa . It

3009-499: Was $ 38,594, and the median income for a family was $ 42,292. Males had a median income of $ 33,125 versus $ 21,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $ 18,626. About 6.2% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including none of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. Pinus strobus Pinus strobus , commonly called the eastern white pine , northern white pine , white pine , Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine

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3068-439: Was also a favorite tree of loggers, since pine logs can still be processed in a lumber mill a year or more after being cut down. In contrast, most hardwood trees such as cherry, maple, oak, and ash must be cut into 1" thick boards immediately after felling, or else large cracks will develop in the trunk which can render the wood worthless. Although eastern white pine was frequently used for flooring in buildings constructed before

3127-672: Was carefully separated from the hard, dark brown bark and dried. When pounded, this product can be used as flour or added to stretch other starchy products. The young staminate cones were stewed by the Ojibwe Indians with meat, and were said to be sweet and not pitchy. In addition, the seeds are sweet and nutritious, but not as tasty as those of some of the western nut pines. Pine resin (sap) has been used by various tribes to waterproof baskets, pails, and boats. The Ojibwe also used pine resin to successfully treat infections and even gangrenous wounds, because pine resin apparently has

3186-436: Was considered "the most sought and most widely utilized of the various forest growths of the northwest ." Descriptions of its uses are quoted below from a 19th-century source: Being of a soft texture and easily worked, taking paint better than almost any other variety of wood, it has been found adaptable to all the uses demanded in the building art, from the manufacture of packing cases to the bearing timber and finer finish of

3245-438: Was formed in 1832 from parts of Mifflin and Brown townships. It was named for John Cummings, who was an associate judge in the local court system at the time. Early industry in the county included quarries of flag and building stone and lumber. The Little Pine Creek and Pine Creek valleys in Cummings Township were used by the Iroquois and Algonkian tribes as a hunting ground. Historians believe that there may have been

3304-690: Was found in coastal South Carolina along the Black River , far east of its southernmost normal range. The king's mark was carved into it, giving rise to the town of Kingstree . Eastern white pine is now widely grown in plantation forestry within its native area. Eastern white pine has often been used for timber frames, and is available in large sizes. Eastern white pine timbers are not particularly strong, so timbers increase in size to handle loads applied. This species accepts stains better than most, but it has little rot resistance, so should be used only in dry conditions. Freshly cut eastern white pine

3363-439: Was often squared to better fit in the holds of these ships. A 30-metre (100 ft) mast was about 0.91 m × 0.91 m (3 ft × 3 ft) at the butt and 0.61 m × 0.61 m (2 ft × 2 ft) at the top, while a 37-metre (120 ft) mast was 1.2 m × 1.2 m (4 ft × 4 ft) by 0.76 m (30 in) on its ends. By 1719, Portsmouth, New Hampshire , had become

3422-601: Was the "Upper Pine Bottom Class B Public Campground" by 1924 (Class B Public Campgrounds were on secondary highways and had a lean-to shelter for camping). During the Great Depression , the Civilian Conservation Corps built a pavilion at the site in 1936, but it is no longer extant. The park was not officially transferred from the Bureau of Forests to State Parks until 1962. Cummings Township

3481-472: Was to be called the Mast Tree Riot . Colonel David Dunbar had been in the town investigating a stock pile of white pine in a pond and the ownership of the local timber mill before caning two townspeople. In 1772, the sheriff of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire , was sent to the town of Weare to arrest mill owners for the illegal possession of large white pines. That night, as the sheriff slept at

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