The 25th Special Mission Forces Division , mostly known by their former name Tiger Forces or Quwwat al-Nimr ( Arabic : قُوَّات النِّمْر ), is an elite formation ( special forces unit) of the Syrian Arab Army under the charge of the commander Major General Saleh Abdullah. It was formed in late 2013 and functions primarily as an offensive unit in the Syrian Civil War . It has been described as a "hot commodity for any government offensive", but their relatively small numbers make it difficult to deploy them to multiple fronts at once.
51-631: According to Gregory Waters of the Middle East Institute in October 2018, the Tiger Forces used to deploy approximately 24 groups (halfway between a company and a battalion), which organise about 4,000 infantry, as well as an attached artillery regiment and an armoured unit. Alongside permanent troops, the Tiger Forces make use of affiliated militia, who remain largely garrisoned in their hometowns until called on to join offensives as
102-490: A language and a publications program; St John Philby 's Arabian Highlands was published for MEI by Cornell University Press in 1952. MEI also increased the number of lectures, art exhibits, and conferences. Themes of annual conferences like "The Evolution of Public Responsibility in the Middle East" (1955), "Current Tensions in the Middle East" (1956), and "Neutralism, Communism: The Struggle for Power" (1959) reflected
153-700: A major contribution by Qaboos bin Said al Said , the Sultan of Oman, the library was renamed as the Oman Library and completed a renovation of its facilities in 2013. The library comprises the largest collection of literature on the Middle East in Washington, D.C., outside of the Library of Congress and holds materials in regional languages. It is estimated to house over 20,000 books and periodicals, all devoted to
204-611: A tradition of traveling throughout the Middle East to gain support for MEI's mission. The MEI's agenda in the 1990s was shaped by persistent volatility in the Persian Gulf States, the Arab–Israeli peace process, women in the Arab world, and contentious U.S. foreign policy. Ambassador Robert Keeley succeeded Ambassador Brown and served as President until 1995. During his tenure, MEI became a leading source for information on
255-439: A weak spot, then sending a large mechanized force to that area to capture many villages at once. According to Gregory Waters, they ultimately reported to Major General Jamil Hassan , the director of the country's Air Force Intelligence Directorate . In September/October 2018, reports indicated that between 6,500 and 8,000 Tiger Forces members will be demobilized. It's reported that the unit works closely with Russian KSSO units ,
306-478: Is MEI's current location. Keiser's death in 1956 triggered a period of re-evaluation. Edwin M. Wright took over as the second president until 1960, with Angus Sinclair briefly serving in 1958. Following Keiser's death, MEI faced financial troubles. A series of part-time presidents including Edwin M. Wright , James Terry Duce, and Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. , who all served in addition to their professional or business responsibilities, chiefly launched new projects with
357-716: Is organized as follows: Partner Content: refers to original works produced by MAP-affiliated experts for non-MEI outlets but made available to and posted to the MAP microsite in full-text format and later integrated into the Cyber Library. New MAP Publications: MEI’s Iran program covers Iranian domestic politics, civil society and social trends, and Tehran’s soft- and hard-power approach to geopolitical competition with other regional states through research, articles, papers, and public and private events. Jamil Hassan (military officer) Jamil Hassan ( Arabic : جميل حسن )
408-488: The Journal is to provide a forum that represents all views on issues facing the Middle East while maintaining a non-partisan stance. The current editor is Jacob Passel. His predecessor, Michael Collins Dunn , had been in this post since 1998. The library, originally named after MEI's founder George Camp Keiser, was created at MEI's founding in 1946 and is housed in an old carriage house behind MEI's main building. Following
459-541: The Journal restricted its coverage to the post-World War II era. It now carries analyses of political, economic, and social developments as well as historical events in North Africa , the Middle East, the Caucasus , and Central Asia . Each issue features articles by a diverse array of scholars, book reviews, and a chronology of regional events organized by topic and country for each quarter. The fundamental policy of
510-707: The Kashmir conflict . Marvin Weinbaum is the current Director of the Center for Pakistan Studies. MEI established the Center for Turkish Studies in Summer 2009 to promote increased knowledge and understanding of Turkish politics, economics, and society. The distinctive feature of the Center for Turkish Studies is its analysis of Turkey within the context of its relationship with the Middle East. The Center for Turkish Studies aims to also enhance understanding and dialogue between
561-573: The Persian Gulf region, in particular, organised its first language-focused trip to the Middle East, set up a meeting between Israeli and Palestinian officials in Cairo , and renovated the building extensively. The next man to assume this post was Ambassador Roscoe S. Suddarth , who stayed on as President until 2001. During this time, the Foundation for Middle East Peace began renting space in
SECTION 10
#1732794387728612-575: The Russo-Ukrainian War , which was later denied. In April 2024, Maj. Gen. Suheil al-Hassan was replaced as head of 25th Division by former senior Tiger Forces commander, former 30th Division commander Maj. Gen. Saleh Abdullah. Middle East Institute The Middle East Institute ( MEI ) is a non-profit, non-partisan think tank and cultural centre in Washington, D.C. , founded in 1946. It seeks to "increase knowledge of
663-567: The 2nd Storming Battalion (Rami Hamadi Group). Cheetah 6 were the first soldiers that ended the 35-month long Relieving of Kuweires Military Airbase , while Cheetah 3 along with the Desert Hawks Brigade completed the East Aleppo ISIS encirclement . The current commander is Brigadier General Ali Ahmed Kna’an al-Hajji and the deputy commander is Colonel Lu’ayy Sleitan. Panther Forces – According to Leith Fadel in 2016,
714-497: The American people may be suffering from a surfeit of periodical publications, no apology needs to be offered to add a quarterly journal relating to the Middle East. Except to a very few Americans—Foreign Service and Army officers, educators, businessmen, travelers—this area is essentially terra incognita. Such a circumstance was a matter of no great practical consequence when the world was large and only loosely knit together. Now that
765-616: The Cold War" meant to provide the public with in-depth information. The Middle East, for many years a source of fascination and concern to ... specialists has now assumed a greater and growing importance for Americans from all walks of life. – Annual Report 1974 , "Foreword" Furthermore, MEI started a program called "Dialogue" in 1974 in cooperation with the Arabist Travel Program. It sent small teams of scholars and students to seven Arab countries. The program
816-668: The Cuban-American Sugar Company and the Guantanamo Sugar Company. George Keiser built his family home inspired by Islamic architecture , showcasing his fascination with the Middle East and Middle Eastern architecture in particular. In 1947, he founded the Middle East Institute. During World War II , Keiser was a first lieutenant in the U.S. Signal Corps . Further positions held over the course of his life include trustee of
867-971: The Foreign Service Educational Foundation, the American Research Center in Egypt, and the Visitors Committee of the Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies. He was also a member of the American Institute of Architects and president of the Symphony Orchestra of Central Florida. On March 23, 1956, he died after a brief illness and was buried in Wilton, Connecticut . MEI continuously built its reputation by creating
918-768: The Islamic Department at the Library of Congress ; and Harvey P. Hall, the first Editor of the Middle East Journal , professor at the American University of Beirut and Robert College . Keiser was also MEI's chief source of financial support. In 1946, the Institute found a temporary home at 1906 Florida Avenue NW at SAIS. At the time, they have linked administratively through the Diplomatic Affairs Foundation,
969-514: The MEI president's role in 1975, L. Dean Brown served until 1986— the longest presidential tenure in MEI's history. Under Ambassador Brown, MEI focused on business and investment opportunities between the Middle East and the United States. The 1980s also saw a continued increase in MEI's research and program ventures on issues like the theocracy of Iranian Islamic Clergy and Egyptian perceptions of
1020-586: The Middle East among the United States citizens and promote a better understanding between the people of these two areas." In 1946, architect George Camp Keiser strongly believed that the Middle East, a region he had traveled through prior to World War II , should be better understood in the United States, so he brought together a group of like-minded people to form the Middle East Institute in Washington, D.C. The United States had not yet assumed an active role in Middle Eastern affairs. In anticipation of
1071-652: The Middle East and around the world to participate in its programs and conferences. Its larger events include annual conferences on Turkey and Egypt and its main event of each year, the Annual Conference and Banquet, held in November. The Institute's roster of over 40 scholars is composed of former U.S. ambassadors, government officials, and academics, and analysts. MEI's scholars are routinely called upon by domestic and international media outlets to provide informed commentary and analysis of events and key issues in
SECTION 20
#17327943877281122-407: The Middle East is very near the United States in point of time-distance and almost equally near with respect to matters of concern in American foreign policy, it deserves such thoughtful attention as can be initiated and encouraged through the pages of The Middle East Journal. In its early years, the Journal covered regional issues and history from the 19th and 20th centuries. However, in the 1980s,
1173-590: The Middle East. George Camp Keiser was born on November 2, 1900, in Milwaukee , Wisconsin. After graduating from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts in 1924, he went to Columbia University to complete his graduate degree in Architecture by 1930. Over the following years, he worked as a draftsman for David Hyer and James Gamble Rogers until he opened his own practice in 1938. Following his younger brother's career path, Keiser also became director of
1224-616: The U.S. presence in Egypt. After having already served a short term as MEI's president from 1974 to 1975, Ambassador Lucius D. Battle returned from 1986 to 1990. Under his leadership, MEI absorbed the American Institute for Islamic Affairs (AIIA) functions, dedicated to the Sultan Qaboos bin Said Research Center, and its endowment. He and then-Vice President Ambassador Christopher Van Hollen also began
1275-471: The United States and Turkey through providing a channel of communication for academic and policy circles. The founding head of MEI's Center for Turkish studies is Gönül Tol. The Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center (SQCC) was established in 2005 following an agreement with the Sultanate of Oman . SQCC's establishment replaced the Sultan Qaboos bin Said Research Center for Middle East Studies, located at MEI since
1326-413: The United States. The center's main focus is to create an online think tank of Pakistan experts where a unique online forum facilitates scholarly exchange between Pakistanis and Americans. This forum features a daily news feed as well as a collection of documents and publications from the U.S. government. The Center's two main concerns are Pakistani news as well as longer-term issues like water, energy, and
1377-762: The artillery and armoured units appear to be distinct entities within the Tiger Forces. Both the artillery and armoured units are independent from other groups, reporting directly to the Tiger Forces’ command. The size of the armoured unit is unknown. The special forces unit was formed during the Syrian civil war . According to Gregory Waters, the Tiger Forces were operated by the Air Force Intelligence Directorate . After successful operations in Latakia and Hama, Colonel Suheil al-Hassan
1428-779: The base of corporate donations. As a result of these efforts, additional projects were financed by the Ford Foundation, a few conferences were organised for the U.S. Department of State , and the Rockefeller Foundation financed a series of discussion dinners. Georgetown University invited the Institute to hold its annual conference there, providing free accommodations and volunteer staff. In 1969, Ambassador Parker T. Hart led MEI into renewed activity. His vision for MEI to become an important national player led to an increased number of programs (like an annual conference on Middle East Business) and partnerships across
1479-552: The building (1996) and MEI celebrated its 50th anniversary. Furthermore, MEI established the Public Policy Center in 1999, bringing together MEI scholars-in-residence and adjunct scholars to provide expert commentaries on pressing issues in the Middle East. Ambassador Edward S. Walker , Jr., assumed the presidency in 2001 and left the post in 2006. Walker highlighted America's struggle with the Arab–Israeli conflict ,
1530-647: The challenge of global terrorism, and the Iraq War . In 2007, Ambassador Wendy Chamberlin became the first woman to hold this position. She was succeeded in 2018 by Paul Salem, the current president. The UAE contributed $ 20 million during 2016 and 2017 to the Middle East Institute. During 2016−2017, UAE and Saudi sources were the largest contributors to MEI, in addition to oil and military supply companies. The Middle East Institute hosts public events, which range from panel presentations and book signings to roundtables and policy workshops. MEI invites experts from
1581-558: The city of Idlib , the unit was reorganised. The Tiger Forces were one of few in the Syrian Army to first deploy Russian T-90 tanks, others being the 4th Armoured Division and Desert Hawks Brigade . A Russian-supplied Rys LMV was seen after defeating ISIL in the village of Ayn Al-Hanish in the Dayr Hafir Plains. The most famous and effective tactic of the Tiger Forces is probing the enemy from multiple axes to find
25th Special Mission Forces Division - Misplaced Pages Continue
1632-647: The civilian population" during the Syrian civil war . On 29 June 2011, the United States also sanctioned him due to his involvement in human rights abuses in Syria . According to Free Syrian Army reports he was assassinated on 26 August 2012 by an aide, who was an operative of the Ahfad al-Rasul Brigade . However, Al Dunya , a pro-government TV channel, denied this report the same day. Hassan gave an interview for The Independent in November 2016, proving
1683-767: The claims of his death false. He stated that the tactics used in the 1982 Hama revolt would have ended the Syrian Civil War much faster. In June 2018 German news magazine Der Spiegel reported, that Germany 's chief federal prosecutor has issued an international arrest warrant against Hassan because of charges of crimes against humanity . In November 2018, French prosecutors issued international arrest warrants for three senior Syrian intelligence and government officials: Ali Mamlouk , Abdel Salam Mahmoud and Jamil Hassan. The warrants bring charges including collusion in torture, forced disappearances , crimes against humanity and war crimes. Four days of hearings at
1734-606: The commander was Colonel Ali Shaheen, and they were involved in the Palmyra offensive (March 2016) , where they were redeployed to another front after it was over. According to Waters, the "Panther Groups" are actually the Cheetahs, and are not commanded by Ali Shaheen, who instead commands the Leouth Groups. The Tiger Forces had a dedicated artillery regiment (led by Lieutenant Colonel Dourid Awad) and an armoured unit; both
1785-631: The country and the world, a new internship program for undergraduate and graduate students, renewal of the MEI language program, and the publication of the Middle East Problem Papers. The 1970s were marked by an unprecedented number of timely programs and events, many on the Cold War . Panels on Soviet Aims and Interests such as "The Arab–Israeli Conflict in View of the U.S.–Soviet Conflict" and "The Strategic and Political Dimensions on
1836-499: The group). The Tiger Forces regular groups have local defensive units, as well as operational units which deploy across the country. According Gregory Waters, the operational units outside standing groups make up one-and-a-half to two brigades. Cheetah Forces or Qawat al-Fahoud ( قوات الفهود ) as of October 2018 is the largest sub-unit of the Tiger Forces. The Cheetah Forces is subdivided into as many as 14 Company-level units: Cheetah 1 to Cheetah 10, Cheetah 15, Cheetah 16, Cheetah 41 and
1887-577: The hope that they would be self-supporting. Among these were Lands East , an illustrated magazine, and the Middle East Report of the Week , an "insiders" newsletter which was produced on a mimeograph machine. By 1966, MEI realized it could not survive without full-time leadership. Ambassador Raymond A. Hare stabilised the organisation at a relatively low level of activity appropriate with its resources, concentrating on fundraising and expanding
1938-637: The latter acting as advisors. On 29 August 2019, the Syrian Ministry of Defense reorganized the unit, renaming it from Tiger Forces to 25th Special Mission Forces Division and placing it under the Syrian Army 's central command, while keeping Maj. Gen. Suheil al-Hassan as its commanding officer. In March 2022, the Wagner Group began recruiting ex-members of the 25th Special Mission Forces Division so that they could fight for Russia in
1989-675: The mid-1980s. Kathleen Ridolfo, SQCC Executive Director, leads the center in its mission to educate Americans and Omanis about the breadth and richness of the two cultures. In 2011, SQCC opened a Cultural Center, which showcased Omani crafts and serves as a space for workshops and other events. In 2013, SQCC parted with MEI and relocated to new offices. The Middle East-Asia Project (MAP) is an initiative to serve two broad objectives: The Cyber Library contains publication details, abstracts, and live links to full-text versions of previously published works on Middle East-Asian affairs organized by country and by topic/issue. The Experts Directory contains
2040-416: The need arises. Later reports seem to suggest an altered internal structure, stating that the unit consists of the following subunits: The Tiger Forces consisted of as many as 24 subgroups of varying size. Tiger Forces groups/subunits were founded by prominent individuals who often also served as commanders of a particular group (the group often bearing the name of the individual who founded and/or commanded
2091-438: The other hand, heavy equipment was supplied by the 4th and 11th Divisions. On 25 December 2015, Suheil al-Hassan was promoted to major general after refusing to be brigadier general the year before. He played a key role in commanding Syrian troops during the 2016 Aleppo campaign . The Tiger Forces were tasked with cutting the key rebel supply lines to Aleppo city. In early spring 2015, following Syrian government's loss of
25th Special Mission Forces Division - Misplaced Pages Continue
2142-420: The parent organisation of both SAIS and MEI. In its early years, MEI concentrated on establishing a library, publishing the Middle East Journal , holding annual conferences and sponsoring formal courses in Middle East studies at SAIS. Keiser and his group recognised the need for studying the Middle East using the framework of area studies . This interdisciplinary approach to training diplomats and businesspeople
2193-525: The post-World War II uncertainties about the Middle East. After having split from SAIS in 1948, MEI needed to find a new location. After spending a year at 2002 P Street, Keiser discovered and negotiated in late 1954 the purchase of two inter-connecting townhouses in the Dupont Circle neighbourhood at 1761–1763 N Street NW with a joint garden and carriage house. The house, formerly occupied by Senator James B. Eustis and by architect Henry Ives Cobb ,
2244-414: The profiles and contact details of a worldwide network of academics, business leaders, diplomats, journalists, researchers and other practitioners affiliated with the MAP. The Infographics project element consists of periodically updated charts, tables, and timelines depicting key trends and developments in trade, investment, migration, and other spheres of cross-regional activity. The Publications element
2295-432: The region. The Publications Department is best known for the quarterly Middle East Journal , MEI's only print publication. In addition to the Journal , analyses and opinion pieces are posted on the website. Additionally, the members-only bulletin @MEI is distributed on a regular basis. The Journal was first published in 1947, making it the oldest U.S. peer-reviewed publication on the modern Middle East. Even though
2346-478: The region. The library is open to the public for in-house use. Founded in April 2009, the Center for Pakistan Studies aims to foster closer relations and increased understanding between Pakistan and the United States . While Pakistan is not part of the "traditional" Middle East, it was included in MEI's original definition of the region due to its strong ties to Middle Eastern countries as well as its connection with
2397-683: The role that it would have to play in the postwar world, the founders resolved that steps should be taken to develop an interest in the Middle East among the American people. – Annual Report 1969 , "Background on the Institute's history" His colleagues on the original Board of Governors included Halford L. Hoskins, Director of the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS); Christian A. Herter , then-congressman from Massachusetts and later Dwight Eisenhower 's Secretary of State ; Ambassador George V. Allen ; Harold Glidden, Director of
2448-514: Was a new phenomenon and closely linked to foreign policy initiatives in the United States. During its founding years, the Institute was small, its membership resembling that of a club. The annual conference, held at the Friends Meeting House on Florida Avenue, brought together a close-knit group of approximately 150 people accustomed to writing short articles for the Institute's newsletter to inform fellow members about their trips to
2499-580: Was repeated in 1978, funded by the United States Information Agency and the State Department . MEI also introduced The Middle East Monitor , an insider newsletter, published between 1971 and 1975. Its logo is the source of MEI's current logo, which is adapted from the design on a 10th-century platter unearthed near Nishapur , Iran , and now in the collections of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art . Taking on
2550-511: Was tasked a special project by the Syrian Armed Forces Central Command in the fall of 2013—to train and lead a Special Forces unit that would work primarily as an offensive unit. Colonel Hassan handpicked many of the soldiers that would later form the Tiger Forces. Initially, the unit was formed by recruiting personnel from the 53rd Regiment (part of Special Forces Command) and the 14th Special Forces Division, on
2601-750: Was the head of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Directorate and a former close adviser to President Bashar al-Assad . He is reported to be under house arrest. Hassan was appointed head of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Directorate in 2009. Hassan was sanctioned by the European Union on 9 May 2011. He was added to the European Union's sanction list on the grounds that he "involved in violence against
SECTION 50
#1732794387728#727272