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44-684: The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic ( Carnian to Norian ) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh , northern India . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus . Phytosaur remains attributable to the genus Volcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation. The genera Tikiodon , Tikitherium and Tikisuchus and species Rewaconodon tikiensis , Hyperodapedon tikiensis and Parvodus tikiensis have been named after

88-408: A bony operculum , and a predominantly bony skeleton. Under this classification system, Osteichthyes was considered paraphyletic with regard to land vertebrates , as the common ancestor of all osteichthyans includes tetrapods amongst its descendants. While the largest subclass, Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), is monophyletic, with the inclusion of the smaller sub-class Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes

132-499: A dead sunfish near the coast of Faial Island , Azores , with a weight of 2,744 kilograms (6,049 lb) and 3.6 metres (12 ft) tall and 3.5 metres (11 ft) long established the biggest giant sunfish ever captured. The longest is the king of herrings , a type of oarfish . Other very large bony fish include the Atlantic blue marlin , some specimens of which have been recorded as in excess of 820 kilograms (1,810 lb),

176-432: A giant landmass known as Pangea, which covered about a quarter of Earth's surface. Towards the end of the period, continental drift occurred which separated Pangea. At this time, polar ice was not present because of the large differences between the equator and the poles. A single, large landmass similar to Pangea would be expected to have extreme seasons; however, evidence offers contradictions. Evidence suggests that there

220-485: A succession of three distinct rock layers (Greek triás meaning 'triad') that are widespread in southern Germany : the lower Buntsandstein (colourful sandstone ) , the middle Muschelkalk (shell-bearing limestone) and the upper Keuper (coloured clay). The Late Triassic Series corresponds approximately to the middle and upper Keuper. On the geologic time scale , the Late Triassic is usually divided into

264-546: A type of large scale volcanic activity that releases a huge volume of lava in addition to sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. The sudden increase in carbon dioxide levels is believed to have enhanced the greenhouse effect , which acidified the oceans and raised average air temperature. As a result of the change in biological conditions in the oceans, 22% of marine families became extinct. In addition, 53% of marine genera and about 76–86% of all species became extinct, which vacated ecological niches; thus, enabling dinosaurs to become

308-470: Is arid climate as well as proof of strong precipitation. The planet's atmosphere and temperature components were mainly warm and dry, with other seasonal changes in certain ranges. The Middle Triassic was known to have consistent intervals of high levels of humidity. The circulation and movement of these humidity patterns, geographically, are not known however. The major Carnian Pluvial Event stands as one focus point of many studies. Different hypotheses of

352-525: Is associated with this impact. The Rhaetian Age was the final age of the Late Triassic, following the Norian Age, and it included the last major disruption of life until the end-Cretaceous mass extinction . This age of the Triassic is known for its extinction of marine reptiles , such as nothosaurs and shastasaurs with the ichthyosaurs , similar to today's dolphin . This age was concluded with

396-476: Is described as semiarid. Semiarid is characterized by light rainfall, having up to 10–20 inches of precipitation a year. The epoch had a fluctuating, warm climate in which it was occasionally marked by instances of powerful heat. Different basins in certain areas of Europe provided evidence of the emergence of the "Middle Carnian Pluvial Event." For example, the Western Tethys and German Basin was defined by

440-481: Is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today, encompassing most aquatic vertebrates, as well as all semi-aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. The group is divided into two main clades , the ray-finned fish ( Actinopterygii , which makes up the vast majority of extant fish) and the lobe-finned fish ( Sarcopterygii , which gave rise to all land vertebrates, i.e. tetrapods ). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 425 million years old from

484-437: Is usually oviparous (egg-laying) but can be ovoviviparous , or viviparous . Although there is usually no parental care after birth, before birth parents may scatter, hide, guard or brood eggs, with sea horses being notable in that the males undergo a form of "pregnancy", brooding eggs deposited in a ventral pouch by a female. The giant sunfish is the heaviest bony fish in the world, in late 2021, Portuguese fishermen found

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528-608: The Berdyankian , Otischalkian , Adamanian , Revueltian and Apachean . Following the Permian–Triassic extinction event , surviving organisms diversified. On land, archosauriforms , most notably the dinosaurs became an important faunal component in the Late Triassic. Likewise, bony fishes diversified in aquatic environments, most notably the Neopterygii , to which nearly all extant species of fish belong. Among

572-520: The Chinle Group of North America. Late Triassic Many of the first dinosaurs evolved during the Late Triassic, including Plateosaurus , Coelophysis , Herrerasaurus , and Eoraptor . The Triassic–Jurassic extinction event began during this epoch and is one of the five major mass extinction events of the Earth. The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti , after

616-444: The black marlin , some sturgeon species, and the giant and goliath grouper , which both can exceed 300 kilograms (660 lb) in weight. In contrast, Paedocypris progenetica and the stout infantfish can measure less than 8 millimetres (0.31 in). The beluga sturgeon is the largest species of freshwater bony fish extant today, and Arapaima gigas is among the largest of the freshwater fish. The largest bony fish ever

660-560: The bony fish , is a diverse superclass of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily composed of bone tissue . They can be contrasted with the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and the extinct placoderms and acanthodians , which have endoskeletons primarily composed of cartilage . The vast majority of extant fish are members of Osteichthyes, being an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders , over 435 families and 28,000 species . It

704-1104: The cladogram below. Whole-genome duplication took place in the ancestral Osteichthyes. Coelacanthiformes [REDACTED] Ceratodontiformes [REDACTED] Tetrapoda [REDACTED] Polypteriformes [REDACTED] Acipenseriformes [REDACTED] Lepisosteiformes [REDACTED] Amiiformes [REDACTED] Elopiformes [REDACTED] Albuliformes [REDACTED] Notacanthiformes [REDACTED] Anguilliformes [REDACTED] Osteoglossiformes [REDACTED] Hiodontiformes [REDACTED] Clupeiformes [REDACTED] Alepocephaliformes [REDACTED] Gonorynchiformes [REDACTED] Cypriniformes [REDACTED] Characiformes [REDACTED] Gymnotiformes [REDACTED] Siluriformes [REDACTED] Lepidogalaxiiformes Argentiniformes [REDACTED] Galaxiiformes [REDACTED] Salmoniformes [REDACTED] Esociformes [REDACTED] Osmeriformes [REDACTED] Stomiatiformes [REDACTED] Neoteleostei [REDACTED] All bony fish possess gills . For

748-429: The inner ear contains large otoliths . The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into anterior and posterior sections divided by a fissure . Early bony fish had simple respiratory diverticula (an outpouching on either side of the esophagus ) which helped them breathe air in low-oxygen water as a form of supplementary enteral respiration . In ray-finned fish these have evolved into swim bladders ,

792-423: The opah , swordfish and tuna have independently evolved various levels of endothermy . Bony fish can be any type of heterotroph : numerous species of omnivore , carnivore , herbivore , filter-feeder , detritivore , or hematophage are documented. Some bony fish are hermaphrodites , and a number of species exhibit parthenogenesis . Fertilization is usually external, but can be internal. Development

836-526: The swim bladders and lungs , respectively. Osteichthyes can be compared to Euteleostomi . In paleontology the terms are synonymous. In ichthyology the difference is that Euteleostomi presents a cladistic view which includes the terrestrial tetrapods that evolved from lobe-finned fish. Until recently, the view of most ichthyologists has been that Osteichthyes were paraphyletic and include only fishes. However, since 2013 widely cited ichthyology papers have been published with phylogenetic trees that treat

880-511: The 1990s, conodonts became increasingly important in the Triassic timescale, and the base of the Rhaetian is now set at the first appearance of a conodont, Misikella posthernsteini . As of 2010 , the base of the Norian has not yet been established, but will likely be based on conodonts. The late Triassic is also divided into land-vertebrate faunachrons . These are, from oldest to youngest,

924-526: The Carnian, Norian, and Rhaetian ages, and the corresponding rocks are referred to as the Carnian, Norian, and Rhaetian stages. Triassic chronostratigraphy was originally based on ammonite fossils, beginning with the work of Edmund von Mojsisovics in the 1860s. The base of the Late Triassic (which is also the base of the Carnian) is set at the first appearance of an ammonite, Daxatina canadensis . In

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968-634: The Late Triassic Epoch did not prove to be as destructive as the preceding Permian Period, which took place approximately 50 million years earlier and destroyed about 70% of land species, 57% of insect families as well as 95% of marine life , it resulted in great decreases in population sizes of many living organism populations. The environment of the Late Triassic had negative effects on the conodonts and ammonoid groups. These groups once served as vital index fossils , which made it possible to identify feasible life span to multiple strata of

1012-488: The Osteichthyes as a clade including tetrapods. Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones , rooted, medial insertion of mandibular muscle in the lower jaw. The head and pectoral girdles are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in

1056-705: The Tiki Formation. The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the Lower Maleri Formation . The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation , and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of

1100-503: The Triassic strata. These groups were severely affected during the epoch, and conodonts became extinct soon after (in the earliest Jurassic). Despite the large populations that withered away with the coming of the Late Triassic, many families, such as the pterosaurs , crocodiles , mammals and fish were very minimally affected. However, such families as the bivalves, gastropods , marine reptiles and brachiopods were greatly affected and many species became extinct during this time. Most of

1144-673: The Triassic. The end of the Triassic also brought about the decline of corals and reef builders during what is called a "reef gap". The changes in sea levels brought this decline upon corals, particularly the calcisponges and scleractinian corals. However, some corals would make a resurgence during the Jurassic Period. 17 brachiopod species were also wiped out by the end of the Triassic. Furthermore, conulariids became extinct. Bony fishes Osteichthyes ( / ˌ ɒ s t iː ˈ ɪ k θ iː z / ost-ee- IK -theez ), also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as

1188-455: The changing sizes of which help to alter the body's specific density and buoyancy . In elpistostegalians , a crown group of lobe-finned fish that gave rise to the land-dwelling tetrapods , these respiratory diverticula became further specialized for obligated air breathing and evolved into the modern amphibian , reptilian , avian and mammalian lungs . Early bony fish did not have fin spines like most modern fish, but instead had

1232-461: The dinosaurs gradually began to displace. The emergence of the first dinosaurs came at about the same time as the Carnian pluvial episode , at 234 to 232 Ma. This was a humid interval in the generally arid Triassic. It was marked by high extinction rates in marine organisms, but may have opened niches for the radiation of the dinosaurs. The Norian is the second age of the Late Triassic, covering

1276-472: The disappearance of many species that removed types of plankton from the ocean, as well as some organisms known for reef -building, and the pelagic conodonts . In addition to these species that became extinct, the straight-shelled nautiloids , placodonts , bivalves , and many types of reptile did not survive through this age. During the beginning of the Triassic Period, the Earth consisted of

1320-465: The dominant presence in the Jurassic Period. While the majority of the scientists agree that volcanic activity was the main cause of the extinction, other theories suggest the extinction was triggered by the impact of an asteroid, climate change, or rising sea levels . The impacts that the Late Triassic had on surrounding environments and organisms were wildfire destruction of habitats and prevention of photosynthesis. Climatic cooling also occurred due to

1364-463: The epidermis in the process. The three categories of scales for Osteichthyes which are cosmoid scales, ganoid scales, teleost scales. The teleost scales are also then divided into two subgroups which are the cycloid scales, and the ctenoid scales. All these scales have a base of bone that they all originate from, the only difference is that the teleost scales only have one layer of bone. Ganoid scales have lamellar bone, and vascular bone that lies on top of

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1408-489: The epidermis of the fish. ...it is increasingly widely accepted that tetrapods, including ourselves, are simply modified bony fishes, and so we are comfortable with using the taxon Osteichthyes as a clade, which now includes all tetrapods... Fishes of the World (5th ed) Traditionally, Osteichthyes was considered a class , recognised on the presence of a swim bladder , only three pairs of gill arches hidden behind

1452-519: The events occurrence include eruptions, monsoonal effects, and changes caused by plate tectonics. Continental deposits also support certain ideas relative to the Triassic Period. Sediments that include red beds, which are sandstones and shales of color, may suggest seasonal precipitation. Rocks also included dinosaur tracks, mudcracks, and fossils of crustaceans and fish, which provide climate evidence, since animals and plants can only live during periods of which they can survive through. The Late Triassic

1496-588: The evidence suggests the increase of volcanic activity was the main cause of the extinction. As a result of the rifting of the super continent Pangea , there was an increase in widespread volcanic activity which released large amounts of carbon dioxide. At the end of the Triassic Period, massive eruptions occurred along the rift zone , known as the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province , for about 500,000 years. These intense eruptions were classified as flood basalt eruptions, which are

1540-494: The fleshy paddle-like fins similar to other non-bony clades of fish, although the lobe-finned fish evolved articulated appendicular skeletons within their paired fins , which gave rise to tetrapods' limbs . They also evolved a pair of opercula (gill covers), which can actively draw water across the gills so they can breathe without having to swim. Bony fish do not have placoid scales like cartilaginous fish, instead they consist of three types of scales that do not penetrate

1584-423: The lamellar bone, then enamel lies on top of both layers of bone. Cosmoid scales have the same two layers of bone that ganoid scales have except they have dentin in-between the enamel and vascular bone and lamellar (vascular and lamellar two subcategories for bone found in scales). All these scales are found underneath the epidermis and do not break the epidermis of the fish. Unlike the placoid scales that poke through

1628-442: The late Silurian , which are also transitional fossils showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and true bony fishes. Despite the name, these early basal bony fish had not yet evolved ossification and their skeletons were still mostly cartilaginous, and the main distinguishing feature that set them apart from other fish clades were the development of foregut pouches that eventually evolved into

1672-435: The majority this is their sole or main means of respiration. Lungfish and other osteichthyan species are capable of respiration through lungs or vascularized swim bladders. Other species can respire through their skin, intestines, and/or stomach. Osteichthyes are primitively ectothermic (cold blooded), meaning that their body temperature is dependent on that of the water. But some of the larger marine osteichthyids, such as

1716-527: The neopterygians, stem-group teleosts and the now extinct Pycnodontiformes became more abundant in the Late Triassic. The Carnian is the first age of the Late Triassic, covering the time interval from 237 to 227 million years ago. The earliest true dinosaurs likely appeared during the Carnian and rapidly diversified. They emerged in a world dominated by crurotarsan archosaurs (ancestors of crocodiles ), predatory phytosaurs , herbivorous armored aetosaurs , and giant carnivorous rauisuchians , which

1760-514: The satisfactory clarification of facts and common conceptions on the Late Triassic. Conclusions summarized that the correlation of these sediments led to the modified version of the new map of Central Eastern Pangea, as well as that the sediment's relation to the "Carnian Pluvial Event" is greater than expected. The extinction event that began during the Late Triassic resulted in the disappearance of about 76% of all terrestrial and marine life species, as well as almost 20% of taxonomic families. Although

1804-482: The soot in the atmosphere. Studies also show that 103 families of marine invertebrates became extinct at the end of the Triassic, but another 175 families lived on into the Jurassic. Marine and extant species were hit fairly hard by extinctions during this epoch. Almost 20% of 300 extant families became extinct; bivalves, cephalopods, and brachiopods suffered greatly. 92% of bivalves were wiped out episodically throughout

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1848-502: The theory of a middle Carnian wet climate phase. This event stands as the most distinctive climate change within the Triassic Period. Propositions for its cause include: Theories and concepts are supported universally, due to extensive areal proof of Carnian siliciclastic sediments. The physical positions as well as comparisons of that location to surrounding sediments and layers stood as basis for recording data. Multiple resourced and recurring patterns in results of evaluations allowed for

1892-525: The time interval from about 227 to 208.5 million years ago. During this age, herbiverous sauropodomorphs diversified and began to displace the large herbivorous therapsids , perhaps because they were better able to adapt to the increasingly arid climate. However crurotarsans continued to occupy more ecological niches than dinosaurs. In the oceans, neopterygian fish proliferated at the expense of ceratitid ammonites. The Manicouagan impact event occurred 214 million years ago. However, no extinction event

1936-403: Was regarded as paraphyletic. This has led to the current cladistic classification which splits the Osteichthyes into two full classes. Under this scheme Osteichthyes is monophyletic, as it includes the tetrapods making it a synonym of the clade Euteleostomi . Most bony fish belong to the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in

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