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86-971: At the top of the Tinkar valley near the Tibet border is the Tinkar Pass (5,258 m), which provides a trading route for the Byansis of the region for the Tibetan trading centre Burang . However, the Tinkaris are said to prefer the Lipulekh Pass across the border in Indian territory due to its higher volume. Nepal has ongoing claims to the Lipulekh Pass, as part of the Kalapani territory . Tinkar

172-563: A (motorable) link road on the Indian side of the river. When it was inaugurated in May 2020, the Nepalese government protested, calling it a "unilateral act". Bir Bahadur Chand, the police officer that established the Tinkar checkpost, states that the controversies surrounding the Kalapani territory are raised only by the Kathmandu media, and they cause a lot of difficulties for the people of

258-841: A century; it continued in Snowdonia after it ceased elsewhere in Wales, and remnants of the practice can still be found in rural farming communities in the region to this day. Both "Hafod" and "Hendref" survive in Wales as place names and house names and in one case as the name of a raw milk cow cheese (Hafod). Today, cattle and sheep that summer on many hill farms are still transported to lowland winter pastures, but by truck rather than being driven overland. In many hilly and mountainous areas of Scotland, agricultural workers spent summer months in bothies or shielings ( àirigh or ruighe in Scottish Gaelic ). Major drovers' roads in

344-479: A checkpost was established at the Tinkar village around 1972, by an Assistant Sub-Inspector, who was also in charge of patrolling up to Chhangru. The officer claimed to have patrolled up to the Kalapani village with arms once, along the Indian road, while the Indian security kept him under surveillance. He was denied a permit to visit it a second time. After the 1962 border war between India and China, India closed

430-527: A customs point at this location, which was abandoned during the conflict period , and has not yet been reinstated. During the conflict period, the area was controlled by the Maoist rebels , who charged "tax" (protection money) on wildlife trafficking through the Tinkar route. Illegal animal products from India are said to have been trafficked, including tiger skins, tiger bones and parts, musk deer pouches and yarsagumba. The Nepali Times journalists estimated that

516-572: A distinction between transhumant pastoralism and seminomadism, but he clearly distinguishes between nomadic pastoralism and seminomadism. There is evidence that transhumance was practised world-wide prior to recorded history: in Europe, isotope studies of livestock bones suggest that certain animals were moved seasonally. The prevalence of various groups of Hill people around the world suggests that indigenous knowledge regarding transhumance must have developed and survived over generations to allow for

602-490: A more precise border. Having completed their work, a final boundary treaty was signed on 5 October 1961. The border was then demarcated on the ground with pillars, and a final protocol signed on 23 January 1963. The government of Nepal tends to deny or downplay any territorial disputes with China for fear of losing economic favors. In 2021, the Nepali government documented border infringements by China by subsequently censored

688-554: A mountain farm, often quite distant from a home farm, to preserve meadows in valleys for producing hay . Livestock is typically tended during the summer by girls and younger women, who also milk and make cheese. Bulls usually remain at the home farm. As autumn approaches and grazing is exhausted, livestock is returned to the farm. In Sweden, this system was predominantly used in Värmland , Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland , Hälsingland , Medelpad and Ångermanland . The practice

774-452: A permanent home, typically in valleys. Generally only the herds travel, with a certain number of people necessary to tend them, while the main population stays at the base. In contrast, movement in plains or plateaus (horizontal transhumance) is more susceptible to disruption by climatic, economic, or political change. Traditional or fixed transhumance has occurred throughout the inhabited world, particularly Europe and western Asia . It

860-646: A population of Eastern Romance shepherds ("ancestors" of the Istro-Romanians) who lived in the Dinaric Alps (western Balkans in modern use), constantly migrating in search of better pastures for their sheep flocks. But as national states appeared in the area of the former Ottoman Empire , new state borders were developed that divided the summer and winter habitats of many of the pastoral groups. These prevented easy movement across borders, particularly at times of war, which have been frequent. In Poland it

946-719: A remnant of an older ethnic culture now surviving in isolated minorities, such as the " Pasiegos " in Cantabria , " Agotes " in Navarre , and " Vaqueiros de alzada " in Asturias and León . Transhumance in the Pyrenees involves relocation of livestock (cows, sheep, horses) to high mountains during the summer months, because farms in the lowland are too small to support a larger herd all year round. The mountain period starts in late May or early June, and ends in early October. Until

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1032-586: A summer retreat on the former yayla grazing land. Transhumance related to sheep farming is still practised in Georgia . The shepherds with their flocks have to cross the 2,826 metres (9,272 ft) high Abano Pass from the mountains of Tusheti to the plains of Kakheti . Up until the dissolution of Soviet Union they intensively used the Kizlyar plains of Northern Dagestan for the same purpose. The central Afghan highlands of Afghanistan , which surround

1118-495: A total of six official ports. Three of the ports are designated as international ports, while three others are only designated for bilateral trade. The border crossing between Zhangmu and Kodari on the Friendship Highway has been in operation since 1968. In 2014, the border crossing at Rasuwa Fort (Rasuwagadhi) was opened for commerce and then for foreign nationals from 2017. In addition, this border crossing

1204-563: A trading post in Lipulekh, raising objections from Nepal. In November 2020, Nepali politicians claimed China had annexed more than 150 hectares of Nepalese land. The Nepali government in September 2021 formed a team under Home Ministry Joint Secretary Jaya Narayan Acharya to study dispute in Limi of Namkha Rural Municipality of Humla . The committee comprised Deputy Director General of

1290-464: A treeless mountain plateau . This is the seterfjell , or summer farm region, once of vital importance both as summer pastureland and for haymaking. While previously many farms had their own seters, it is more usual for several farmers to share a modernised common seter ( fellesseter ). Most of the old seters have been left to decay or are used as recreational cabins. The name for the common mountain pasture in most Scandinavian languages derives from

1376-545: Is being considered for a future rail crossing between the two countries. Other crossings, like the one at Burang - Hilsa near the western tripoint, while not widely accessible have been used for local trade between China and Nepal for many years. Some of those crossings have become so important for local trade that in 2008, when Chinese tightened its border control during the Olympics , villages like Kimathanka faced food shortages due to disruption of local trade. Korala ,

1462-457: Is called redyk, it is the ceremonial departure of shepherds with their flocks of sheep and shepherd dogs, to graze in the mountain pastures (spring redyk), as well as their return from grazing (autumn redyk). In the local mountain dialect, autumn redyk is called uosod, which comes from the Polish word "uosiadć" (ôsawiedź), to return sheep to individual farms. There is also a theory that it comes from

1548-419: Is done is described: "(...) they herd sheep from the entire village to one agreed place, give them to the shepherds and shepherds one by one, then mix them together and count the number of the whole herd (flock). The sheep of all the shepherds were gathered in one place at the foot of the mountains, and then one large herd was driven to the szalas. The entrance to the hala was also particularly emphasized: there

1634-672: Is estimated, however, that tens of thousands of rural people still practice these traditions in villages on the northern and southwestern slopes of the Caucasus, in the lesser Caucasus in Armenia , and in the Turkish Black Sea region. Some communities continue to play out ancient migration patterns. For example, the Pontic Greeks visit the area and the monastery Sumela in the summer. Turks from cities in Europe have built

1720-612: Is however insignificant for the overall economy of Nepal because the far-western region is cut off from the rest of the country by "high impassable mountains and glaciers". Manzard et al. state that the Tinkar Byansis also used to use the Lipulekh Pass because the Tinkar Pass is quite difficult to traverse. While the general border runs along the Mahakali River, in the upper headwaters above the Kalapani village , it

1806-595: Is in the far-western region of Nepal, in the province of Sudurpashchim Province at the high end of the Great Himalayan range, elevation 3,650 metres (11,980 ft). It is the principal village in the valley of the Tinkar River ( Tinkar Khola ), which is a tributary of the Mahakali River (or Kali River and Sarda River). Mahakali serves as the western boundary of Nepal with India, beyond which lies

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1892-711: Is mostly vertical while some families in the plains of the Jammu, Samba and Kathua districts also practice lateral or horizontal transhumance. More than 85% of the migratory transhumant population moves within the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir while the remaining 15% undertakes inter-state movement to the neighbouring Punjab State and to the Ladakh Union territory. Gujjars – a migratory tribe – also sparsely inhabit several areas in parts of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The Gujjar-Bakkerwal tribe represents

1978-608: Is often important to pastoralist societies, as the dairy products of transhumance flocks and herds ( milk , butter , yogurt and cheese ) may form much of the diet of such populations. In many languages there are words for the higher summer pastures, and frequently these words have been used as place names: e.g. hafod in Wales, shieling in Scotland, or alp in Germany, Austria and German-speaking regions of Switzerland. The word transhumance comes from French and derives from

2064-487: Is the watershed of the streams that flow into the river. This was a decision made by the British Indian government in the 19th century. Two significant peaks, P. 6172 and Om Parvat (5590 m), lie on this watershed range, which are popular trekking destinations. Nepal has ongoing claims to the territory beyond the watershed, up to the main headwater stream, which is termed the Kalapani territory . According to

2150-730: Is the origin of numerous related cultures in the Americas such as the cowboys of the United States and the Gauchos of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. A network of droveways , or cañadas , crosses the whole peninsula, running mostly south-west to north-east. They have been charted since ancient times, and classified according to width; the standard cañada is between 37.5 to 75 metres (123 to 246 ft) wide, with some cañadas reales (meaning royal droveways ) being 800 metres (2,625 ft) wide at certain points. The land within

2236-629: Is used by both settled communities and nomadic pastoralists like the Pashtun Kuchis . Major pastures in the region include the Nawur pasture in northern Ghazni Province (whose area is about 600 km at elevation of up to 3,350 m), and the Shewa pasture and the Little Pamir in eastern Badakhshan Province . The Little Pamir pasture, whose elevation is above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft),

2322-464: Is used by the Afghan Kyrgyz to raise livestock. In Nuristan , the inhabitants live in permanent villages surrounded by arable fields on irrigated terraces. Most of the livestock are goats. They are taken up to a succession of summer pastures each spring by herdsmen while most of the villagers remain behind to irrigate the terraced fields and raise millet, maize, and wheat; work mostly done by

2408-575: The Annexation of Tibet in 1949. However, some of the most significant developments of modern times would be the signing of the " Agreement on Maintaining Friendly Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal " in 1956 and the " Sino-Nepalese Treaty of Peace and Friendship " in 1960, both of which formally recognised Tibet as a part of China and confirmed the limits of

2494-620: The Himalayan Gazetteer , the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part of Kumaon . After the unification of Nepal in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well as Garhwal . The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, the Anglo-Nepalese War saw the British general Ochterlony evict the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across

2580-606: The Koh-i-Baba and continue eastward into the Hindu Kush range, there are very cold winters, and short and cool summers. These highlands have mountain pastures during summer ( sardsīr ), watered by many small streams and rivers. There are also pastures available during winter in the neighboring warm lowlands ( garmsīr ), which makes the region ideal for seasonal transhumance. The Afghan Highlands contain about 225,000 km (87,000 sq mi) of summer pasture, which

2666-630: The Latin words trans "across" and humus "ground". Literally, it means crossing the land. Transhumance developed on every inhabited continent . Although there are substantial cultural and technological variations, the underlying practices for taking advantage of remote seasonal pastures are similar linguistically. Khazanov categorizes nomadic forms of pastoralism into five groups as follows: "pure pastoral nomadism", "semi-nomadic pastoralism", "semi-sedentary pastoralism", "distant-pastures husbandry" and "seasonal transhumance". Eickelman does not make

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2752-569: The Lipulekh Pass on the Indian side for their commerce with the Tibetans. They also use the road on the Indian side to travel to Khalanga where they spend the winters as part of their transhumance practices. The footbridge at Sitapul near the mouth of Tinkar Khola is used to transit to the Indian side of the border. Likewise the zamindars (landholders) on the Indian side that owned land in Nepal continued to operate such lands. The Tinkar Pass at

2838-579: The North Governorate of Lebanon . Towns and villages located in the Qadisha valley are at an average altitude of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Some settlements, like Ehden and Kfarsghab , are used during summer periods from the beginning of June until mid-October. Inhabitants move in October to coastal towns situated at an average of 200 metres (656 ft) above sea level. The transhumance

2924-637: The Old Norse term setr . In Norwegian, the term is sæter or seter ; in Swedish, säter . The place name appears in Sweden in several forms as Säter and Sätra , and as a suffix: - säter , - sätra , - sätt and - sättra . Those names appear extensively across Sweden with a centre in the Mälaren basin and in Östergötland . The surname "Satter" is derived from these words. In

3010-474: The 18th-19th centuries, these concerned the ownership of often vaguely-defined territories rather than with delimiting a precise boundary. In 1950–51, the People's Republic of China annexed Tibet , and thereby inherited the somewhat confused situation along the boundary. On 21 March 1960 a border treaty was signed which recognised the "traditional customary line" and created a joint boundary commission to delimit

3096-507: The 1970s, transhumance was used mainly for dairy cows, and cheese-making was an important activity in the summer months. In some regions, nearly all members of a family decamped to higher mountains with their cows, living in rudimentary stone cabins for the summer grazing season. That system, which evolved during the Middle Ages , lasted into the 20th century. It declined and broke down under pressure from industrialisation , as people left

3182-634: The Himalayan range, including Mount Everest, Mount Makalu and Mount Salasungo , as passes such as the Manja, Thau, Marima, Pindu, Gyala, Lajing and Popti Passes. It terminates at the eastern tripoint with India on Jongsong Peak . The border region has historically existed at the edges of various Nepali, Indian and Tibetan kingdoms. Cross-border trade between Nepalis and Tibetans has existed for centuries, for example in wool , tea , spices and salt . Though various Nepali-Tibetan treaties were signed in

3268-492: The Indian personnel to be withdrawn from the posts, and India did so, with the understanding that Nepal would continue to man the posts. Former Indian Army general Ashok K. Mehta states that none of the posts remained afterwards. Subsequently, India stepped up security and surveillance on the Indian side of the Nepal–India border and also introduced a permit system for the use of Indian roads. According to The Rising Nepal ,

3354-642: The Indian region of Kumaon (part of the Uttarakhand state). Along the Tinkar Valley, closer to the border, is another large village called Chhangru (or Changru). Tinkar (80 households) and Chhangru (100 households) are populated by Byansi people , who speak a West Himalayish language called Byangsi . The region across the border in Kumaon is also populated by Byansi people, with whom the Byansis of

3440-632: The Kashkai drove their livestock from south to north, where they lived in summer quarters, known as Yaylak , in the high mountains from April to October. They traditionally grazed their flocks on the slopes of the Kuh-e-Dinar , a group of mountains from 12,000 to 15,000 feet (3,700 to 4,600 m), part of the Zagros chain. In autumn the Kashkai broke camp, leaving the highlands to winter in warmer regions near Firuzabad, Kazerun, Jerrè, Farashband, on

3526-723: The Kinnaura community in Himachal Pradesh adapt to harsh high-altitude conditions. However, this age-old practice is under threat due to socioeconomic, policy, and environmental changes, risking the erosion of pastoralism-related TEK. The Bakhtiari tribe of Iran still practised this way of life in the mid-20th century. All along the Zagros Mountains from Azerbaijan to the Arabian Sea , pastoral tribes move back and forth with their herds annually according to

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3612-603: The Lipulekh Pass at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The Byansis of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet. In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass, and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined. According to the Chairperson of the Byas Rural Municipality, Chhangru is the last Nepali village along the Mahakali river heading north. He states that the roads on

3698-476: The Mahakali River. After agreeing the Treaty of Sugauli , which made a territorial settlement along the Mahakali River, the Nepalese appealed to the British governor general that they were entitled to the areas to the east (here, southeast) of the Mahakali River. The British conceded the demand, and the Tinkar Valley with its large villages of Chhangru and Tinkar was transferred to Nepal. The British, however, retained

3784-413: The Nepali side are bad and the villagers have to use the Indian roads to get to Chhangru. They have to obtain permits from the Indian administration for this purpose. He complained of the attitude of the Indian administrators, which he described as "condescending". There is a walk bridge over the Mahakali River near Chhangru called Sita Pul , which allows passage between India and Nepal. Nepal used to have

3870-695: The Survey Department Sushil Dangol, Senior Superintendent of Nepal Police Umesh Raj Joshi, Senior Superintendent of Armed Police Force Pradip Kumar Pal, Joint Director of National Investigation Department Kishor Kumar Shrestha and Home Ministry Secretary Acharya. This team submitted its report on 26 September which brought the conclusion of claim being truth. It suggested making a joint force for dispute resolution. In addition, NC Karnali Provincial Assembly party and former minister Jeevan Bahadur Shahi lead team had submitted report on same asking to bring back Nepalese land. This matter

3956-532: The Tatra Society from 1876, the way in which this is done is described: "(...) they herd sheep from the entire village to one agreed place, give them to the shepherds and shepherds one by one, then mix them together and count the number of the whole herd (flock). ) pieces is (what they call "the reading"). The reading is done in such a way that one juhas, holding the chaplet in his hand, puts one bead for each ten sheep counted. The second one takes one sheep from

4042-470: The Tinkar Valley have cultural and historical links. A third village called Ghaga, at the confluence of Tinkar and Nampa rivers, is populated by other classes of people. Upstream along one of the headwaters of the Tinkar Khola is the Tinkar Pass (or "Tinkar Lipu") at the top of the Great Himalayan range, which provides a historical trading route for the Byansis to the Tibetan town of Burang . This pass

4128-558: The Tinkar region. China%E2%80%93Nepal border The China–Nepal border is the international boundary between the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China and Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal . It is 1,389 kilometres (863 mi) in length and runs in a northwest–southeast direction along the Himalayan mountain range, including Mount Everest , the world's highest mountain. The boundaries of this particular border have changed dramatically over time, especially when considering relatively recent events such as

4214-425: The acquisition of sufficient skills to thrive in mountainous regions. Most drovers are conversant with subsistence agriculture , pastoralism as well as forestry and frozen water and fast stream management . In the Balkans , Albanians , Greek Sarakatsani , Eastern Romance ( Romanians , Aromanians , Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians ) and Turkish Yörük peoples traditionally spent summer months in

4300-459: The areas to the northwest of the Mahakali River, including the Kuthi Valley and the Kalapani territory near the headwaters of the Mahakali. Thus the "parganah [of] Byans" got divided across the two countries. Since the British operated an open border with Nepal, allowing free movement of people across it, the normal intercourse of the Tinkaris with their fellow Byansis on the Indian side is likely to have continued unhindered. They continued to use

4386-499: The banks of the Mond River . Their winter quarters were known as Kishlak/Qishlaq/Gishlak . The migration was organised and controlled by the Kashkai Chief. The tribes avoided villages and towns, such as Shiraz and Isfahan, because their large flocks, numbering seven million head, could cause serious damage. In the 1950s, the Kashkai tribes were estimated to number 400,000 people in total. There have been many social changes since that time. Examples of fixed transhumance are found in

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4472-405: The character of the movement. The Sami people practice transhumance with reindeer by a different system than is described immediately below. The common mountain or forest pasture used for transhumance in summer is called seter or bod / bua . The same term is used for a related mountain cabin, which was used as a summer residence. In summer (usually late June), livestock is moved to

4558-500: The closure of the Sino-Indian border following the Sino-Indian War of 1962. In the decades following this war, transhumance as a way of life rapidly declined among the Bhotiya people. The pastoral Gujars of northern India rely on state forests for pasture but face increasing restrictions from the government. This has led to significant impoverishment as they lose traditional grazing land and fall into debt. Transhumant pastoralism, guided by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), helps

4644-415: The countries of China and Nepal as they are known today. The border starts in the west at the western tripoint with India near the Tinkar Pass in Sudurpashchim Province . It then proceeds south-east to the Urai Pass and then north-east, briefly utilising the Karnali River , before turning to the south-east at the Lapche Pass. It then proceeds in that general direction over various mountains crests in

4730-485: The countryside for jobs in cities. However, the importance of transhumance continues to be recognised through its celebration in popular festivals. The Mont Perdu / Monte Perdido region of the Pyrenees has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site by virtue of its association with the transhumance system of agriculture. In Scandinavia, transhumance is practised to a certain extent; however, livestock are transported between pastures by motorised vehicles, changing

4816-444: The droveways is publicly owned and protected by law. In some high valleys of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains , transhumant herding has been the main, or only, economic activity. Regulated passes and pasturage have been distributed among different valleys and communities according to the seasonal range of use and community jurisdiction. Unique social groups associated with the transhumant lifestyle are sometimes identified as

4902-473: The eastern part of Scotland include the Cairnamounth , Elsick Mounth and Causey Mounth . This practice has largely stopped but was practised within living memory in the Hebrides and in the Scottish Highlands . Today much transhumance is carried out by truck, with upland flocks being transported under agistment to lower-lying pasture during winter. Evidence exists of transhumance being practised in England since at least medieval times, from Cornwall in

4988-556: The establishment of a mounted police force as far back as the 17th century. The tratturi remain public property and subject to conservation by the law protecting cultural heritage. The Molise region candidates the tratturi to the UNESCO as a world heritage. Transhumance is historically widespread throughout much of Spain, particularly in the regions of Castile, Leon and Extremadura, where nomadic cattle and sheep herders travel long distances in search of greener pastures in summer and warmer climatic conditions in winter. Spanish transhumance

5074-427: The first half of the 20th century, as the Kemalist and later Soviet governments tried to modernise the societies and stress urban development, rather than maintaining rural traditions. In the second half of the 20th century, migration for work from the Pontic mountains to cities in Turkey and western Europe, and from the northern Caucasus to Moscow , dramatically reduced the number of people living in transhumance. It

5160-402: The flock and, as he lets it out of the fenced barracks, counts: one, two, three, etc. up to ten, and after each ten he calls out: "desat" The leading of the sheep was preceded by magical procedures that were supposed to protect them from bad fate and from being enchanted. For this purpose, bonfires were lit and sheep were led through the fire. It began with the resurrection of the "holy fire" in

5246-523: The heartland of the Swedish transhumance region, the most commonly used term is bod or bua (the word is also used for small storage houses and the like; it has evolved in English as booth ); in modern Standard Swedish , fäbod . The oldest mention of seter in Norway is in Heimskringla , the saga of Olaf II of Norway 's travel through Valldal to Lesja . In the heavily forested Caucasus and Pontic mountain ranges, various peoples still practice transhumance to varying degrees. During

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5332-901: The highest transhumant population in the world and accounts for nearly 98% of the transhumant population in Jammu and Kashmir. The Bhotiya communities of Uttarakhand historically practiced transhumance. They would spend the winter months at low altitude settlements in the Himalayan foothills, gathering resources to trade in Tibet over the summer. In the summer, they would move up to high-altitude settlements along various river valleys. Traditionally involved in wool cleaning, spinning, and weaving items like shawls and carpets, these villagers now rely on transhumant herders for raw materials as they no longer keep livestock. Some people would remain at these settlements to cultivate farms; some would head to trade marts, crossing high mountain passes into western Tibet, while some others would practice nomadic pastoralism. This historic way of life came to an abrupt halt due to

5418-407: The kolyba (shepherd's hut). Custom dictated that from that day on, it was to be kept burning continuously by the main shepherd – the shepherd. Next, the sheep were led around a small chevron or spruce tree stuck in the ground – the so-called mojka (which was supposed to symbolize the health and strength of everyone present in the hall) and they were fumigated with burning herbs and a połazzka brought to

5504-403: The landscape still clearly shows the layout of the rundale system of agriculture. The livestock, usually cattle, was moved from a permanent lowland village to summer pastures in the mountains. The appearance of "Summerhill" ( Irish : Cnoc an tSamhraidh ) in many place names also bears witness to the practice. This transfer alleviated pressure on the growing crops and provided fresh pasture for

5590-520: The latest border crossing to open, started operations in 2023. Historical maps of the border from west to east in the International Map of the World and Operational Navigation Chart, middle/late 20th century: Transhumance Transhumance is a type of pastoralism or nomadism, a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. In montane regions ( vertical transhumance ), it implies movement between higher pastures in summer and lower valleys in winter. Herders have

5676-401: The livestock. Mentioned in the Brehon Laws , booleying dates back to the Early Medieval period or even earlier. The practice was widespread in the west of Ireland up until the time of the Second World War. Seasonal migration of workers to Scotland and England for the winter months superseded this ancient system, together with more permanent emigration to the United States. In Southern Italy,

5762-414: The mountains and returned to lower plains in the winter. When the area was part of the Austro-Hungary and Ottoman Empires , borders between Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia were relatively unobstructed. In summer, some groups went as far north as the Balkan Mountains , and they would spend the winter on warmer plains in the vicinity of the Aegean Sea . The Morlach or Karavlachs were

5848-502: The organisers was the Transhumant Pastoral Foundation. In most parts of Wales , farm workers and sometimes the farmer would spend the summer months at a hillside summer house, or hafod ( pronounced [ˈhavɔd] ), where the livestock would graze. During the late autumn the farm family and workers would drive the flocks down to the valleys and stay at the main house or hendref ( [ˈhɛndrɛv] ). This system of transhumance has generally not been practised for almost

5934-400: The pastoral culture in Poland, Redyk was perceived as the greatest village festival. Farmers who gave their sheep to a shepherd for the entire season, before grazing in the pastures, listed them (most often by marking them with notches on the shepherd's stick, stick or beam), marked them and placed them in a basket made of tynin. In the Memoir of the Tatra Society from 1876, the way in which this

6020-433: The practice of driving herds to hilly pasture in summer was also known in some parts of the regions l and has had a long-documented history until the 1950s and 1960s with the advent of alternative road transport. Drovers' roads , or tratturi , up to 100 metres (328 ft) wide and more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) long, permitted the passage and grazing of herds, principally sheep, and attracted regulation by law and

6106-407: The precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here. Following the Chinese take-over of Tibet, India and Nepal jointly operated a number of checkposts along the Tibet border starting in 1952. According to Nepalese geographer Buddhi Narayan Shrestha , one of these was at the Tinkar Pass. In 1969, Nepal asked for

6192-426: The rebels earned Rs. 35 million annually through such "taxes". Such trafficking is still ongoing as of 2019. News reports in May 2018 state that the trade with Tibet is "almost nil", and it has been so for the last five or six years. "There is neither road access from the Nepal side to bring goods imported from Tibet nor is there [a] customs office," according to The Kathmandu Post . Between 2013 and 2020, India laid

6278-499: The relatively short summer, wind from the Black Sea brings moist air up the steep valleys, which supports fertile grasslands at altitudes up to 2,500 metres (8,202 ft), and a rich tundra at altitudes up to 3,500 metres (11,483 ft). Traditionally, villages were divided into two, three or even four distinct settlements (one for each season) at different heights of a mountain slope. Much of this rural life came to an end during

6364-432: The report. The western China–Nepal–India tripoint is disputed between Nepal and India since 1990s as part of Kalapani territory . In 2015, the Nepalese parliament objected to the agreement between India and China to trade through Lipulekh stating that 'it violates Nepal's sovereign rights over the disputed territory'. After Indian prime minister Narendra Modi 's visit to China in 2015, India and China agreed to open

6450-479: The sałasz. This was intended to cleanse them of diseases and prevent misfortune. Then the flock was herded around it three times, which was intended to concentrate the sheep into one group and prevent individual animals from escaping. Baca's task was to pull the sheep behind him, helping himself with salt which he sprinkled on the flock. With the help of dogs and whistles, the Juhasi encouraged the herd and made sure that

6536-532: The seasons, between their permanent homes in the valley and one in the foothills. The Qashqai (Kashkai) are a Turkic tribe of southern Iran, who in the mid-20th century still practised transhumance. The tribe was said to have settled in ancient times in the province of Fars , near the Persian Gulf , and by the mid-20th century lived beyond the Makran mountains. In their yearly migrations for fresh pastures,

6622-519: The sheep followed the shepherd. Sheep that fell outside the circle boded ill. It was believed that the number of sheep that fell outside the circle would die in the coming season. The stay in the pasture (hala) begins on St. Wojciech's Day (April 23), and ends on Michaelmas Day (September 29). This method of sheep grazing is a relic of transhumant agriculture, which was once very common in the Carpathians. (Carpathian transhumance agriculture). In

6708-810: The south-west, through to the north of England. In the Lake District, hill sheep breeds, such as the Herdwick and Swaledale are moved between moor and valley in summer and winter. This led to a trait and system known as "hefting", whereby sheep and flock remain in the farmer's allotted area (heaf) of the commons, which is still practised. In Ireland, transhumance is known as "booleying". Transhumance pastures were known as buaile , variously anglicised as booley , boley , bouley or boola . These names survive in many place names such as Buaile h'Anraoi in Kilcommon parish, Erris , North Mayo , where

6794-513: The swinszczok, the masztołka. Redyk included many local practices, rituals and celebrations. In modern time it is mainly a part of local traditional entertainment. The modern spring and autumn Redyk (sheep drive) has the character of a folkloric spectacle addressed to locals and tourists, but also to the highlanders themselves, who to identify with their traditions. Sometimes common redyk was organised also in Czechia, Slovakia and Romania. In Poland,

6880-581: The top of the Tinkar Valley is the de facto tri-junction between China, India and Nepal. Article 1 of the China–Nepal border treaty of 1961 states: The Chinese-Nepalese boundary line starts from the point where the watershed between the Kali River and the Tinkar River meet the watershed between the tributaries of the Mapchu (Karnali) River on the one hand and the Tinkar River on the other hand. This being

6966-634: The women. In the autumn after the grain and fruit harvest, livestock are brought back to spend the winter stall-fed in stables. Jammu and Kashmir in India has the world's highest transhumant population as per a survey conducted by a team led by Dr Shahid Iqbal Choudhary, IAS, Secretary to the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Tribal Affairs Department. The 1st Survey of Transhumance in 2021 captured details of 6,12,000 members of ethnic tribal communities viz Gujjars , Bakkerwals, Gaddis and Sippis. The survey

7052-510: The word uozchod (ôzchod), which means the separation of sheep from individual gazdōwek (farms). In this word, there may have been a complete loss of the pronunciation of ch, which in the Podhale dialect (Poland) in this type of positions is pronounced as a barely audible h (so-called sonorous h), similarly to the word schować, which in the highlander language is pronounced as sowa. In the Memoir of

7138-482: Was carried out for development and welfare planning for these communities notified as Scheduled tribes under the Constitution of India . Subsequent to the survey a number of flagship initiatives were launched by the Government for their welfare and development especially in sectors like healthcare, veterinary services, education, livelihood and transportation support for migration. Transhumance in Jammu and Kashmir

7224-531: Was common throughout most of Norway, due to its highly mountainous nature and limited areas of lowland for cultivation. The Gudbrandsdal area includes lateral valleys such as Gausdal , Heidal , Vinstra , and Ottadalen . This area comprises lowland parishes 200 m above sea-level and mountain parishes 800 m above sea-level, fertile soil in the main valley and barren summits in Rondane and Dovrefjell. Forests surround those farms, but higher up, woods give way to

7310-503: Was raised and supported by NC vice-president and former Home minister Bimalendra Nidhi who was Deputy Prime minister in Second Dahal cabinet . In early 2022, a Nepali government report was leaked. The report indicated the previously alleged buildings were on Chinese side, but found that China has built fences, a canal, and a road that encroached on Nepali soil. In 2012, Nepal and China agreed to open new ports of entry , to

7396-466: Was shooting, honking and shouting all the way. This was intended to drive away evil spirits from their animals and to keep the entire herd together. At the end of the ceremony, there was music and dancing together. The musicians played traditional instruments: gajdas and violins. To the accompaniment of music, the Sałashniks performed the oldest individual dance – the owiedziok, the owczarza, the kolomajka,

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