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27-702: The Tłı̨chǫ ( Athapascan pronunciation: [tɬʰĩtʃʰõ] , English: / t ə ˈ l ɪ tʃ oʊ / tə- LIH -choh ) people, sometimes spelled Tlicho and also known as the Dogrib , are a Dene First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group living in the Northwest Territories of Canada. The name Dogrib is an English adaptation of their own name, Tłı̨chǫ Done (or Thlingchadinne ) – “Dog-Flank People”, referring to their fabled descent from

54-569: A 39,000 km (15,000 sq mi) area between Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake in the NWT to Tłı̨chǫ ownership. The territory includes the communities of Behchokǫ̀ , Gamèti , Wekweètì and Whatì along with Diavik Diamond Mine and Ekati Diamond Mine . The four Tłı̨chǫ bands, Dog Rib Rae First Nation , Wha Ti First Nation , Gameti First Nation and Dechi Laot'i First Nations , as well as their umbrella Dogrib Treaty 11 Council, ceased to exist on August 4, 2005, and have been succeeded by

81-559: A hand in mining and trading for tools. Later European explorers who encountered and traded with Copper Indians marked on their maps the 'Yellowknife River,' which drains into Great Slave Lake from headwaters originating near the headwaters of the Coppermine River, a traditional travel corridor. In the early 1800s and 1900s, the Yellowknives were the largest and most powerful tribe in the geographic area. The Yellowknives and

108-623: A land claim settlement for their lands as part of the Akaitcho Land Claim Process. Chief Snuff of the Yellowknives signed Treaty 8 in 1899. Chief Snuff lived on the south shore and east arm of Great Slave Lake. The people who lived on the Taltson River were dubbed the Rocher River People in the 1920s. Chief Snuff had a cabin located about ten miles from Rocher River on a little piece of land beside

135-700: A majority of Tłı̨chǫ residents: Behchokǫ̀ (formerly Rae-Edzo), Whatì (Lac la Martre), Gamèti (Rae Lakes), and Wekweètì (Snare Lake), the four communities of the Tłı̨chǫ Government, and Dettah (T'èɂehdaà) and Ndilǫ , the communities of the Yellowknives Dene First Nation . The Tłı̨chǫ Yatıı̀ or Dogrib language belongs to the Athabaskan languages , which are part of the Na-Dene languages family. The dialect spoken in

162-401: A supernatural dog-man. Like their Dene neighbours they called themselves often simply Dǫne ("person", "human") or Dǫne Dǫ ("People, i.e. Dene People"). The Tłı̨chǫ's land is known as Ndè (or Dè , Dèe or Nèe ). On the 1682 Franquelin map, Dogrib was recorded as "Alimousp[i]goiak" (from Cree Alimospikayak , "Dog-Flanks"). The Tłı̨chǫ have six communities with

189-557: A wide region. They live in the Mackenzie Valley (south of the Inuvialuit ), and can be found west of Nunavut . Their homeland reaches to western Yukon , and the northern part of British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Alaska and the southwestern United States. Dene were the first people to settle in what is now the Northwest Territories . In northern Canada, historically there were ethnic feuds between

216-669: Is spoken by 89% of the residents. Yellowknives The historic Yellowknive tribe lived north and northeast of the Great Slave Lake ( Tinde'e - "Great Lake") around the Yellowknife River and Yellowknife Bay ( Wíílíídeh cho - " Inconnu River") and northward along the Coppermine River , northeast to the Back River ( Thlewechodyeth or Thlew-ee-choh-desseth - "Great Fish River") and east to

243-794: The Akaitcho Territory Government . The Yellowknives Dene First Nation (known by themselves as Weledeh Yellowknives Dene ) is the umbrella organization for the Dettah Yellowknives Dene First Nation (or T'èɂehdaà – 'Burnt Point' in Tłı̨chǫ, referring to a traditional Dene fishing camp) and Ndilǫ Yellowknives Dene First Nation ( / ˈ d iː l oʊ / DEE -loh ). They speak the Dettah-Ndilǫ dialect of Tłı̨chǫ and are descendants of Tłı̨chǫ, Yellowknives and Chipewyan . The act of signing

270-607: The Thelon River . They used the major rivers of their traditional land as routes for travel and trade as far east as Hudson Bay , where early European explorers such as Samuel Hearne encountered them in the 1770s. The Yellowknives helped lead Hearne through the Canadian Arctic tundra from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Ocean in search of the legendary copper deposits that the Yellowknives, or 'Copper Indians', had

297-622: The Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib), who also lived on the north shores of Great Slave Lake, were ancestral enemies. In the 1830s it was reported that the Dogrib almost wiped out the Yellowknives, the remnants of which - although opinions vary - either scattered south of Great Slave Lake or inter-married with the Dogrib. Following the discovery of gold in the Yellowknife area, a great mix of Dogrib, Chipewyan , and remnant Yellowknife members congregated and settled in

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324-538: The Yellowknife B Band (Treaty No. 8 Dogrib) and the Dog Rib Rae Band (Treaty No. 11 Dogrib) , but the Yellowknife B Band refused to enter into negotiations. This complicated matters, as both treaty groups had land boundaries that overlapped each other. Self-governance seemed to be the issue between the two groups, as both wanted to have their say in the agreement. This halted the negotiations in 1994 while

351-765: The Canadian government explored the boundary and self-government issue. A new mandate in April 1997 allowed negotiation of a "joint land claims and self-government agreement with the Dogrib Treaty 11 Council" (Treaty No. 11 Dogrib). In 1999, the Agreement-in-Principle was available for Dogrib approval and was accepted on January 7, 2000. Ninety-three percent of the Dog Rib Rae Band (Treaty No. 11 Dogrib) turned out to vote with over 84% voting for

378-551: The Dene People decided to join the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) seeking recognition for their ancestral cultural and land rights. The largest population of Chipewyan language (Dënesųłinë́ or Dëne) speakers live in the northern Saskatchewan village of La Loche and the adjoining Clearwater River Dene Nation . In 2011 the combined population was 3389 people. The Dënesųłinë́ language

405-601: The Dene and the Inuit . In 1996, Dene and Inuit representatives participated in a healing ceremony at Bloody Falls to reconcile the centuries-old grievances. Behchokǫ̀ , Northwest Territories is the largest Dene community in Canada. The Dene include six main groups: Although the above-named groups are what the term "Dene" usually refers to in modern usage, other groups who consider themselves Dene include: In 2005, elders from

432-462: The Dene would receive medical and educational assistance, as well as treaty payments. The Canadian Government and the various Dene groups, including Yellowknives and Tłı̨chǫ under chief Drygeese with headmen Benaiyah and Sek'eglinan, signed the treaty in 1900 at Fort Resolution (called by the Tłı̨chǫ Įndàà ). After the signing, the group that signed the treaty was called the "Yellowknife B Band" (Helm, 7: 1994). At that point in history, Treaty No.8

459-551: The NWT controls services such as health care and education in partnership with the Tłı̨chǫ Nation through the Tłı̨chǫ Community Services Agency. The land-claims process took twenty years to conclude. A similar process with the Inuit in the NWT brought about the creation of the new territory of Nunavut . Though Tłı̨chǫnèk'e is not a separate territory, the extent of its powers has invited comparisons both with

486-678: The Tlicho Government. The Tłı̨chǫ have their own legislative bodies in the area's four communities, of which the chiefs must be Tłı̨chǫ, though anyone may run for councillor and vote. The legislatures will have, among other authorities, the power to collect taxes, levy resource royalties, which currently go to the federal government, and control hunting, fishing and industrial development. The Tłı̨chǫ would also receive payments of $ 152 million over 15 years and annual payments of approximately $ 3.5 million. The federal government retains control of criminal law , as it does across Canada, and

513-659: The agreement began the ratification process for the Tlicho Agreement. On Thursday, August 4, 2005, the Tlicho Agreement went into full effect, "The first official day of the Tlicho Government and the Tlicho community governments" (Tlicho Effective Date). On August 25, 2003, they signed a land claims agreement, also called Tłı̨chǫ, as the Tłı̨chǫ Government , with the Government of Canada . The agreement will cede

540-544: The agreement. After several community discussions and revisions, in March 2003 the Chief Negotiators initialed the agreement. The Yellowknife B Band (Treaty No. 8 Dogrib) formed the Yellowknives Dene First Nation in 1991 following the collapse of this territorial-wide comprehensive land claim negotiation. They currently negotiate a land claim settlement for their lands as part of the Akaitcho Land Claim Process by

567-495: The area. They also opposed being "confined to Indian reserves ." Many Dene felt that Treaty No. 8 was not honored by the Canadian Government, and some were afraid that this treaty would turn out similarly. Nevertheless, Treaty No. 11 was signed by the Tłı̨chǫ trading chief Monfwi in the summer of 1921. The Tłı̨chǫ groups that signed this treaty were then known as the "Dog Rib Rae Band" (Helm, 7: 1994), constituting

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594-416: The birth of Nunavut and with the creation of the NWT government in 1967. Dene The Dene people ( / ˈ d ɛ n eɪ / ) are an Indigenous group of First Nations who inhabit the northern boreal , subarctic and Arctic regions of Canada. The Dene speak Northern Athabaskan languages and it is the common Athabaskan word for "people". The term "Dene" has two uses: Dene are spread through

621-471: The communities of Dettah and Ndilǫ developed from intermarriage between Yellowknives and Tłı̨chǫ. In June 1899, negotiation began on Treaty 8 , which covered 840,000 km (320,000 sq mi) in the Northwest Territory. It was an agreement between the Canadian Government and the Dene groups in the area in question; in return for their willingness to share their land with non-Natives,

648-438: The community or within the traditional villages of Dettah or Trout Rock. With government funding, the Dene village of Ndilǫ was developed in the mid 1950s on the tip of Latham Island (the northern point of Yellowknife's Old Town). The Yellowknives Dene First Nation was formed in 1991 (formerly known as Yellowknife B Band) following the collapse of a territorial-wide comprehensive land claim negotiation. They currently negotiate

675-457: The majority of the Tłı̨chǫ population. Both Treaty No. 8 and Treaty No. 11 overlap in several of their boundaries, and continue to cause conflict between the two separate treaty bands (nowadays two First Nations). Not all members of the Dene and Tłı̨chǫ communities agreed with or signed these treaties. In the fall of 1992, the Tłı̨chǫ submitted their own regional claim to the Canadian government . Negotiations were scheduled to begin in 1994 between

702-549: The water, called Snuff Channel, connected to the Taltson River. The Yellowknives continued to reside in this area until the early 1960s, when they were forced to relocate after their schoolhouse was burned down in a fire. Shortly after, the Taltson River hydro dam was built. The last chief of the Rocher River Yellowknives was Chief Pierre Frise in the 1960s; he was strongly opposed to the building of

729-565: Was the largest land settlement the Canadian Government had ever made (PWNHC, Historical). Twenty years after Treaty No. 8 was signed, oil was discovered in the Mackenzie River Valley . Upon the discovery, the Canadian Government proposed another treaty that would clear the way for miners and development of the area. The treaty was greatly debated, as the Natives did not want to lose their right to hunt, fish, gather, and trap in

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