A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values . Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo , and are often associated with a certain ideology . Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory , which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
70-625: Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Trumpism is a political movement in the United States that comprises the political ideologies associated with Donald Trump and his political base . It incorporates ideologies such as right-wing populism , national conservatism and neo-nationalism , and features significant illiberal and authoritarian beliefs. There
140-427: A Pew Research Center study. In contrast, approximately two-thirds of non-white evangelicals supported Hillary Clinton in 2016, with 90% of black Protestants also voting for her even though their theological views are similar to evangelicals. According to Yale researcher Philip Gorski, "the question is not so much why evangelicals voted for Trump then—many did not—but why so many white evangelicals did." Gorski's answer
210-623: A Uniform Civil Code (which is also a directive under Article 44 of the Constitution of India ) for members of all religions, over the current scheme of different personal laws for different religions. For instance, polygamy is legal for Muslims in India, but not Hindus. There are several socially conservative Muslim organisations in India, ranging from groups such as the Indian Union Muslim League which aim to promote
280-408: A plebiscite on the matter. Federal Coalition MPs who opposed same-sex marriage during the debate included former Prime Minister Tony Abbott , Peter Dutton , Scott Morrison and many others. However, when the plebiscite was successful (with 61.6% in favour), a vote needed to be held in both chambers of Parliament . The Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 was tabled in
350-460: A populist political method that suggests nationalistic answers to political, economic, and social problems. These inclinations lead to policies such as immigration restrictionism , trade protectionism , isolationism , migrant family separation and opposition to entitlement reform . Former National Security Advisor and close Trump advisor John Bolton disputes that Trumpism exists in any meaningful sense, adding that "[t]he man does not have
420-590: A primary election opponent or otherwise use his political power to undermine any fellow party members that he felt had betrayed him. The 2020 Republican Party platform simply endorsed "the President's America-first agenda", prompting comparisons to contemporary leader-focused party platforms in Russia and China. General Mark Milley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Trump , has described Trump as
490-567: A welfare state as practised by some European conservatives (e.g. one-nation conservatives in the United Kingdom , Gaullists in France ). Some social conservatives support free trade and laissez faire market approaches to economic and fiscal issues, but social conservatives may also support economic intervention where the intervention serves moral or cultural aims. Historian Jon Wiener has described social conservatism as historically
560-742: A "masculinist fantasy of freedom", similar to Jacques Lacan 's mythic leader of the primal horde whose power to satisfy every pleasure or whim has not been castrated. By activating such fantasies, toxic masculine behaviors from opulent displays of greed (the dream palaces of Mar-a-Lago and Nkandla ), violent rhetoric, " grab them by the pussy " " locker room " "jokes" to misogynist insults, philandering, and even sexual predatory behavior including allegations of groping and raping become political assets not liabilities. Gender role scholar Colleen Clemens describes toxic masculinity as "a narrow and repressive description of manhood, designating manhood as defined by violence, sex, status and aggression ... where strength
630-548: A "wannabe dictator." Opposition to aspects of transgender rights is a theme of Trumpism. According to Philip Gorski , in Trumpian nostalgia, "decline is brought about by docility and femininity and the return to greatness requires little more than a reassertion of dominance and masculinity. In this way, 'virtue' is reduced to its root etymology of manly bravado." Michael Kimmel describes male Trump supporters who despaired "over whether or not anything could enable them to find
700-670: A 2023 state-wide ban on gay conversion therapy , whilst also vowing to protect religious freedom and preaching . During the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey of 2018, which successfully sought to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia, the Coalition government led by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull allowed its members a conscience vote on the issue. While many (including Turnbull) were in favour, some were opposed, but supported holding
770-468: A copycat phenomenon—the emboldening of bigots and despots by others' electoral successes. Rather, it is something that sits just beneath the surface of any human society—including in the advanced liberal democracies at the heart of the Western world—and can be activated by core elements of liberal democracy itself. Stenner and Haidt regard authoritarian waves as a feature of liberal democracies noting that
SECTION 10
#1732765026855840-532: A guy who says: 'I can build anything I want. I can do anything I want. I can have the women I want.' They're going, 'This guy is awesome!'" Neville Hoad, an expert on gender issues in South Africa, sees this as a common theme with another strongman leader, Jacob Zuma , comparing his " Zulu Big Man version of toxic masculinity versus a dog whistle white supremacist version; the putative real estate billionaire turned reality television star". Both men express
910-528: A leadership team consisting of both a member of the more centrist Moderate faction and a member of the Right. Social conservatives in Australia often need to take a broad church stance while governing. For example, former New South Wales Liberal Party leader and state premier, Dominic Perrottet , a conservative Catholic , despite having voted against legalising same-sex marriage in 2018 and opposing abortion , followed Labor leader Chris Minns ' in supporting
980-512: A philosophy. And people can try and draw lines between the dots of his decisions. They will fail." Writing for the Routledge Handbook of Global Populism (2019), Olivier Jutel notes, "What Donald Trump reveals is that the various iterations of right-wing American populism have less to do with a programmatic social conservatism or libertarian economics than with enjoyment." Sociologist Michael Kimmel states that Trump's populism
1050-517: A place with some dignity in this new, multicultural, and more egalitarian world. ... These men were angry, but they all looked back nostalgically to a time when their sense of masculine entitlement went unchallenged. They wanted to reclaim their country, restore their rightful place in it, and retrieve their manhood in the process." Social psychologists Theresa Vescio and Nathaniel Schermerhorn note that "In his 2016 presidential campaign, Trump embodied HM [ hegemonic masculinity ] while waxing nostalgic for
1120-595: A political movement that is led by a communist party is termed a mass organization by the party and a "Communist front" by detractors. Some of the theories behind social movements have also been applied to the emergence of political movements in specific, like the political opportunity theory and the resource mobilization theory. The political opportunity theory asserts that political movements occur through chance or certain opportunities and have little to do with resources, connections or grievances in society. Political opportunities can be created by possible changes in
1190-525: A political party, a political organization seeks to influence or control government policy through conventional methods, usually by nominating their candidates and seating candidates in politics and governmental offices. However, political parties and movements both aim to influence government in one way or another and both are often related to a certain ideology. Parties also participate in electoral campaigns and educational outreach or protest actions aiming to convince citizens or governments to take action on
1260-409: A protest. Go there ready for war. We get our President or we die." Of the rioters arrested for the attack on the U.S. Capitol, 88% were men, and 67% were 35 years or older. According to 2016 election exit polls, 26% of voters self identified as white evangelical Christians , of whom more than three-fourths in 2017 approved of Trump's performance, most of them approving "very strongly" as reported by
1330-753: A racially homogenous past that maintained an unequal gender order. Trump performed HM by repeatedly referencing his status as a successful businessman (" blue-collar businessman") and alluding to how tough he would be as president. ... Trump was openly hostile toward gender-atypical women, sexualized gender typical women, and attacked the masculinity of male peers and opponents." In their studies involving 2,007 people, they found that endorsement of hegemonic masculinity better predicted support for Trump than other factors, such as support for antiestablishment, antielitist, nativist, racist, sexist, homophobic or xenophobic perspectives. Kimmel's angry white males engage in toxic masculinity which, according to William Liu, editor of
1400-489: A rebellion of conservative elites against the base. Yale sociologist Philip S. Gorski warned against the threat of Trumpism, writing that "the election of Donald Trump constitutes perhaps the greatest threat to American democracy since the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. There is a real and growing danger that representative government will be slowly but effectively supplanted by a populist form of authoritarian rule in
1470-414: A tough guy means wearing the mask of masculinity: Being a tough guy means refusing to don a mask that might preserve one's life and the lives of others." Tough guy bravado appeared on the internet prior to attack on Congress on January 6, 2021, with one poster writing, "Be ready to fight. Congress needs to hear glass breaking, doors being kicked in ... . Get violent. Stop calling this a march, or rally, or
SECTION 20
#17327650268551540-532: Is nativism , and it sees Hinduism as a national identity, rather than a religious one. Due to an inclination towards nativism , much of its platform is based on the belief that Islamic and Christian denominations in India are the result of occupations, and, therefore, these groups should be uprooted from the Indian subcontinent by converting their members back to Hinduism . In terms of political positions, Hindu social conservatives in India seek to institutionalize
1610-466: Is significant academic debate over the prevalence of neo-fascist and fascist elements of Trumpism. Trumpists and Trumpians are terms that refer to individuals exhibiting its characteristics. Trumpism is associated with the belief that the President is above the rule of law . It has been referred to as an American political variant of the far-right and the national-populist and neo-nationalist sentiment seen in multiple nations starting in
1680-486: Is "an emotion. And the emotion is righteous indignation that the government is screwing 'us'". Kimmel posits that Trump manifests "aggrieved entitlement," a "sense that those benefits to which you believed yourself entitled have been snatched away from you by unseen forces larger and more powerful. You feel yourself to be the heir to a great promise, the American Dream , which has turned into an impossible fantasy for
1750-459: Is a political philosophy and a variety of conservatism which places emphasis on traditional social structures over social pluralism . Social conservatives organize in favor of duty , traditional values and social institutions , such as traditional family structures , gender roles , sexual relations , national patriotism , and religious traditions . Social conservatism is usually skeptical of social change, instead tending to support
1820-691: Is a right-wing political ideology that opposes social progressivism . It is centered on the preservation of what adherents often call 'traditional' or ' family values ', though the accepted aims of the movement often vary amongst the organisations it comprises, making it hard to generalise about ideological preferences. There are, however, a number of general principles to which at least a majority of social conservatives adhere, such as opposition to abortion and opposition to same-sex marriage . Sociologist Harry F. Dahms suggests that Christian doctrinal conservatives (anti-abortion, anti-same-sex marriage) and gun-use conservatives (such as supporters and members of
1890-418: Is broader and includes philosophical considerations, whereas social conservatism is largely focused on just moralism . There is overlap between social conservatism and paleoconservatism , in that they both support and value traditional social forms. Social conservatism is not to be confused with economically interventionist conservatism, where conservative ideas are combined with Keynesian economics and
1960-531: Is everything while emotions are a weakness; where sex and brutality are yardsticks by which men are measured, while supposedly 'feminine' traits—which can range from emotional vulnerability to simply not being hypersexual—are the means by which your status as "man" can be taken away." Writing in the Journal of Human Rights , Kimberly Theidon notes the COVID-19 pandemic 's irony of Trumpian toxic masculinity: "Being
2030-582: Is not as prominent in the public sphere as in the United States . It is prevalent in all areas of the country but is seen as being more prominent in rural areas. It is also a significant influence on the ideological and political culture of the western provinces of Manitoba , Saskatchewan , Alberta , and British Columbia . Compared to social conservatism in the United States , social conservatism has not been as influential in Canada. The main reason
2100-498: Is of "the national community rising phoenix-like after a period of encroaching decadence which all but destroyed it", which "sounds a lot like MAGA" ( Make America Great Again ) according to Goldberg. Similarly, like the Trump movement, fascism sees a "need for authority by natural chiefs (always male), culminating in a national chieftain who alone is capable of incarnating the group's historical destiny." They believe in "the superiority of
2170-478: Is open enough to permit people to ascribe their own meaning to it." Exit polling data suggests the campaign was successful at mobilizing the " white disenfranchised ", the lower- to working-class European-Americans who are experiencing growing social inequality and who often have stated opposition to the American political establishment . Some prominent conservatives formed a Never Trump movement, seen as
Trumpism - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-485: Is related to China's low birth rate problem. Most Muslim countries are somewhat more socially conservative (such as Tajikistan and Malaysia ) than neighbouring countries that are not Muslim. However, due to their interpretation of Islamic law also known as Shariah, they have some differences from social conservatism as understood in the nations of West Europe, North America and Oceania. The Arab world has recently been more conservative in social and moral issues due to
2310-470: Is that the neoconservative style of politics as promoted by leaders such as former Prime Ministers such as Paul Martin and Stephen Harper have focused on fiscal conservatism , with little or no emphasis on moral or social conservatism. Without a specific, large political party behind them, social conservatives have divided their votes and can be found in all political parties. Social conservatives often felt that they were being sidelined by officials in
2380-510: The Arab spring . Hindu social conservatism in India in the twenty first century has developed into an influential movement, represented in the political arena by the right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party . Hindu social conservatism, also known as the Hindutva movement, is spearheaded by the voluntary non-governmental organization Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh . The core philosophy of this ideology
2450-769: The Kuomintang led the New Life Movement . After the Chinese Communist Revolution , social conservatism in China increased due to the rise of New Confucianism and others after the 1970s to 1980s during the Chinese economic reform . CCP general secretary Xi Jinping has adopted a more conservative social view since he began his third leadership in 2022. He reflects traditional and patriarchal views of women in speeches and policies. This
2520-716: The National Rifle Association of America (NRA)) form two domains of ideology within American social conservatism. The Republican Party is the largest United States political party with socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform. Other socially conservative parties include the American Solidarity Party , the Constitution Party and the Prohibition Party . Social conservatives are strongest in
2590-687: The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and its leadership of so-called " Red Tories " for the last half of the twentieth century and therefore many eventually made their political home with parties such as the Social Credit Party of Canada and the Reform Party of Canada . Despite the Reform Party being dominated by social conservatives, leader Preston Manning , seeking greater national support for
2660-540: The Senate and was subsequently passed in the House of Representatives , with just three votes against (excluding the members who abstained). Due to their respective electorates delivering a majority "yes" vote (as well as the entire country), members such as Dutton (who voted "no" in the plebiscite) voted in favour of the bill after his seat of Dickson voted 65.16% in favour. In Canada, social conservatism, though widespread,
2730-645: The United Australia Party (UAP) and Katter's Australian Party (KAP) amongst others. Nevertheless, the National Right (also known as the "Conservative" faction or the "Right" faction) serves as the party's social conservative faction, although the party is still considered a broad church conservative party and factions do collaborate with each other; for example, the New South Wales Liberal Party often chooses
2800-695: The animal rights movement , or the inclusive human rights movement. Some have represented class interests, such as the labour movement , socialism , and communism , while others have expressed national aspirations, including both anticolonialist movements, such as Rātana and Sinn Féin , as well as colonialist movements such as Manifest destiny . Political movements can also involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism , fascism , and Nazism . Famous recent social movements can be classified as political movements as they have influenced policy changes at all levels of government. Political movements that have recently emerged within
2870-405: The basket of deplorables ..." Disputing the view that the surge of support for Trumpism and Brexit represents a new phenomenon, political scientist Karen Stenner and social psychologist Jonathan Haidt present the argument that the far-right populist wave that seemed to 'come out of nowhere' did not in fact come out of nowhere. It is not a sudden madness, or virus, or tide, or even just
Trumpism - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-597: The communitarian movement in the United States. Mainstream conservatism in Australia generally incorporates liberalism , hence liberal conservatism being the primary ideology of the major centre-right coalition in Australia, the Liberal - National Coalition . Therefore, the Coalition, while having members with some socially conservative views, is not considered socially conservative. However, both social conservatism and right-wing populism are present among right-wing minor parties, such as Pauline Hanson's One Nation ,
3010-407: The ecology movement , alter-globalization and the anti-globalization movement . With globalization , global citizens movements may have also emerged. Many political movements have aimed to establish or broaden the rights of subordinate groups, such as abolitionism , the women's suffrage movement, the civil rights movement , feminism , gay rights movement , the disability rights movement ,
3080-599: The prosperity gospel , with Christian Americanism being the narrative that God specially called the United States into being as an extraordinary if not miraculous providence and end-times conspiracy referring to the world's annihilation (figurative or literal) due to some conspiracy of nefarious groups and globalist powers threatening American sovereignty. Horton thinks that what he calls the "cult of Christian Trumpism" blends these three ingredients with "a generous dose of hucksterism " as well as self-promotion and personality cult . Political movement An organization in
3150-430: The status quo concerning social issues. Social conservatives also value the rights of religious institutions to participate in the public sphere, thus often supporting government-religious endorsement and opposing state atheism , and in some cases opposing secularism . Social conservatism, as a movement, is largely an outgrowth of traditionalist conservatism . The key difference is that traditional conservatism
3220-472: The Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American study of the authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and anti-Semitism. Another early theme was the relationship between masses and elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski). Social conservatism Social conservatism
3290-685: The Philippines, Shinzo Abe of Japan, Boris Johnson of the United Kingdom, Yoon Suk Yeol of South Korea, Javier Milei of Argentina, and Prabowo Subianto of Indonesia. Trumpist rhetoric features anti-immigrant , xenophobic , nativist , and racist attacks against minority groups. Identified aspects include conspiracist , isolationist , Christian nationalist , evangelical Christian , protectionist , anti-feminist , and anti-LGBT beliefs. Trumpism emerged during Trump's 2016 presidential campaign . Trump's rhetoric has its roots in
3360-809: The US are the Black Lives Matter Movement , and the Me Too Movement . While political movements that have happened in recent years within the Middle East is the Arab Spring . While in some cases these political movements remained movements, in others they escalated into revolutions and changed the state of government. Movements may also be named by outsiders, as with the Levellers political movement in 17th century England, which
3430-767: The creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself; whereas liberals seek mass participation in the system of representative democracy. The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination, authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon, Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society. One influential early text
3500-456: The enemy includes 'Mexican migrants', 'filthy' gays, and even Catholics 'led astray by Satan', and the real danger these enemies pose is degradation to a 'blessed—great— ... nation' whose God is the Lord." Theologian Michael Horton believes Christian Trumpism represents the confluence of three trends that have come together, namely Christian American exceptionalism , end-times conspiracies, and
3570-710: The established parties may have neglected this issue in the past. Political scientists Santos and Mercea argue that, in recent years, "the rise of movement parties across Europe has disrupted traditional notions of party politics and opened up new avenues for citizen engagement and political mobilisation. Movement parties are the reflection of a wider socio-political transformation of increasing interconnection between electoral and non-electoral politics". They identify four types of movement parties: green / left-libertarian , far-right , eclectic , and centrist . For groups seeking to influence policy, social movements can provide an alternative to formal electoral politics. For example,
SECTION 50
#17327650268553640-447: The establishment in order to fully develop. Thus, at the beginning and core of a political movement there lies a strategic mobilization of individuals. Political movements are different from political parties since movements are usually focused on a single issue and they have no interest in attaining office in government. A political movement is generally an informal organization and uses unconventional methods to achieve their goals. In
3710-542: The findings of their 2016 study of Trump and Brexit supporters was not unexpected, as they wrote: Across two decades of empirical research, we cannot think of a significant exception to the finding that normative threat tends either to leave non-authoritarians utterly unmoved by the things that catalyze authoritarians or to propel them toward being (what one might conceive as) their 'best selves.' In previous investigations, this has seen non-authoritarians move toward positions of greater tolerance and respect for diversity under
3780-635: The issues and concerns which are the focus of the movement. Some political movements have turned into or launched political parties. For example, the 15-M Movement against austerity in Spain led to the creation of the populist party Podemos and the labor movements in Brazil helped form the Brazilian Workers' Party . These types of movement parties serve to raise awareness on the main issue of their initial political movement in government, since
3850-417: The journal Psychology of Men and Masculinity , applies especially to Trump. Kimmel was surprised at the sexual turn the 2016 election took and thinks that Trump is for many men a fantasy figure, an uber-male free to indulge every desire. "Many of these guys feel that the current order of things has emasculated them, by which I mean it has taken away their ability to support a family and have great life. Here's
3920-731: The late 2010s. Trump's political base has been compared to a cult of personality . Trump supporters became the largest faction of the United States Republican Party , with the remainder often characterized as "the elite" or "the establishment" in contrast. In response to the rise of Trump, there has arisen a Never Trump movement. The label Trumpism has been applied to national-conservative and national-populist movements in other democracies. Politicians labeled as Trumpist by news agencies include Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey, Viktor Orbán of Hungary, Rodrigo Duterte and Bongbong Marcos of
3990-571: The leader (who claims "only I can fix it") unfettered by procedure. The political base is kept entertained with mass rallies, but inevitably the strongman develops a contempt for those he leads. Will argues both are based on machismo , and in the case of Trumpism, "appeals to those in thrall to country-music manliness: 'We're truck-driving, beer-drinking, big-chested Americans too freedom-loving to let any itsy-bitsy [ COVID-19 ] virus make us wear masks.'" Hillary Clinton famously said that "you could put half of Trump's supporters into what I call
4060-447: The leader's instincts over abstract and universal reason". Conservative columnist George Will considers Trumpism similar to fascism, stating that Trumpism is "a mood masquerading as a doctrine". Will argues that national unity is based "on shared domestic dreads"—for fascists the "Jews", for Trump the media ("enemies of the people"), " elites " and " globalists ". Solutions come not from tedious "incrementalism and conciliation", but from
4130-511: The party, was reluctant for the party to wholly embrace socially conservative values. This led to his deposition as leader of the party (now called Canadian Alliance ) in favor of social conservative Stockwell Day . The party's successor, the Conservative Party of Canada , despite having a number of socially conservative members and cabinet ministers, has chosen so far not to focus on socially conservative issues in its platform. This
4200-419: The political scientist S. Laurel Weldon has shown that women's movements and women's policy agencies have tended to be more effective in reducing violence against women than the presence of women in the legislatures. High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements. Some political movements have aimed to change government policy, such as the anti-war movement ,
4270-416: The political system, structure or by other developments in the political sphere and they are the driving force for political movements to be established. The resource mobilization theory states that political movements are the result of careful planning, organizing and fundraising rather than spontaneous uprisings or societal grievances . This theory postulates that movements rely on resources and contact to
SECTION 60
#17327650268554340-552: The preservation of Indian Muslim culture as a part of the nation's identity and history. Social conservatism had an important place in Apartheid South Africa ruled by the National Party . Pornography, gambling and other activities that were deemed undesirable were severely restricted. The majority of businesses were forbidden from doing business on Sunday . Social conservatism in the United States
4410-583: The result of an appeal from " elitist preservationists " to lower-class workers to 'protect' wealth from immigration. Many social conservatives support a balance between protectionism and a free market . This concern for material welfare, like advocacy of traditional mores , will often have a basis in religion. Examples include the Christian Social Union of Bavaria , the Family First Party and Katter's Australian Party , and
4480-522: The very conditions that seem to propel authoritarians toward increasing intolerance. Author and authoritarianism critic Masha Gessen contrasted the "democratic" strategy of the Republican establishment making policy arguments appealing to the public, with the "autocratic" strategy of appealing to an "audience of one" in Donald Trump. Gessen noted the fear of Republicans that Trump would endorse
4550-577: The very people who were supposed to inherit it." Communications scholar Zizi Papacharissi explains the utility of being ideologically vague, and using terms and slogans that can mean anything the supporter wants them to mean. "When these publics thrive in affective engagement it's because they've found an affective hook that's built around an open signifier that they get to use and reuse and re-employ ... MAGA ; that's an open signifier ... it allows them all to assign different meanings to it. So MAGA works for connecting publics that are different, because it
4620-626: The years to come. Media intimidation, mass propaganda, voter suppression, court packing, and even armed paramilitaries—many of the necessary and sufficient conditions for an authoritarian devolution are gradually falling into place." Some academics regard such authoritarian backlash as a feature of liberal democracies. Others have argued that Trump is a totalitarian capitalist exploiting the "fascist impulses of his ordinary supporters that hide in plain sight." Michelle Goldberg , an opinion columnist for The New York Times , compares Trumpism to classical fascist themes. The "mobilizing vision" of fascism
4690-408: Was most recently exemplified on two occasions in 2012 when the current Conservative Party of Canada declared they had no intention to repeal same-sex marriage or abortion laws. Chiang Kai-shek , a former president of Republic of China , could be seen as a social conservative who was critical of liberal values and defended the union of Confucian traditions and modernism . Under his rule,
4760-477: Was named so as a term of disparagement . Yet admirers of the movement and its aims later came to use the term, and it is this term by which they are most known to history. A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism , fascism , and liberalism . Both communists and fascists typically support
4830-401: Was simply "because they are also white Christian nationalists and Trumpism is inter alia a reactionary version of white Christian nationalism." Israeli philosopher Adi Ophir sees the politics of purity in the white Christian nationalist rhetoric of evangelical supporters, such as the comparison of Nehemiah 's wall around Jerusalem to Trump's wall keeping out the enemy, writing, "the notion of
4900-588: Was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by
#854145